12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Théophile Gautier, “Le rat,” in Peau de tigre (Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1866).
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid.
18. Thiébault-Sisson, “Degas sculpteur.”
19. Jules Claretie, quoted in Henri Loyrette, Degas: “Je voulais être illustre et inconnu” (Paris: Gallimard, 1988), 393.
20. Edgar Degas, “Carnet 14,” in Carnets. Online at Gallica.BNF.fr.
21. Degas, Je veux regarder, 13.
22. Pierre-Auguste Renoir, L’Amour avec mon pinceau (Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2009), 49.
23. Paul Gauguin, “Qui connaît Degas?” in Degas, Je veux regarder, 12.
24. Edgar Degas, letter to Henri Rouart, undated, Lettres, 100.
25. Degas, Je veux regarder, 117, note 41.
26. Jacques-Émile Blanche, Propos de peintre: De David à Degas (Paris: Éditions Émile-Paul Frères, 1927), 287.
27. May 16, 1823.
28. Alice Michel, Degas et son modèle (Paris: L’Échoppe, 2012), 38.
29. Renoir, L’Amour, 49.
30. Ambroise Vollard, Souvenirs d’un marchand de tableaux, in Barbour et al., Degas Sculpteur, 20.
31. Quoted in Henri Loyrette, Degas: “Je voudrais être illustre et inconnu” (Paris: Gallimard, 1988).
32. Madeleine Zillhardt, quoted in Degas, Je veux regarder, 131.
33. Edgar Degas, letter to Henri Rouart, December 5, 1872, Lettres, 26.
34. Degas, Lettres, 70.
35. Michel, Degas et son modèle, 73.
36. Rainer Hagen and Rose-Marie Hagen, Les Dessous des chefs-d’œuvre (Taschen, 2016), 427.
37. Vincent van Gogh, letter to Émile Bernard, August 5, 1888, No. 655, in Leo Jansen, Hans Luitjen, and Nienke Bakker, Vincent van Gogh, Ever Yours, The Essential Letters (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 563. Online at vangoghletters.org.
38. Blanche, Propos de peintre, 293.
39. Renoir, L’Amour, 51.
40. Ibid., 50.
41. Degas, Je veux regarder, 12.
42. Paul Lafont, Degas, quoted in Pingeot and Horvat, Degas: Sculptures, 16.
43. Degas, Je veux regarder, 133.
44. Daniel Halévy, Degas parle (Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 1995), 19.
45. Ibid., 227.
46. Valéry, Degas Dance Drawing, 101.
47. Halévy, Degas parle, 39.
48. Philippe Gutton, Balthus et le jeunes filles (Paris: EDK, 2014), 177.
49. Quoted in “Balthus et Jouve: Alice dans le miroir” (1933), online at Ex-libris.over-blog.com.
50. Marilyn Monroe, Fragments: Poems, Intimate Notes, Letters (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 81.
51. Ibid., 77.
52. Halévy, Degas parle, 192–193.
53. Julien Gracq, La Presqu’île (Paris: Corti, 1970), 230.
54. Monroe, Fragments, 35.
55. Valéry, Degas Dance Drawing, 102.
56. Gracq, La Presqu’île, 74.
57. Degas, Lettres, 21.
THREE (PP. 107–133)
1. René Huyghes, quoted in Anne Pingeot and Franck Horvat, Degas: Sculptures (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1991), 19.
2. Roland Barthes, A Lover’s Discourse: Fragments, tr. Richard Howard (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010), 98.
3. Paul Valéry, Degas Dance Drawing, in The Collected Works of Paul Valéry, Bollingen Series 15, vol. 12, Degas Manet Morisot, tr. David Paul (New York: Pantheon, 1960), 19.
4. Joris-Karl Huysmans, Écrits sur l’art: L’Art moderne; Certains; Trois primitifs (Paris: Flammarion, 2008), 200.
5. Roland Barthes, Camera Lucida: Reflections on Photography (New York: Hill and Wang, 2010).
6. Annie Ernaux, interview with Raphaëlle Rérolle, Le Monde, February 3, 2011.
7. Patrick Modiano, Dora Bruder, tr. Joanna Kilmartin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 119.
8. Ibid.
9. Martine Kahane, “Enquête sur la Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans de Degas,” Revue du musée d’Orsay 7 (Fall 1998), 50.
