20. Anderson, op. cit.
21. Oral report, C. of S., Twelfth Air Force, to General Eisenhower, recorded in Diary, Office C-in-C, Book V, pp. 247–48.
22. Anderson, op. cit.
23. Memo, Brigadier Whiteley for General Rooks, January 22, 1943, and memo, General Rooks for C/S, January 22, 1943, AFHQ, G-3 Div. Ops 58/2.1 Ops in Tunisia, AGO.
24. II Corps After Action Reports, February 14–23, AGO.
25. Allied Force Headquarters, Commander-in-Chief’s Dispatch, p. 41.
26. II Corps—Report of Operations, Túnisia, p. 2 and overlay opposite p. 2.
27. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book V, p. A-197.
28. Message 71814, C. of S., ASF to CG, SOS, USAFIME for Somervell, January 28, 1943, AGO.
29. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. II, pp. 26–34.
30. Tripoli was captured January 23, 1943, and the harbor was in use by February 3. Montgomery, op. cit., p. 44.
31. AFHQ G.O. 20, effective February 21, 1943, AGO.
32. General Patton assumed command on March 5, 1943. Outline History of the II Corps, p. 2.
33. Ibid.
34. Montgomery, op. cit., p. 57.
35. Ibid., pp. 60–68.
36. Interview with Lieutenant Colonel C. V. Whitney, Archives of the AAF Historical Office, 616.101, April 1943, pp. 12, 13.
37. The 34th Division was under command of 9 British Corps for the Fondouk operation. II Corps—Report of Operations, Tunisia, p. 9.
38. Message 5940, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, April 14, 1943, and General Eisenhower’s reply, 4330, April 15, AGO.
39. Ibid.
40. Anderson, op. cit.
41. II Corps. A Brief History, p. 18.
42. Montgomery, op. cit., pp. 75, 76.
43. II Corps—Report of Operations to Capture Bizerte and Surrounding Territory, April 23–May 9, 1943, p. 5.
44. Montgomery, op. cit., p. 76.
45. Anderson, op. cit.
46. OPD Diary, May 18, 1943, Message CM-IN-11238.
47. Ibid., May 25, 1943.
CHAPTER 9: Husky
1. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1941–June 30, 1943, Casablanca Conference, p. 43.
2. Field Marshal the Viscount Alexander of Tunis, The Conquest of Sicily, Despatch, July 10–August 17, 1943, p. 1.
3. The Ploesti Mission of 1 August, 1943, Assistant Chief of Air Staff, Intelligence, Historical Division, pp. 23–25.
4. Ibid., pp. 25–26. “On May 24 [1943] Col. Jacob E. Smart presented the matter to General Eisenhower.”
5. Ibid., pp. 80–101.
6. The Halverson raid was executed on June 12, 1942. Ibid., pp. 14–19.
7. Report of Operations of the United States Seventh Army in the Sicilian Campaign, pp. a-6, 7.
8. Major General Sir Francis de Guingand, Operation Victory, Hodder and Stoughton, London, 1947, p. 269. Montgomery, op. cit., pp. 85–89.
9. Alexander of Tunis, op. cit., p. 3.
10. Ibid., pp. 3–7; also Report of Operations of the United States Seventh Army in the Sicilian Campaign, p. a-4 and Plate 1.
11. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 272–81. Montgomery, op. cit., pp. 85–89.
12. Alexander of Tunis, op. cit., pp. 10, 11.
13. Ibid., p. 17.
14. Ibid., pp. 18–20.
15. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. III, p. 11.
16. Report on surrender of Pantelleria, Lieutenant Commander G. A. Martelli, R.N., Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VI, pp. A-495–A-498.
17. Ibid., pp. A-459–A-464.
18. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. III, p. 9.
19. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VI, pp. A-427–A-430.
20. Notes on conference held June 3, 1943, Ibid., pp. A-451–A-453.
21. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, p. 11.
22. Railroad yards at Rome were bombed on July 19 and again on August 13, 1943. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. III, pp. 51, 52.
23. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VI, pp. A-481–A-483.
24. Alexander of Tunis, op. cit., pp. 20, 21.
25. General Eisenhower arrived at Malta on July 8, 1943. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VII, p. A-535.
26. Message 123, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, July 9, 1943, AGO.
CHAPTER 10: Sicily and Salerno
1. Messages 128, 130, 131, all July 10, 1943, and Message 140, July 11, 1943, General Eisenhower to AGWAR and USFOR, AGO.
