30. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 2, bk. 1, p. 322.
31. Ellul, Propaganda, 9.
32. William Sheridan Allen, The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922–1945, rev. ed. (New York: Franklin Watts, 1984), 217–232.
33. SAPMO, DY 30/J IV 2/3/999: Verbesserung der weltanschaulich-atheistischen Propaganda (1964), 28.
34. For an excellent account of the GDR education system, see Rodden, Repainting the Little Red Schoolhouse.
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198
Notes to pages 141–143
35. Cited by Heinz Elmar Tenorth, Sonja Kudella, and Andreas Paetz, Politisierung im Schulalltag der DDR: Durchsetzung und Scheitern einer Erziehungsambition (Weinheim: Deutscher Studien, 1996), 155.
36. Poßner, Immer bereit, 14–19.
37. There were areas of trouble even at the end of the GDR, usually in rural areas where the hold of the church remained strong. In the village of Motzlar, 85 percent of the youth avoided the Jugendweihe as late as 1987, for example, but this was unusual. See Scherzer, Der Erste, 63.
38. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 2, bk. 2, pp. 1268–1273.
39. Alison Owings, Frauen: German Women Recall the Third Reich (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1993), 202.
40. Helmut Behrens, Wissenschaft in turbulenter Zeit: Erinnerungen eines Chemikers an die Technische Hochschule München, 1933–1953 (Munich: Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, 1998), 48.
41. Robert Gellately, The Gestapo and German Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990).
42. Randall Bytwerk, Julius Streicher: Nazi Editor of the Notorious Anti-Semitic Newspaper Der Stürmer, 2nd ed. (New York: Cooper Square, 2001), 199.
43. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 6, bk. 1, p.373.
44. SAPMO, DY 30/vorl.SED 33899: Aktennotiz über eine Aussprache im Centrum-Warenhaus Berlin, Alexanderplatz, 14.2.1980.
45. Landesarchiv Berlin, BPA/SED IV/4/06/261: Bericht zur Lage: 29.8.1962, 3–3a.
46. Eric A. Johnson, Nazi Terror: The Gestapo, Jews, and Ordinary Germans (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 367.
47. Charles S. Maier, Dissolution: The Crisis of Communism and the End of East Germany (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997), 173.
48. Dirk Philipsen, We Were the People: Voices from East Germany’s Revolutionary Autumn of 1989 (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1993), 49.
49. Christoph Kaufmann, Doris Mundis, and Kurt Nowak, Sorget nicht, was Ihr reden werdet: Kirche und Staat in Leipzig im Spiegel kirchlicher Gesprächs-protokolle (1977–1989): Dokumentation (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1993), 203. Christian students about the same time jokingly cited I Mielke 2:1: “Where two or three are gathered together against my will, there am I in midst of them.” This is a parody of Christ’s statement in Matthew 18:20: “For where two or three come This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Sun, 05 Jun 2016 03:35:43 UTC
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Notes to pages 143–146
199
together in my name, there am I with them.” See Hanalore Kleinschmid, “Der Mut zum Nein: Ein Bericht über Menschen, die sich der Stasi verweigerten,” Deutschland Archiv 28 (1995): 355.
50. Christian Dietrich and Uwe Schwabe, Freunde und Feinde. Friedensgebete in Leipzig zwischen 1981 und dem 9. Oktober 1989. Dokumentation (Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 1994), 198. An account from a participant in the march reports that it had more public visibility than the Stasi report suggests (ibid., 198–199).
51. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 6, bk. 1, p. 274.
52. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 3, bk. 1, p. 87.
53. Hermann Weber, Geschichte der DDR (Munich: Deutsche Taschenbuch, 1999), 16.
54. Domarus, Hitler: Speeches, 1:347.
55. Johnson, Nazi Terror, 270.
56. Boberach, Meldungen aus dem Reich, 4:1217.
57. Myers Collection, Kreisleitung Eisenach/56: Propaganda-Parole Nr. 3
(1942).
58. See many reports from 1942–1943 in National Archives microfilm series T-81, roll 176. These are the files of the Gauschulungsamt Baden.
59. Marlis G. Steinert, Hitler’s War and the Germans: Public Mood and Attitude during the Second World War, ed. and trans. Thomas E. J. de Witt (Athens: Ohio University Press, 1977), 53. Steinert provides many details on Nazi surveillance of the churches.
