7. See David Grossman, On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society, rev. ed. (New York: Back Bay Books, 2009).
8. For more on this way of looking at racism, see David T. Wellman, Portraits of White Racism, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
9. Harry Brod, “Work Clothes and Leisure Suits: The Class Basis and Bias of the Men’s Movement,” in Men’s Lives, ed. Michael S. Kimmel and Michael A. Messner (New York: Macmillan, 1989), 280; emphasis in the original.
10. See, for example, Michele Alexander, The New Jim Crow (New York: New Press, 2012); Ellis Cose, The Rage of a Privileged Class (New York: HarperCollins, 1993); Joe R. Feagin, “The Continuing Significance of Race: Antiblack Discrimination in Public Places,” American Sociological Review 56, no. 1 (1991): 101–116; and Joe R. Feagin and Melvin P. Sikes, Living with Racism: The Black Middle-Class Experience (Boston: Beacon Press, 1994). See also Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, Racism without Racists: Color-Blind Racism and the Persistence of Racial Inequality in the United States, 3rd ed. (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2009), and Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, White Supremacy and Racism in the Post–Civil Rights Era (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001).
11. For useful perspectives on how white people can become more aware of how they are connected to a racist society on a personal level, see Allan G. Johnson, Privilege, Power, and Difference, 2nd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005), and Paul Kivel, Uprooting Racism: How White People Can Work for Racial Justice, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: New Society, 2011).
CHAPTER 2
1. Susanne K. Langer, “The Growing Center of Knowledge,” in Philosophical Sketches (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1962), 145–147; emphasis in the original.
2. John Schultz and Todd Gitlin, No One Was Killed: The Democratic National Convention, August, 1968 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).
3. Robert K. Merton, “The Sociology of Social Problems,” in Contemporary Social Problems, 4th ed., ed. Robert K. Merton and Robert Nisbet (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1976), 22; W. I. Thomas and Dorothy Swain Thomas, The Child in America (New York: Knopf, 1928), 572.
4. For sociological critiques of capitalism, just about any text in social stratification will do. See, for example, Richard C. Edwards, Michael Reich, and Thomas E. Weisskopf, eds., The Capitalist System, 3rd ed. (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1986), and Harold R. Kerbo, Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in the United States, 8th ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2011). See also Jerry Mander, The Capitalism Papers: Fatal Flaws of an Obsolete System (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint Press, 2013), and Richard D. Wolff, Democracy at Work: A Cure for Capitalism (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2012).
5. See James L. Spates, “The Sociology of Values,” Annual Review of Sociology 9 (1983): 27–49.
6. Quoted in Marvin Harris, Cultural Materialism (New York: Random House, 1979), 60.
7. Roger Brown, Social Psychology (New York: Free Press, 1965), 407.
8. Émile Durkheim, Sociology and Philosophy (1924; repr., New York: Free Press, 1974).
9. See Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
10. See, for example, Edwin M. Schur, Labeling Women Deviant: Gender, Stigma, and Social Control (New York: Random House, 1984).
11. See, for example, Marilyn French, Beyond Power: On Men, Women, and Morals (New York: Summit Books, 1985); Carol Brooks Gardner, Passing By: Gender and Public Harassment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); National Council for Research on Women, Sexual Harassment: Research and Resources, 3rd ed. (New York: National Council for Research on Women, 1995); and Vicki Schultz, “Reconceptualizing Sexual Harassment,” Yale Law Journal (April 1998): 1683–1805.
12. James Wilson, The Earth Shall Weep: A History of Native America (New York: Grove Press, 2001).
13. G. William Domhoff, “Who Rules America?” available at http://whorulesamerica.net/power/wealth.html (updated March 2013). See also Lawrence Mishel and Jared Bernstein, The State of Working America: 1992–1993 (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, for Economic Policy Institute, 1993); UN figures reported in the Los Angeles Times, World Report, June 14, 1994; Edward N. Wolff, “Recent Trends in Wealth Ownership, 1983–1998,” Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, Working Paper 300, April 2000; and World Institute for Development Economics Research of the United Nations University, “Press Release: Pioneering Study Shows Richest Two Percent Own Half World Wealth,” New York: Global Policy Forum, December 5, 2006.
14. Although a 2013 U.S. Supreme Court decision invalidated the federal Defense of Marriage Act, thereby granting equal protection to gay and lesbian couples, as of this writing most states continue to discriminate in favor of heterosexual couples.
15. See Gordon W. Allport, “Attitudes,” in A Handbook of Social Psychology, ed. Charles Murchison (Worcester, MA: Clark University Press, 1935), and K. J. Keicolt, “Recent Developments in Attitudes and Social Structure,” Annual Review of Sociology 14 (1988): 381–403.
16. See, for example, Henry Abelove, Michele Aina Barale, and David M. Halperin, eds., The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (New York: Routledge, 1993); Michael S. Kimmel and Michael A. Messner, eds., Men’s Lives, 9th ed. (New York: Macmillan, 2012); and Suzanne Pharr, Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism (Inverness, CA: Chardon Press, 1988).
17. New York Times, April 24, 1983.
18. Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1993), ch. 2.
19. Hartford (CT) Courant, April 2, 1989.
20. See Jeffrey D. Clements, Corporations Are Not People: Why They Have More Rights Than You Do and What You Can Do about It (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers, 2012).
