Don't Look, Don't Touch, Don't Eat: The Science Behind Revulsion

Home > Other > Don't Look, Don't Touch, Don't Eat: The Science Behind Revulsion > Page 17
Don't Look, Don't Touch, Don't Eat: The Science Behind Revulsion Page 17

by Valerie Curtis


  Oppliger, A., H. Richner, and P. Christie. “Effect of an Ectoparasite on Lay Date, Nest Site Choice, Desertion and Hatching Success in the Great Tit (Parus major).” Behavioural Ecology 5, no. 2 (1994): 130–34.

  Packer, A. J., and P. Espeland. How Rude! The Teenagers’ Guide to Good Manners, Proper Behavior, and Not Grossing People Out. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing, 1997.

  Page, L. A., S. Seetharaman, I. Suhail, S. Wessely, J. Pereira, and G. J. Rubin. “Using Electronic Patient Records to Assess the Impact of Swine Flu (Influenza H1N1) on Mental Health Patients.” Journal of Mental Health 20, no. 1 (2011): 60–69.

  Pagel, M., and W. Bodmer. “A Naked Ape Would Have Fewer Parasites.” Biology Letters 270, no. S1 (2003): 117–19.

  Panksepp, J. Affective Neuroscience. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.

  Park, J. H., J. Faulkner, and M. Schaller. “Evolved Disease-Avoidance Processes and Contemporary Anti-Social Behavior: Prejudicial Attitudes and Avoidance of People with Physical Disabilities.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (2003): 65–87.

  Park, J. H., M. Schaller, and C. S. Crandall. “Pathogen-Avoidance Mechanisms and the Stigmatization of Obese People.” Evolution and Human Behavior 28, no. 6 (2007): 410–14.

  Pepper, G. V., and S. C. Roberts. “Rates of Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy and Dietary Characteristics across Populations.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273, no. 1601 (2006): 2675–79.

  Petit, C., M. Hossaert-McKey, P. Perret, J. Blondel, and M. M. Lambrechts. “Blue Tits Use Selected Plants and Olfaction to Maintain an Aromatic Environment for Nestlings.” Ecology Letters 5 (2002): 585–89.

  Pfennig, D. W., S. G. Ho, and E. A. Hoffman. “Pathogen Transmission as a Selective Force against Cannibalism.” Animal Behaviour 55, no. 5 (1998): 1255–61.

  Pfennig, D. W., M. L. G. Loeb, and J. P. Collins. “Pathogens as a Factor Limiting the Spread of Cannibalism in Tiger Salamanders.” Oecologia 88 (1991): 161–66.

  Phillips, M. L., C. Senior, T. Fahy, and A. S. David. “Disgust: The Forgotten Emotion of Psychiatry.” British Journal of Psychiatry 172 (1998): 373–75.

  Pie, M. R., R. B. Rosengaus, and J. F. A. Traniello. “Nest Architecture, Activity Pattern, Worker Density and the Dynamics of Disease Transmission in Social Insects.” Journal of Theoretical Biology 226, no. 1 (2004): 45–51.

  Pinker, S. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. London: Penguin, 2011.

  . “The False Allure of Group Selection.” Edge. http://edge.org/conversation/the-false-allure-of-group-selection, 2012.

  . How the Mind Works. London: Penguin, 1998.

  Polunin, N. V. C., and I. Koike. “Temporal Focusing of Nitrogen Release by a Periodically Feeding Herbivorous Reef Fish.” Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 111, no. 3 (1987): 285–96.

  Rabie, T., and V. Curtis. “Handwashing and Risk of Respiratory Infections: A Quantitative Systematic Review.” Tropical Medicine and International Health 11, no. 3 (2006): 269–78.

  Rachman, S. “Fear of Contamination.” Behaviour Research and Therapy 42 (2004): 1227–55.

  Rasmussen, S. A., and J. L. Eisen. “Clinical and Epidemiologic Findings of Significance to Neuropharmacologic Trials in OCD.” Psychopharmacology Bulletin 24, no. 3 (1988): 466–70.

  Rawdon Wilson, R. The Hydra’s Tale: Imagining Disgust. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 2002.