60. Boberach, Meldungen aus dem Reich, 15:6114–6118.
61. Manfred Gailus, “Die andere Seite des ‘Kirchenkampfes’: Nazifizierte Kirchengemeinden und ‘braune’ Pfarrer in Berlin, 1933–1945,” in Berlin in Geschichte und Gegenwart: Jahrbuch des Landesarchivs Berlin, 1995, ed. Sigurd-H. Schmidt (Berlin: Gebr. Mann, 1995), 150–151.
62. Kuropka, Meldungen aus Münster, 537.
63. Kleines politisches Wörterbuch (1988), 828. For a comprehensive study of the relations between church and state in the GDR, see three books by Gerhard Besier: Der SED-Staat und die Kirche: Der Wege in die Anpassung (Munich: C. Bertelsmann, 1993); Der SED-Staat und die Kirche, 1969–1990: Die Vision vom “Dritten Weg” (Berlin: Propyläen, 1995); and Der SED-Staat und die Kirche, 1983–1991: Höhenflug und Absturz ( Frankfurt: Propyläen, 1999).
64. See, for example, Mark Allinson, Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, 1945–68 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000), This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Sun, 05 Jun 2016 03:35:43 UTC
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200
Notes to pages 146–153
87–112, for the SED’s efforts to reduce the hold of the church in Thuringia.
65. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 3, bk. 1, p. 87.
66. Gerhard Besier and Stephan Wolf, Pfarrer, Christen und Katholiken: Das Ministerium für Staatsicherheit der ehemaligen DDR und die Kirchen (Neukirchen: Neukirchener, 1991), 183.
67. Ehrhart Neubert, “Meister der Legende: Ein Kommentar zum Text des
‘Insider-Komitees,’” Deutschland Archiv 27 (1994): 395.
68. For details, see SAPMO, DY 30/vorl.SED 33276: Ordnung für die Ko-ordenierung von Maßnahmen der kultur-politischen Propaganda, Agitation und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit anläßlich der Martin-Luther-Ehrung der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1983.
69. SAPMO, DY 30/vorl.SED 42314/2: Hager to Honecker on 29 January 1988.
70. John P. Burgess, The East German Church and the End of Communism: Essays on Religion, Democratization and Christianity (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 45.
71. Mary Fulbrook, Anatomy of a Dictatorship: Inside the GDR, 1949–1989
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), 116.
72. Burgess, The East German Church, 48.
73. Deutschland-Berichte, 4:322.
74. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 2, bk. 1, p. 146.
75. Hadamovsky, Propaganda und nationale Macht, 22.
76. Deutschland-Berichte, 3:543.
77. Martin Hirsch, Diemut Majer, and Jürgen Meinck, eds., Recht, Verwaltung und Justiz im Nationalsozialismus: Ausgewählte Schriften, Gesetze und Gerichtsentscheidungen von 1933 bis 1945 (Cologne: Bund, 1984), 328–329.
78. “Rücksicht am falschen Platz,” Das Schwarze Korps, 2 September 1943, 2. For the full text, see GPA/sk02.htm.
79. “Stasi-Dokumente, 1989,” Deutschland Archiv 23 (1990): 613–614.
80. Havel, “The Power of the Powerless,” 27–28.
81. Havel, Open Letters, 53–54.
82. My response to Goldhagen is “Is It Really That Simple? A Response to Goldhagen (and Newman),” Rhetoric and Public Affairs 1 (1998): 425–438.
83. Stéphane Courtois, ed., The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999).
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Notes to pages 156–161
201
Chapter 8
1. Norman Naimark, for example, an outstanding historian, wrote a report for the West German government in July 1989 that said: “One can only imagine the Berlin Wall being removed under several specific conditions: the East German regime would earn the full trust and respect of its own population; or the Western Powers would decide, with or without Bonn’s initiative, to abandon West Berlin; or Bonn would grant the GDR its Gera demands, especially the full recognition by the West Germans of separate GDR citizenship. [The “Gera demands” were made by Honecker in 1980.] Although the third condition has a greater chance of being met than the other two . . . the contemporary situation—as Gorbachev and his advisors consistently reiterate—does not lend itself to eliminating the Berlin Wall.] See Norman Naimark, Soviet-GDR Relations: An Historical Overview (Bonn: Bundesinstitut für ostwissenschaftliche Studien, 1989), 26.
2. Milovan Djilas, The New Class: An Analysis of the Communist System (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1957), 155.
3. Cited by Timothy Garton Ash, In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent (New York: Random House, 1993), 20.
