Though we still know surprisingly little about what causes autism, the treatment options have improved dramatically in the last fifteen years. The possibility of partial or even complete recovery from autism is greater now than it was when my sister was a kid. The chances of a life rich in its own rewards for children on the autism spectrum is much more likely today. For Gina, who died when she was eighteen, autism was a prison without a key. I like to think I’ve given my sister’s spirit a new life in the pages of these books.
NOTES
1 JOLENE BABYAK, quote displayed on Alcatraz Island in cell house (2007).
2 ERIN CRAIG lived on Alcatraz Island from 1947-1949. Letter to Alcatraz Alumni Association President Chuck Stucker.
3 ROY CHANDLER AND E. F. CHANDLER, Alcatraz: The Hardest Years: 1934-1938 (Jacksonville, N.C., Iron Brigade Armory Publishers, 1989), 127.
4 SHARON HALLER lived on Alcatraz Island from 1960-1963.Speech about living on Alcatraz given at the Astoria Public Library, Astoria, Ore., on March 13, 2008.
5 GEORGE DEVINCENZI lived and worked on Alcatraz Island from 1950-1957. Interviewed at his home in San Francisco on October 25, 2005.
6 BILL DOLBY, Alcatraz Alumni Association Newsletter 1996.
7 CHUCK STUCKER, island resident from 1940-1943 and from 1948-1953, former Alcatraz Alumni president and noted Alcatraz historian and archivist. Interviewed November 14, 2005.
8 JOLENE BABYAK, Eyewitness on Alcatraz: True Stories of Families Who Live on the Rock (Berkeley, Calif.: Ariel Vamp Press, 1996), 20
9 STUCKER, interviewed November 14, 2005 and June 6, 2006 at his home in Dixon, Calif.
10 MICHAEL ESSLINGER, Alcatraz: A Definitive History of the Penitentiary Years (San Francisco: Ocean View Publishing, 2008), 127.
11 STUCKER, spoke with Barbara Johnston at her home a few months before she died.
12 BILL DOLBY, e-mail dated February 8, 2006.
13 CLIFFORD FISH, guard on Alcatraz from 1938-1962. Videotaped interview held in the Alcatraz archives of Chuck Stucker. Viewed on April 1, 2008.
14 FREDERICK R. BECHDOLT, “ The Rock,” Saturday Evening Post (November 2, 1935), 5.
15 FRANK J. TAYLOR, “Alcatraz: Pen for the Toughest,” Colliers, ( July 25, 1936), 11.
16 JAMES A. JOHNSTON, Alcatraz Island Prison: And the Men Who Live There (Douglas/Ryan Communication, 1999), 44.
17 ESSLINGER, Alcatraz, 141
18 ROBERT J. SCHOENBERG, Mr. Capone: The Real—and Complete—Story of Al Capone (New York: Quill/William Morrow, 1992), 332.
19 JOHNSTON, Alcatraz Island Prison, 40
20 ESSLINGER, Alcatraz, 144
21 MARK DOUGLAS BROWN, Capone: Life Behind Bars at Alcatraz (San Francisco: Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy, 2004) 35. Letter from convict #97 to Al Capone’s brother, Ralph.
22 PHYLLIS (HESS) TWINNEY lived on Alcatraz Island from 1934-1939. Interviewed by phone on December 6, 2005.
23 STUCKER, interviewed April 1, 2008.
24 FISH, videotaped interview held in the Alcatraz archives of Chuck Stucker. Viewed on April 1, 2008.
25 http://www.toothbrushexpress.com/html/floss_history.html
26 MARILYN TOWER OLIVER, Alcatraz Prison in American History (Berkeley Heights, N.J.: Enslow Publishers, 1998)
27 Alcatraz Alumni Newsletter, July 1993.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This book would not have been possible without the help of so many people who have generously shared details of their lives growing up on Alcatraz Island. Most especially I would like to thank Chuck Stucker and his lovely wife, Leta, who allowed me to park in their living room for days on end combing the amazing Alcatraz archives Chuck has compiled. I would also like to thank George DeVincenzi, who told me so many crisp and colorful stories about his life as a guard on Alcatraz Island. A debt of gratitude goes to Rocky Chandler for his book Alcatraz, the Hard Years and for allowing me to “shake the hand that shook the hand of Al Capone.” I am also grateful for the help of Jolene Babyak, Sharon Haller, Ed Faulk, Phyllis “Sweetie” Hess Twinney, and the late Clifford Fish, whose stories about his twenty-four years working as a guard on Alcatraz—as videotaped by Chuck Stucker—were truly amazing. I would also like to thank Darwin Coons, ex-bank robber, for answering my questions about what it was like behind bars on Alcatraz.
A special thank you to my team of expert readers: Peter Seraichick, Dr. Douglas Ellison, Dr. Shelley Hwang, Chuck Stucker, Michael Esslinger, Phyllis “Sweetie” Hess Twinney. They all provided me with expertise I don’t possess, but all mistakes are definitely mine and mine alone.
A heartfelt thanks to my husband, Jacob, my son, Ian, and my daughter, Kai: the world’s best family, and my editor, Kathy Dawson. Editing me is sort of like trying to put a seat belt on the Energizer Bunny and Kathy always manages to make it look effortless. I would like to thank Betsy Groban, Jen Haller, Lauri Hornik, and my agent, Elizabeth Harding, of Curtis, Brown for their graciousness in all things.
And most of all I would like to thank the many many teachers in the United States and in the United Kingdom who have taught Al Capone Does My Shirts in their classrooms. It is your work that has brought my book to life for your students and I will always be indebted to you.
aIn the fictional world of Al Capone Shines My Shoes, I changed the timing of the counts to every hour.
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