  Reinhart, A. K. “Impurity/No Danger.” History of Religions 30, no. 1 (1990): 1–24.

  Richerson, P. J., and R. Boyd. Not by Genes Alone: How Culture Transformed Human Evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.

  Ridley, M. The Origins of Virtue. London: Viking, 1996.

  . The Rational Optimist: How Prosperity Evolves. London: Fourth Estate, 2010.

  Royzman, E., and R. Kurzban. “Minding the Metaphor: The Elusive Character of Moral Disgust.” Emotion Review 3, no. 3 (2011): 269–71.

  Rozin, P., J. Haidt, and C. R. McCauley. “Disgust.” In Handbook of Emotion, ed. M. Lewis, J. M. Haviland-Jones, and L. F. Barrett, 757–76. New York: Guilford Press, 2008.

  Rozin, P., J. Haidt, C. McCauley, L. Dunlop, and M. Ashmore. “Individual Differences in Disgust Sensitivity: Comparisons and Evaluations of Paper-and-Pencil versus Behavioral Measures.” Journal of Research in Personality 33, no. 3 (1999): 330–51.

  Rozin, P., M. Markwith, and C. Stoess. “Moralization and Becoming a Vegetarian: The Transformation of Preferences into Values and the Recruitment of Disgust.” Psychological Science 8 (1997): 67–73.

  Rubin, G. J., R. Amlôt, L. Page, and S. Wessely. “Public Perceptions, Anxiety and Behavioural Change in Relation to the Swine Flu Outbreak: A Cross-Sectional Telephone Survey.” British Medical Journal 339 (2009): b2651.

  Rubin, G. J., H. W. W. Potts, and S. Michie. “The Impact of Communications about Swine Flu (Influenza a H1N1v) on Public Responses to the Outbreak: Results from 36 National Telephone Surveys in the UK.” Health Technology Assessment 14, no. 34 (2010): 183–266.

  Rubio-Godoy, M., R. Aunger, and V. Curtis. “Serotonin: A Link between Disgust and Immunity?” Medical Hypotheses 68, no. 1 (2007): 61–66.

  Sanfey, A. G., J. K. Rilling, J. A. Aronson, L. E. Nystrom, and J. D. Cohen. “The Neural Basis of Economic Decision-Making in the Ultimatum Game.” Science 300, no. 5626 (2003): 1755–58.

  Sato, Y., Y. Saito, and T. Sakagami. “Rules for Nest Sanitation in a Social Spider Mite, Schizotetranychus miscanthi Saito (Acari: Tetranychidae).” Ethology 109, no. 9 (2003): 713–24.

  Savigny, J. B. H., and A. Corréard. Narrative of a Voyage to Senegal in 1816: Undertaken by Order of the French Government, Comprising an Account of the Shipwreck of the Medusa, the Sufferings of the Crew, and the Various Occurrences on Board the Raft, in the Desert of Zaara, at St. Louis, and at the Camp of Daccard. To Which Are Subjoined Observations Respecting the Agriculture of the Western Coast of Africa, from Cape Blanco to the Mouth of the Gambia. London: H. Colburn, 1818.

  Schaller, M., G. E. Miller, W. M. Gervais, S. Yager, and E. Chen. “Mere Visual Perception of Other People’s Disease Symptoms Facilitates a More Aggressive Immune Response.” Psychological Science 21, no. 5 (2010): 649–52.

  Schmid-Hempel, P. Parasites in Social Insects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998.

  Schmidt, C. W. “The Yuck Factor: Where Disgust Meets Discovery.” Environmental Health Perspectives 116, no. 12 (2008): A524–27.

  Schnall, S., J. Benton, and S. Harvey. “With a Clean Conscience.” Psychological Science 19, no. 12 (2008): 1219–22.

  Schnall, S., J. Haidt, G. L. Clore, and A. H. Jordan. “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34, no. 8 (2008): 1096–1109.

  Schulenburg, H., and S. Muller. “Natural Variation in the Response of Caenorhabditis elegans towards Bacillus thuringiensis.” Parasitology 128 (2004): 433–43.