4. J. P. Stern, Hitler: The Führer and the People (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975), 215.
5. Ellen Langer, A. Blank, and B. Chanowitz, “The Mindlessness of Ostensibly Thoughtful Action: The Role of ‘Placebic’ Information in Interpersonal Interaction,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36
(1978): 635–642.
6. Poßner, Immer bereit, 221.
7. Heinz Niemann, Hinterm Zaun: Politische Kultur und Meinungsforschung in der DDR—die geheimen Berichte an das Politbüro der SED (Berlin: edition ost, 1995), 45.
8. Deutschland-Berichte, 4:300.
9. Havel, Open Letters, 58.
10. Kuran, Private Truths, 61.
11. Ellul, Propaganda, 25.
12. Andrew Kohut, “Self-Censorship: Counting the Ways,” Columbia Journalism Review (May/June 2000): 42–43.
13. Havel, The Power of the Powerless, 33.
14. See, for example, a September 1939 note to party officials titled “Reich und Sowjetunion,” Der Hoheitsträger 3, no. 9 (1939): 52. It briefly notes This content downloaded from 198.91.37.2 on Sun, 05 Jun 2016 03:35:43 UTC
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202
Notes to pages 161–166
the economic and military advantages of the treaty and suggests that it was proof of the superiority of authoritarian systems to democratic ones.
15. Ellul, Propaganda, 295.
16. Willi A. Boelcke, The Secret Conferences of Dr. Goebbels: The Nazi Propaganda War, 1939–43, trans. Ewald Osers (New York: E. P. Dutton, 1970), 81.
17. Boberach, Meldungen aus dem Reich, 9:3195.
18. SAPMO, DY 30/IV A2/9.02/45: To Rudi Singer on 28.1.1965.
19. Kuropka, Meldungen aus Münster, 162.
20. SAPMO, DY 30/IV 2/9.03/22: Argumente der Intelligenz—Stichtag 1.
Dez. 1961, 166.
21. SAPMO, DY 30/IV A2/9.02/39: Bericht über eine Aussprache mit Kreiszeitungsredakteuren der Gebietsgruppe Karl-Marx-Stadt des VDJ
am 25. Juni 1963.
22. Cited by Kuran, Private Truths, 39.
23. Dieter Wiedemann and Hans-Jörg Stiehler, Die Funktion der Massenme-dien bei der kommunistischen Erziehung der Jugend, (Leipzig: Zentralinsti-tut für Jugendforschung, 1984), 90–91.
24. Günter Gaus, Wo Deutschland liegt: Eine Ortsbestimmung (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 1983).
25. Horst Sindermann, “Über die Änderung der Arbeitsweise der Agitation und Propaganda,” in Die Agitation und Propaganda ganz dem neuen Leben und dem Sieg des Sozialismus zuwenden (Berlin: Abteilung Agitation und Propaganda beim Zentralkomitee der SED, 1959).
26. SAPMO, DY 30/vorl.SED 42224/1, “Resümee der Studie: Ausgewählte Probleme der Entwicklung des sozialistischen Bewußtseins in der DDR” (June 1989).
27. Materialien der Enquete-Kommission, vol. 2, bk. 1, pp. 220–228.
28. The SED leadership always reacted vehemently to those who cited Rosa Luxemburg’s familiar statement that “freedom is only freedom if it makes room for those who think differently.”
29. Havel, Open Letters, 334.
30. Friedrich and Brzezinski, Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy, 163.
31. Kirkpatrick, Dictatorships and Double Standards. At the time she wrote, it was still accurate to say: “[T]he history of this century provides no grounds for expecting that radical totalitarian regimes will transform themselves” (51).
32. Ash, In Europe’s Name, 199.
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Notes to pages 166–168
203
33. Speer, Inside the Third Reich, 65.
34. Andert and Herzberg, Der Sturz, 19–21.
35. See his speech at the outbreak of the war, Domarus, Hitler: Speeches, 3:1755. Hitler’s injunction was quoted regularly in material for propagandists. See, for example, Fritz Krammer, “Haltung und Mundpropaganda,” Der Hoheitsträger 6, no. 10 (1942): 11.
36. For examples, see Unger, The Totalitarian Party, 233–236.
37. Fulbrook, Anatomy of a Dictatorship, 27.
38. Ellul, Propaganda, 6.
39. For an illuminating discussion of the book’s reception in Germany, see John Rodden, “‘It Should Have Been Written Here’: Germany and The Black Book, ” Human Rights Review 2 (2001): 144–164.