10. Edgar Degas, Lettres (Paris: Grasset, 2011), 75.
11. Ibid., 48.
12. Ibid., 141.
13. Pierre Michon, interview with Thierry Bayle, Lire, 1997.
14. Henri Loyrette, Degas (Paris: Fayard, 1990), 672–673.
15. Degas, Lettres, 29.
CONCLUSION (PP. 135–147)
1. Pierre Michon, interview with Thierry Bayle, Lire, 1997.
2. Émile Zola, Éd. Manet (La Rochelle: Rumeur des âges, 2011), 9.
3. Quoted by Henri Loyrette (title of one of his works).
4. Anne Pingeot and Franck Horvat, Degas: Sculptures (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1991), 188.
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
EXHIBITION CATALOGS
Bakker, Nienke, Guy Cogeval, Mireille Dottin-Orsini, and Daniel Grojnowski. Splendeurs et misères: Images de la prostitution 1850–1910. Paris: Flammarion 2015.
Barbour, Daphné, Catherine Chevillot, Richard Kendall, Anne Pingeot, Shelley Sturman, and Bruno Gaudichon. Degas Sculpteur. Paris: Gallimard, 2010.
Boggs, Jean Sutherland, Douglas Druick, Henri Loyrette, Michael Pantazzi, and Gary Tinterow. Degas. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art; and Ottawa: National Gallery of Canada, 1988.
Clair, Jean, ed. Crime & châtiment. Paris: Gallimard, 2010.
Haudiquet, Annette, and Géraldine Lefebvre, eds. De Delacroix à Marquet — Donation Senn-Foulds II — Dessins. Le Havre: MuMa; and Paris: Somogy éditions d’Art, 2011.
Hauptman, Jodi, Carol Armstrong, Jonas Beyer, Kathryn Brown, Karl Buchberg, and Hollis Clayson. Degas: A Strange New Beauty. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 2016.
Kendall, Richard, Douglas Druick, and Arthur Beale. Degas and the Little Dancer. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998.
REFERENCE WORKS AND RESEARCH PAPERS
Kahane, Martine. “Enquête sur la Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans de Degas.” Revue du musée d’Orsay 7 (Fall 1998).
Loyrette, Henri. Degas. Paris: Fayard, 1990.
———. Degas: “Je voudrais être illustre et inconnu.” Paris: Gallimard, 1988.
Musée d’Orsay. Degas inédit. Paris: La Documentation française, 1989. (See, in particular, contributions by Douglas Druick and Henri Loyrette.)
Parent, Marie-Josée. “La Petite Danseuse de quatorze ans: une analyse de la version subversive de l’œuvre.” Master’s thesis, University of Montreal, 2009.
Pingeot, Anne, and Franck Horvat. Degas: Sculptures. Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1991.
WORKS, CORRESPONDENCE, AND SAYINGS OF EDGAR DEGAS
Degas, Edgar. Carnets. Online at Gallica: gallica.bnf.fr.
———. Les Carnets d’Edgar Degas. Edited and introduced by Pascal Bonafoux. Paris: Le Seuil-BNF, 2013.
———. Lettres. Edited by Marcel Guérin. Preface by Daniel Halévy. Paris: Grasset, 2011.
———. Je veux regarder par le trou de la serrure. Paris: Mille et une nuits, 2012.
WORKS DEVOTED IN WHOLE OR IN PART TO EDGAR DEGAS
Blanche, Jacques-Émile. Propos de peintre — De David à Degas. Paris: Éditions Émile-Paul Frères, 1927.
DeVonyar, Jill, and Richard Kendrick. Degas and the Dance. New York: Abrams, 2002.
Halévy, Daniel. Degas parle. Paris: Éditions de Fallois, 1995.
Hofmann, Werner. Degas. Paris: Hagan, 2007.
Huysmans, Joris-Karl. Écrits sur l’art: L’Art moderne; Certains; Trois primitifs. Paris: Flammarion, 2008.
Terrasse, Antoine. Tout Degas. 2 vols. Paris: Flammarion, 1982.
Valéry, Paul. Degas Dance Drawing. Reprinted in The Collected Works of Paul Valéry, Bollingen Series 15, vol. 12, Degas Manet Morisot. Translated by David Paul. New York: Pantheon Books, 1960.
MISCELLANEOUS WORKS
Chevalier, Louis. Classes laborieuses et classes dangereuses. Paris: Plon, 1988.
Corbin, Alain. Le Temps, le Désir et l’Horreur: Essais
sur le XIXe siècle. Paris: Aubier, 1991.
Dottin-Orsini, Mireille. Cette femme qu’ils disent fatale. Paris: Grasset, 1993.