  Scott, B. E., W. P. Schmidt, R. Aunger, N. Garbrah-Aidoo, and R. Animashaun. “Marketing Hygiene Behaviours: The Impact of Different Communications Channels on Reported Hand-washing Behaviour of Women in Ghana.” Health Education Research 22, no. 4 (2007): 225–33.

  Segerstråle, U. C. O. Defenders of the Truth: The Sociobiology Debate. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.

  Seligman, M. E. P. “Phobias and Preparedness.” Behavior Therapy 2, no. 3 (1971): 307–20.

  Shanmugarajah, K., S. Gaind, A. Clarke, and P. E. M. Butler. “The Role of Disgust Emotions in the Observer Response to Facial Disfigurement.” Body Image 9 (2012): 455–61.

  Shettleworth, S. J. “Modularity, Comparative Cognition and Human Uniqueness.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367, no. 1603 (2012): 2794–2802.

  Sih, A., A. Bell, and J. C. Johnson. “Behavioral Syndromes: An Ecological and Evolutionary Overview.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19, no. 7 (2004): 372–78.

  Singer, P. “The Expanding Circle: Ethics and Sociobiology.” New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981. />
  Smith, A. Wealth of Nations. Wiley Online Library, 1999.

  Smith, V. S. Clean: A History of Personal Hygiene and Purity. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

  Sober, E., and D. S. Wilson. Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.

  Sommer, M. “Where the Education System and Women’s Bodies Collide: The Social and Health Impact of Girls’ Experiences of Menstruation and Schooling in Tanzania.” Journal of Adolescence 33, no. 4 (2010): 521–29.

  Soussignan, R., B. Schaal, L. Marlier, and T. Jiang. “Facial and Autonomic Responses to Biological and Artificial Olfactory Stimuli in Human Neonates: Re-examining Early Hedonic Discrimination of Odors.” Physiology and Behavior 62, no. 4 (1997): 745–58.

  Spencer, H. The Data of Ethics. Vol. 9. London: Williams and Nor-gate, 1887.

  Sprengelmeyer, R., U. Schroeder, A. W. Young, and J. T. Epplen. “Disgust in Pre-Clinical Huntington’s Disease: A Longitudinal Study.” Neuropsychologia 44, no. 4 (2006): 518–33.

  Spurier, M. F., M. S. Boyce, and B. F. J. Manly. “Effect of Parasites on Mate Choice of Captive Sage Grouse.” In Bird-Parasite Interactions: Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour, edited by J. E. Loye and M. Zuk, 389–92. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

  Stevenson, R. J., M. J. Oaten, T. I. Case, B. M. Repacholi, and P. Wagland. “Children’s Response to Adult Disgust Elicitors: Development and Acquisition.” Developmental Psychology 46, no. 1 (2010): 165.

  Streidter, G. F. Principles of Brain Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates, 2005.

  Sugai, R., H. Shiga, S. Azami, T. Watanabe, H. Sadamoto, Y. Fujito, K. Lukowiak, and E. Ito. “Taste Discrimination in Conditioned Taste Aversion of the Pond Snail Lymnaea stagnalis.” Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 5 (2006): 826–33.

  Taylor, K. E. Cruelty: Human Evil and the Human Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

  Temple, S. “Do Predators Always Capture Substandard Individuals Disproportionately from Prey Populations?” Ecology 68, no. 3 (1987): 669–74.

  Tolin, D. F., P. Worhunsky, and N. Maltby. “Sympathetic Magic in Contamination-Related OCD.” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 35, no. 2 (2004): 193–205.

  Tomasello, M., and M. Carpenter. “Shared Intentionality.” Developmental Science 10, no. 1 (2007): 121–25.

  Trivers, R. L. “The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism.” Quarterly Review of Biology 46 (1971): 35–57.

  Troop, N. A., J. L. Treasure, and L. Serpell. “A Further Exploration of Disgust in Eating Disorders.” European Eating Disorders Review 10, no. 3 (2002): 218–26.