40. Siegfried Mampel makes a similar point in his study of the Stasi as an ideological police force. See his Das Ministerium für Staatssicherheit der ehemaligen DDR als Ideologiepolizei: Zur Bedeutung einer Heilslehre als Mittel zum Griff auf das Bewußtsein für das Totalitarismusmodell (Berlin: Duncker
& Humblot, 1996), 368.
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Selected Bibliography
Archival Sources
Bundesarchiv Berlin: Records in NS 22. These are files of Robert Ley’s Reichsorganisationsleitung.
Landesarchiv Berlin: Records of Bezirk Berlin of the SED.
Myers Collection, University of Michigan Library: Records of NSDAP Kreis Eisenach.
Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO): The Foundation for the Archives of the Parties and Mass Organizations of the GDR under the German Federal Archives holds the records of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), the four bloc parties, and the mass organizations of the GDR. A useful brief guide to its collections is Elrun Dolatowski, Anette Meiburg, and Sigrun Mühl-Benninghaus, Die Bestände der Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv: Kurzübersicht (Berlin: Edition Colloquium, 1996).
U.S. National Archives, Captured German Records: Microfilm series T-81
and T-580.
Published Sources
Adolf Hitler: Bilder aus dem Leben des Führers. Hamburg: Cigaretten/Bilderdienst Hamburg-Bahrenfeld, 1936.
Allen, Seán, and John Sandford, eds. DEFA: East German Cinema, 1946–92.
New York: Berghahn Books, 1999.
Allen, William Sheridan. The Nazi Seizure of Power: The Experience of a Single German Town, 1922–1945. Rev. ed. New York: Franklin Watts, 1984.
“‘Alles nur für den Sieg, der Sieg allein entscheidet!’” Monatsblätter der Gaupropagandaleitung Weser-Ems der NSDAP 7, no. 3 (1942): 18–19.
Allinson, Mark. Politics and Popular Opinion in East Germany, 1945–68. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2000.
Andert, Reinhold, and Wolfgang Herzberg. D
er Sturz: Erich Honecker im Kreuzverhör. 3rd ed. Berlin: Aufbau, 1991.
205
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206
Selected Bibliography
Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951.
Ash, Timothy Garton. In Europe’s Name: Germany and the Divided Continent.
New York: Random House, 1993.
Baird, Jay W. The Mythical World of Nazi War Propaganda, 1939–1945. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1974.
——— . To Die for Germany: Heroes in the Nazi Pantheon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990.
Balfour, Michael. Propaganda in War, 1939–1945: Organisations, Policies and Publics in Britain and Germany. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1979.
Barbian, Jan-Pieter. “Literary Policy in the Third Reich.” In National Socialist Cultural Policy, ed. Glenn R. Cuomo, 121–154. New York: St. Martin’s, 1995.
Barck, Simone, Christoph Classen, and Thomas Heimann. “The Fettered Media: Controlling Public Debate.” In Dictatorship as Experience: Towards a Socio-Cultural History of the GDR, ed. Konrad H. Jarausch, 213–240. New York: Berghahn Books, 1999.
Barnett, Victoria. For the Soul of the People: Protestant Protest Against Hitler.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.
Barron, Stephanie, ed. “Degenerate Art”: The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany. Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Museum of Art, 1991.
Bärsch, Claus-Ekkehard. Die politische Religion des Nationalsozialismus: Die religiöse Dimension der NS-Ideologie in den Schriften von Dietrich Eckardt, Joseph Goebbels, Alfred Rosenberg und Adolf Hitler. Munich: Wilhelm Fink, 1998.
Baumann, Gerhard. Grundlagen und Praxis der internationalen Propaganda.
Essen: Essener Verlagsanstalt, 1941.
Becher, Johannes R. “Gebranntes Kind.” Sinn und Form 42 (2000): 343.
Becker, Ernst. “Staatsterrorismus—warum und wie wird er verstärkt von den USA praktiziert?” Neuer Weg 41 (1986): 236–238.
Beer, Willy. “Das Schlacht um Stalingrad.” Das Reich, 18 October 1942, 4–5.
Behrens, Helmut. Wissenschaft in turbulenter Zeit: Erinnerungen eines Chemikers an die Technische Hochschule München, 1933–1953. Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und der Naturwissenschaften, ed. Menso Folkerts, no. 25. Munich: Institut für Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften, 1998.
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