2. Report of Operations of the United States Seventh Army in the Sicilian Campaign, pp. b-4–6.
3. Notes on General Eisenhower’s visit to Sicilian beaches, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VII, pp. A-576–A-581.
4. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 296–300.
5. Report of Operations of the United States Seventh Army in the Sicilian Campaign, p. b-10.
6. King Victor Emmanuel announced on July 25, 1943, the resignation of Prime Minister Mussolini and his cabinet. United States and Italy, 1936–46, Documentary Record, Department of State, p. 44.
7. Report of Operations of the United States Seventh Army in the Sicilian Campaign, pp. b-14–16.
8. Ibid., pp. b-18–20, 22.
9. Ibid., pp. b-16, 20.
10. Ibid., p. b-22. De Guingand, op. cit., p. 306.
11. Message W8528, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, August 28, 1943, AGO.
12. History of the Twelfth Air Force, Vol. III, pp. 15–22, 29.
13. Memoranda relative to the incident, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VII, p. A-656; Book VIII, pp. A-673, A-678, A-716, A-914–A-922.
14. Message W-6017, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, November 24, 1943, AGO.
15. Ibid.
16. Résumé of the handling of the incident in respect to press and radio representatives, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VIII, pp. A-914–A-922.
17. Ibid.
18. United States and Italy, pp. 44, 219.
19. Message 4488, General Devers to General Eisenhower, August 17, 1943, AFHA incoming, AGO.
20. General Taylor’s companion was Colonel Gardner, U. S. Air Forces. Brief outline of their visit to Rome is contained in account of Brigadier Strong’s (AFHQ-G-2) press conference about September 8, 1944, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VIII, pp. A-768–A-770.
21. Salerno, American Operations from the Beaches to the Volturno, September 9–October 6, 1943, MID, War Department, pp. 7–9. History of the Fifth Army, January 5–October 6, 1943, Vol. I, pp. 25–30.
22. De Guingand, op. cit., p. 317.
23. Notes relative to armistice terms, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VIII, p. A-723.
24. Ibid., p. A-723.
25. Message, General Eisenhower to Marshal Badoglio, September 8, 1943, Ibid., p. A-737.
26. New York Herald Tribune, September 9, 1943.
27. Salerno, p. 9.
28. Ibid., pp. 54–80. Fifth Army History, Vol. I, pp. 37–41.
29. Salerno, p. 74.
30. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, p. 11.
31. Montgomery, op. cit., pp. 127, 128.
32. Supreme Commander’s Dispatch, Italian Campaign, September 3, 1943, to January 8, 1944, p. 39.
33. Fifth Army History, Vol. I, p. 47.
34. Message, General Eisenhower to CCS, October 11, 1943, AGO.
35. Ibid. Also message from the Prime Minister quoted in Diary, Office C-in-C, Book VIII, p. A-847.
36. Notes relative to the conference with commanders-in-chief, Middle East, and Message, Prime Minister, on subject, Ibid., pp. A-849, 850.
37. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, pp. 90, 91.
CHAPTER 11: Cairo Conference
1. Sextant Conference, November 22–December 7, 1943, papers and minutes of the Sextant and Eureka Conferences, Office U. S. Secretary, Office CCS, AGO, pp. 377–511.
2. Message, Admiral King to General Eisenhower, November 17, 1943, outlined in Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, p. A-901.
3. General Eis
enhower’s memorandum for record, Ibid., pp. A-929, 930.
4. Report on Admiral Cunningham’s conversation with General Eisenhower, October 8, 1943, Ibid., p. A-848.
5. Admiral King’s conversation with General Eisenhower on Overlord command briefed, Ibid., p. A-907.
6. Sextant Conference, minutes of meeting, November 26, 1943, AGO.
7. Ibid; also General Eisenhower’s memorandum for record, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, pp. A-932–A-933.
8. The Dieppe Raid (combined report), Combined Operations Headquarters, 1942, AGO.
9. General Eisenhower’s memorandum for record, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, pp. A-932–A-933.
10. CCS 426/1, December 6, 1943, AGO.
CHAPTER 12: Italy
1. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, p. A-948.
2. General Eisenhower’s visits to the front in latter part of December 1943 reported, Ibid., pp. A-949, A-954, A-956, A-957.