Guest, Ivor Forbes. The Ballet of the Second Empire. London: A. and C. Black, 1955.
Houbre, Gabrielle, et al. Le Corps des jeunes filles de l’Antiquité à nos jours. Paris: Éditions Perrin, 2001.
Maingueneau, Dominique. Féminin fatal. Paris: Descartes, 1999.
LITERARY WORKS
Modiano, Patrick. Dora Bruder. Translated by Joanna Kilmartin. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014.
Zola, Émile. The Complete Works of Émile Zola. Delphi Classics, 2013. Online at www.delphiclassics.com.
———. Éd. Manet: étude biographique et critique. Paris: Hachette, 2013.
———. Nana. Translated by Douglas Parmée. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
ARTICLES
Coons, Lorraine. “Artiste ou coquette? Les petits rats de l’Opéra au XIXe siècle.” French Cultural Studies, vol. 25.
Flouquet, Sophie. “Degas en volume.” Journal des Arts, January 7, 2011.
Keyes, Norman. “Degas and the Art of the Dance.” USA Today Magazine, March 2003.
DVD
La Petite Danseuse de Degas. Based on an original idea by Patrice Bart and Martine Kahane. Directed by Vincent Bataillon. Original music by Denis Levaillant. Choreography and staging by Patrice Bart, with the Ballet and Orchestra of the Paris National Opera. Copyright: Opéra national de Paris — Telmondis — Bel Air Media — 2010.
CREDITS
1 View of the Opera House (Palais Garnier), Paris, c. 1895–1900 / Tallandier / Bridgeman Images
2 Edgar Degas (1834–1917), Girl Dancer at the Barre, c. 1878 (black chalk) / Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge, UK / Bridgeman Images
3 Edgar Degas, Waiting, c. 1879–1882 (pastel on beige laid paper) / Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, CA, USA / De Agostini Picture Library / Bridgeman Images
4 Edgar Degas, Blue-Toned Dancers (The Rehearsal in the Foyer de la Danse), c. 1882 (oil on canvas) / Private Collection / Photo © Christie’s Images / Bridgeman Images
5 Edgar Degas, The Star, or Dancer on the Stage, c. 1876–77 (pastel on paper)/ Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France / Bridgeman Images
6 Edgar Degas, The Curtain, c. 1880 (pastel over charcoal on laid paper mounted on board)/ National Gallery of Art, Washington DC, USA / Bridgeman Images
7 Edgar Degas, Dancer Stretching, c. 1882–85 (pastel on paper)/ Kimbell Art Museum, Fort Worth, Texas, USA / Bridgeman Images
8 Edgar Degas, Two Dancers in the Foyer, c. 1901 (pastel) / Private Collection / Photo © Lefevre Fine Art Ltd., London / Bridgeman Images
9 Edgar Degas, Giulia Bellelli (study for the Bellelli family), 1858 (engraving) / Bridgeman Images
10 Edgar Degas, L’écolière, c. 1880 (statuette in plaster, RF4614) / Photo: Hervé Lewandowski / Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France / Photo © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY
11 Edgar Degas, c. 1900 / Spaarnestad Photo / Bridgeman Images
12 Edgar Degas, Three Studies of a Dancer in Fourth Position, 1879–80 (charcoal and pastel with stumping and touches of brush and black wash on grayish-tan laid paper with blue fibers, laid down on gray wove paper) / The Art Institute of Chicago, IL, USA / Bequest of Adele R. Levy / Bridgeman Images
13 Gauthier, photograph of Edgar Degas, Little Dancer, c. 1917–1918 (RF2137) / Repro-photo: Franck Raux / Musée d’Orsay, Paris, France / Photo © RMN-Grand Palais / Art Resource, NY
CAMILLE LAURENS is an award-winning French novelist and essayist. She received the Prix Femina, one of France’s most prestigious literary prizes, in 2000 for Dans ces bras-là, which was published in the United States as In His Arms in 2004. Her second novel to appear in English, Who You Think I Am (Other Press, 2017), is the basis for a forthcoming film starring Juliette Binoche. Laurens lives in Paris.
WILLARD WOOD is the winner of the 2002 Lewis Galantière Award for Literary Translation and a National Endowment for the Arts Fellowship in Translation. His recent translations include Constellation by Adrien Bosc and The Goddess of Small Victories by Yannick Grannec. He lives in Connecticut.
Little Dancer Aged Fourteen: The True Story Behind Degas's Masterpiece Page 12