  Tybur, J. M., A. D. Bryan, D. Lieberman, A. E. Caldwell Hooper, and L. A. Merriman. “Sex Differences and Sex Similarities in Disgust Sensitivity.” Personality and Individual Differences 51, no. 3 (2011): 343–48.

  Tybur, J. M., D. Lieberman, and V. Griskevicius. “Microbes, Mating, and Morality: Individual Differences in Three Functional Domains of Disgust.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97, no. 1 (2009): 103.

  Tybur, J. M., D. Lieberman, R. Kurzban, and P. DeScioli. “Disgust: Evolved Function and Structure.” Psychological Review 120, no. 1 (2013): 65–84.

  UNICEF and World Health Organization. “Diarrhoea: Why Children Are Still Dying and What Can Be Done.” New York: UNICEF, 2009.

  Weaver, J. E., and R. A. Sommers. “Life History and Habits of the Short-Tailed Cricket, Anurogryllus muticus, in Central Louisiana.” Annals of the Entomological Society of America 62, no. 2 (1969): 337–42.

  Weddle, C. B. “Effects of Ectoparasites on Nestling Body Mass in the House Sparrow.” Condor 102, no. 3 (2000): 684–87.

  Weiss, M. R. “Good Housekeeping: Why Do Shelter-Dwelling Caterpillars Fling Their Frass?” Ecology Letters 6, no. 4 (2003): 361–70.

  West, M. J., and R. D. Alexander. “Sub-Social Behavior in a Burrowing Cricket Anurogryllus muticus (De Geer).” Ohio Journal of Science 63 (1963): 19–24.

  Wheatley, T., and J. Haidt. “Hypnotic Disgust Makes Moral Judgments More Severe.” Psychological Science 16, no. 10 (2005): 780–84.

  Wilkinson, G. S. “Social Grooming in the Common Vampire Bat, Desmodus rotundus.” Animal Behaviour 34, no. 6 (1986): 1880–89.

  Wilkinson, S. I. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

  Wilson, E. O. The Social Conquest of Earth. New York: Liveright Publishing, 2012.

  Wimberger, P. H. “The Use of Green Plant Material in Bird Nests to Avoid Ectoparasites.” Auk 101, no. 3 (1984): 615–18.

  Wolf, M., and F. J. Weissing. “Animal Personalities: Consequences for Ecology and Evolution.” Trends in Ecology and Evolution 27, no. 8 (2012): 452–61.

  Woody, S. R., C. McLean, and T. Klassen. “Disgust as a Motivator of Avoidance of Spiders.” Journal of Anxiety Disorders 19, no. 4 (2005): 461–75.

  World Health Organization and UNICEF. Progress on Sanitation and Drinking-Water: 2010 Update. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2010.

  Wrangham, R. Catching Fire: How Cooking Made Us Human. London: Profile Books, 2010.

  Wright, R. The Moral Animal: Why We Are the Way We Are; The New Science of Evolutionary Psychology. London: Vintage, 1995.

  Wrubel, J., and S. Folkman. “What Informal Caregivers Actually Do: The Caregiving Skills of Partners of Men with AIDS.” AIDS Care 9 (1997): 691–706.

  Yan, Z., D. Ding, and L. Yan. “To Wash Your Body, or Purify Your Soul: Physical Cleansing Would Strengthen the Sense of High Moral Character.” Psychology 2, no. 9 (2011): 992–97.

  Yeshurun, Y., and N. Sobel. “An Odor Is Not Worth a Thousand Words: From Multidimensional Odors to Unidimensional Odor Objects.” Annual Review of Psychology 61 (2010): 219–41.

  Zhong, C. B., and K. Liljenquist. “Washing Away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing.” Science 313, no. 5792 (2006): 1451–52.

  Zimmer, C. Parasite Rex. New York: Touchstone, 2000.

  Zito, M., S. Evans, and P. J. Weldon. “Owl Monkeys (Aotus spp.) Self-Anoint with Plants and Millipedes.” Folia Primatologica 74, no. 3 (2003): 159–61.