3. The Winter Line, Military Intelligence Division, U. S. War Department, p. 1.
4. The assault on the Camino feature described, Ibid., pp. 15–28.
5. Ibid., pp. 1–7 and Map No. 2. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 328–34.
6. History of the Fifth Army, Vol. II, p. 8 and Map No. 1. Field Marshal Montgomery, op. cit., pp. 131–39.
7. The U. S. 88th and 85th Divisions were sent to the theater and entered the line in March and April 1944. In the fall of 1944 the U. S. 91st Division, the 92d (one of the Army’s two Negro divisions), and a Brazilian division arrived. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, pp. 22, 23.
8. Commander Walter Karig, U.S.N.R., with Lieutenant Earl Burton, U.S.N.R., and Lieutenant Stephan L. Freeland, U.S.N.R., Battle Report, The Atlantic War, Farrar and Rinehart, Inc., New York, 1946, pp. 274–78.
9. Montgomery, op. cit., p. 149 and Map 16. Operations in Sicily and Italy, Department of Military Art and Engineering, U. S. Military Academy, 1945, pp. 64–66 and Map 13.
10. General Eisenhower met the President on December 7, 1943. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, pp. A-937, A-938.
11. Ibid., pp. A-938, A-939.
12. Ibid., p. A-941.
13. The combined Chiefs of Staff informed General Eisenhower on December 10, 1943, that their recommended title, Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force, had the Prime Minister’s approval but not as yet the President’s. Message Out 3623, AGO.
14. General Eisenhower’s insistence on retaining General Smith as his C. of S. is recorded in Diary, Office C-in-C, Book IX, p. A-946.
15. “If the British would give him to me I would like to have Alexander.” Extract letter, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, December 17, 1943, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
16. Montgomery, Despatch submitted to the Secretary of State for War, British Information Service, New York, December 1946, pp. 5, 6.
17. Ibid., p. 5.
18. “The President proudly announced the appointment of General Eisenhower as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Forces.” New York Times, December 25, 1943.
19. General Sir Henry Maitland Wilson, Report by the Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean Theater, to the CCS on the Italian campaign, January 8, 1944–May 10, 1944, p. 6.
20. Ibid., pp. 7, 8.
21. Prior to the Salerno assault it was estimated there were 18 German divisions in Italy. “At this time [after Anzio] Kesselring had some 26 divisions in Italy.” Operations in Sicily and Italy, p. 76.
22. Message 187, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, December 23, 1943, AGO.
23. Message 2–90175, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, January 11, 1945, refers to Generals Bradley, Bull, and Bonesteel as successive “Eyes and Ears,” AGO.
24. Messages 5810, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, December 28, 1943, and W8781, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, December 29, 1943, AGO.
25. Message 8792, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, December 29, 1943, AGO.
26. Ibid., and Message 5898, General Marshall to General Eisenhower, December 29, 1943, AGO.
27. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, p. A-981.
28. General Eisenhower’s memorandum for record, February 7, 1944, Ibid., p. A-1062.
29. General Eisenhower’s early views as to the necessity for strengthening the assault were shared by other leaders. At the Quadrant Conference held in Quebec the Prime Minister stated: “The Overlord plan seems sound but should be strengthened,” and General Marshall said, “There is a possibility that an attack on the inside of the Cotentin Peninsula would be included in the initial assault if more landing craft could be made available.” Minutes of the 2d Meeting, CCS Quadrant Conference, August 23, 1943, AGO.
30. Field Marshal the Viscount Montgomery of Alamein, Normandy to the Baltic, Hutchinson & Co. Ltd., London, 1947, pp. 5, 6.
31. Messages W8550 and W8781, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, December 25 and 29, 1943, respectively, AGO.
32. Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, p. A-981.
33. Ibid., p. A-982.
CHAPTER 13: Planning Overlord
1. Notes relative to moving headquarters to Bushey Park, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, pp. A-997, A-1053, A-1081; Book XI, p. 1126.
2. Memorandum, General Eisenhower to Air Chief Marshal Tedder, February 29, 1944, Ibid., Book X, p. 1120.
3. Ibid., Book XI, pp. 1121, 1122.
4. Letters, Air Chief Marshal Portal to General Eisenhower with inclosures, March 7, 9, 1944, Ibid., pp. 1126–30.
5. Messages B-316, March 21 and S-50310, April 12, 1944, General Eisenhower to General Marshall, AGO. Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory, Despatch to the Supreme Commander, AEF, pp. 2, 3.
6. Ibid., pp. 1–4.
7. Montgomery, Despatch, p. 5.
8. General Eisenhower’s instructions to General Patton relative to public statements, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, p. A-1017.
9. Ibid., Book XI, p. 1229.
10. Messages W-28234, April 27, and W-29722, April 29, General Marshall to General Eisenhower; S-50908, April 28, S-50965, April 30, S-51128, May 3, General Eisenhower to General Marshall; W-30586, May 2, General McNarney to General Eisenhower; also letter, Secretary Stimson to General Eisenhower, May 5, AGO.
11. The directive is quoted in Report by the Supreme Commander to the Combined Chiefs of Staff on the Operations in Europe of the AEF, June 6, 1944–May 8, 1945, pp. vi, vii.
12. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 410–13, also Map 47.
13. Ibid., pp. 412, 413.
14. The Seventh United States Army Report of Operations, France and Germany, 1944–45, Vol. I, pp. 57–70.
15. SHAEF/18008/plans, subject: Post Neptune—Courses of action after the capture of the lodgment area, Sec. I, May 4, 1944, and approved with changes by General Eisenhower, May 27, 1944, AGO.
16. Report by the Supreme Commander.
17. Minutes of the 3d Plenary Session, Teheran, November 30, 1943, Sextant Conference, November–December 1943, AGO.
18. Leigh-Mallory, Despatch, pp. 8, 33–36.
19. Message, General Eisenhower to CCS, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, pp. A-1007–A-1009.
20. Montgomery of Alamein, Normandy to the Baltic, pp. 36, 37.
21. The Seventh United States Army Report of Operations, Vol. I, pp. 10–14, 23–26.
22. Letters, General Montgomery to General Eisenhower, February 19, 21, 1944, advocated abandoning Anvil. General Eisenhower’s personal files of correspondence with General Montgomery.
23. Letter, General Eisenhower to General Montgomery, February 21, 1944, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
24. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, p. 30.
25. Letters relative to aerial bombardment of French railroad centers, Prime Minister Churchill and General Eisenhower, April 3 and 5, 1944, General Eisenhower’s personal files.
26. Leigh-Mallory, Despatch, Pars. 30, 95, 100, 103d, 495.
27. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, pp. 30–3
2.
28. SHAEF G-3 War Room Daily Summaries, February 22, 1945, March 23, 25, 1945, AGO. Third Report of the Commanding General of the Army Air Forces to Secretary of War, November 12, 1945, p. 17.
29. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, Our Weapons, pp. 95–100.
30. Karig, et al., op. cit., pp. 343–57.
31. Notes on the experimental work of the British 79th Armored Division are contained in Diary, Office C-in-C, Book X, pp. A-1022–A-1026.
32. Letter, Prime Minister Churchill to General Eisenhower, May 31, 1944, Ibid., Book XII, pp. 1322, 1323.
33. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 367, 368, 372.
34. Ibid., pp. 372–74.
35. Ninth Air Force Invasion Activities, April through June 1944, Historical Division, Ninth Air Force, 533.04B, pp. 40–43. Leigh-Mallory, Despatch, Pars. 217–26.
36. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 356–62.
37. Marshall, Biennial Report, July 1, 1943–June 30, 1945, pp. 32, 33.
38. “Because we failed in the initial phases to gain the ground which was needed in the vicinity of Caen, the development of all the preselected sites could not be started” (underlining supplied). Leigh-Mallory, Despatch, Par. 427.
39. First United States Army Report of Operations, October 20, 1943–August 1, 1944, Book I, p. 56.
40. Leigh-Mallory, Despatch, Pars. 25–35.
41. Karig, et al., op. cit., pp. 300–08.
42. Notes regarding the final review of plans for Overlord, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book XI, p. 1254.
43. Copy of Air Chief Marshal Leigh-Mallory’s letter to General Eisenhower and the reply thereto, Ibid., pp. 1307–09, 1344.
44. Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy, On Active Service in Peace and War, Harper and Brothers, New York, 1948, pp. 545–47.
45. Ibid., pp. 545–51.
46. Letter, Prime Minister Churchill to General Eisenhower, May 31, 1944, and General Eisenhower’s reply, June 1, 1944; also report of telephone conversation, General Eisenhower to General Smith, June 5, 1944, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book XII, pp. 1322–24, 1333.
47. De Guingand, op. cit., pp. 372, 373.
48. “The actual decision was confirmed and made final this morning [June 5] at 4:15 after all the weather dope had been assembled. The tentative decision was made at the meeting last night, subject to review of latest weather information at this morning’s meeting.” Extract from notes on D-day decision, Diary, Office C-in-C, Book XII, p. 1331.
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