  INDEX

  abattoir, 91

  abortion, 99–100

  Africa, viii, xii, 1–2, 4, 37, 50, 60, 81, 85, 98

  ageism, 90

  agoraphobia, 93

  AIDS, 3, 41, 82, 91

  Akan, 89

  algae, 19

  Americans, 4–5, 93; Native Americans, 12

  Angyal, Andres, 14

  anorexia, 94

  anterior insula, 77, 95

  antibacterial hand gel, 84

  ants, 25, 27–31, 34

  Arens, William, 51

  Ariely, Dan, 43

  arthropods, 25

  Attenborough, David, 19

  autism, 95

  autotrophic plants, 19

  baboons, 12

  bacteria, 19, 24–25, 28, 33, 55, 82; antibacterial, 32, 98; bacterial contaminants, 88; cholera, 55; salmonella, 55

  Bangladesh, xii, 9, 85

  barn swallow, 26, 32

  Beagle (ship), 12

  betrayal, vii, viii

  biomass, 19

  blind snakes, 33

  blood, vii, viii, 3, 46, 49, 89, 93; blood injection injury phobia, 109; bloodsucking flies, 25, 28; bloodsucking mites, 25; white blood cells, 41

  blue tit, 32

  bowerbird, 26

  brain, ix, xii, 8, 10, 13, 15–16, 34, 38, 44, 47–49, 54, 57–59, 71–72, 77, 79–80, 92, 103–4, 108

  breast-feeding, 88

  British Broadcasting Company (BBC), 6, 19, 40, 78

  bulimia, 94

  bullfrog, 23

  Burkina Faso, xii, 1

  butterfly, 30

  California, 87

  Cambodia, 85

  cancer, 89

  cannibalism, 24, 37–38, 47–48, 50–51, 67, 77

  capuchin monkey, 25

  caregiver, 91, 98

  cari
bou, 29

  Carter, Stephen, 54

  cassidine beetle, 30

  caste, vii, 31, 33, 94, 99; caste system, 13

  cattle, 25–26

  chicken pox, 3

  child care, 41, 63

  chimpanzee, 26, 32

  chlamydia, 3

  cholera, 3, 5, 55

  Christianity, 49

  cigarette, 85–86

  cleaner, 32, 89, 91

  Cloaca Maxima, xii

  cockle, 26–7

  cockroach, 3–4, 8, 27, 46, 82, 93, 99

  cognitive revolution, 41, 98

  colobus monkey, 23, 25

  communicable disease, 2

  Community-Led Total Sanitation, 85

  contagion, x, 41, 46–7, 93, 106

  cooperation, 23, 54, 64, 68–70, 72; super-cooperative, 69, 72, 80, 100

  cooties, 99

  coral, 27

  corpse, 25, 28, 42, 49, 95

  corruption, 14

  Corréard, Alexandre, 39

  cowbird, 28

  cricket, 30–31

  cryptosporidiosis, 3

  Dagari, 89

  Dalit, 88

  Damasio, Antonio, 79

  Darwin, Charles, 12, 14

  death, 14–16, 23, 42; child death, 3, 82; death rate, xiii

  deformity, 8, 14–15, 43, 104–5

  dégoût, 12

  desire, viii, 2, 13–14, 57, 61, 63, 94

  diarrhea, 1–2, 82, 85

  diphtheria, 3, 55

  disabled, xi, 90

  Douglas, Mary, 13–14

  Down House, 12

  dung, vii, viii, 28–29, 32

  earthworm, 3

  ectoparasite, 22, 25–27, 32–33, 56, 63, 94, 105

  effect, 6, 22, 25, 43–44, 64, 71, 75–76, 100

  emotion, viii, xi, 12, 14, 38, 44–46, 49–50, 65, 74, 76–77, 79–81, 86–87, 91, 97–99, 107, 109

  emperor penguin, 32

  encephalitis, 3, 26

  environment, 9–10, 16, 19, 27–29, 31, 41, 43, 50, 54, 56, 59, 79, 92

  epilepsy, 89

  Erasmus, 65

  Ethiopia, 23

  etiquette, 54, 65

  etymology, 12

  exclusion, xi, xii, 59, 85–87, 109

  excreta, 14, 28, 31

  existential denial, 16

  facial expression, vii, 75–77, 93

 

‹ Prev