21. Bruce Western and Jake Rosenfeld, “Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality,” American Sociological Review 76, no. 4 (2011): 513–537; see also Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
22. See Bill McKibben, Eaarth: Making a Life on a Tough New Planet (New York: St. Martins Griffin, 2011).
23. Langer, “Growing Center of Knowledge,” 147.
24. See Paul Kivel, Living in the Shadow of the Cross: Understanding and Resisting the Power and Privilege of Christian Hegemony (Gabriola Island, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2013).
CHAPTER 3
1. For more on the social significance of time, see R. H. Lauer, Temporal Man: The Meaning and Uses of Social Time (New York: Praeger, 1981); Pitirim A. Sorokin and Robert K. Merton, “Social Time: A Methodological and Functional Analysis,” American Journal of Sociology 42 (1937): 615–629; Eviatar Zerubavel, Hidden Rhythms: Schedules and Calendars in Social Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981); Eviatar Zerubavel, The Seven-Day Week: The History and Meaning of the Week (New York: Free Press, 1985); Barbara Adam, Timewatch: The Social Analysis of Time (Cambridge, UK: Polity, 1995); Michael G. Flaherty, Textures of Time: Agency and Temporal Experience (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010); and Jay Griffiths, A Sideways Look at Time (New York: Tarcher, 2010).
2. For the classic statement on the concept of social structure, see Robert K. Merton, Social Theory and Social Structure, enl. ed. (New York: Free Press, 1968).
3. See Jerold Heiss, “Social Roles,” in Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives, ed. Morris Rosenberg and Ralph H. Turner (New York: Basic Books, 1981); for the classic statement on the subject, see Ralph Linton, The Study of Man (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1936).
4. This relationship, of course, can also develop between female teachers and male students or between teachers and students of the same sex. But the problems that are the focus of this discussion overwhelmingly occur between male teachers in positions of authority and females who are subordinate to them in some way. See, for example, Center for Research on Women, Secrets in Public: Sexual Harassment in Our Schools (Wellesley, MA: Wellesley College Center for Research on Women, 1993); Billie Wright Dzie
ch and Linda Weiner, The Lecherous Professor: Sexual Harassment on Campus (Boston: Beacon Press, 1984); and Michele A. Paludi and L. A. Strayer, Ivory Power: Sexual Harassment on Campus (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990).
5. See, for example, Joan Abramson, Old Boys—New Women: Sexual Harassment in the Workplace (New York: Praeger, 1993); Center for Research on Women, Secrets in Public; Dziech and Weiner, Lecherous Professor; Carol Brooks Gardner, Passing By: Gender and Public Harassment (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Barbara A. Gutek, Sex and the Workplace: The Impact of Sexual Behavior and Harassment on Women, Men, and Organizations (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1985); Catharine A. MacKinnon, Sexual Harassment of Working Women: A Case of Sex Discrimination (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979); and Paludi and Strayer, Ivory Power.
6. See, for example, Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1975); David Finkelhor and Kersti Yllo, License to Rape: Sexual Abuse of Wives (New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1985); Michael A. Messner and Donald F. Sabo, Sex, Violence, and Power in Sports: Rethinking Masculinity (Freedom, CA: Crossing Press, 1994); Myriam Miedzian, Boys Will Be Boys: Breaking the Link between Violence and Masculinity (New York: Doubleday, 1991); Diana E. H. Russell, Sexual Exploitation: Rape, Child Sexual Abuse, and Workplace Harassment (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1984); Peggy Reeves Sanday, A Woman Scorned: Acquaintance Rape on Trial (New York: Doubleday, 1996); and Patricia Searles and Ronald J. Berger, eds., Rape and Society (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995).
7. Robert K. Merton, “Social Structure and Anomie,” American Sociological Review 3 (1938): 672–682.
8. D. Jacobs, “Inequality and Economic Crime,” Sociology and Social Research 66, no. 1 (1981): 12–28.
9. Gallup Poll, June 9–11, 2011, available at www.gallup.com/poll/148187/Americans-Prefer-Boys-Girls-1941.aspx.
10. Robert E. Kennedy Jr., “The Social Status of the Sexes and Their Relative Mortality in Ireland,” in Readings in Population, ed. William Petersen (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 121–135.
11. For more on this subject, see Carl N. Degler, At Odds: Women and the Family in America from the Revolution to the Present (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Robert L. Griswold, Fatherhood in America: A History (New York: Basic Books, 1993); and Eli Zaretsky, Capitalism, the Family, and Personal Life, rev. and exp. ed. (New York: Harper and Row, 1986).
12. See Heidi Hartmann, “The Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism: Towards a More Progressive Union,” in Women and Revolution: A Discussion of the Unhappy Marriage of Marxism and Feminism, ed. Lydia Sargent (Boston: South End Press, 1981), 1–41, and Martha May, “Bread before Roses: American Workingmen, Labor Unions, and the Family Wage,” in Women, Work, and Protest, ed. Ruth Milkman (Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1985).
13. See Viviana A. Zelizer, Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (New York: Basic Books, 1985).
14. Margaret Mead, Coming of Age in Samoa (1928; repr., New York: Modern Library, 1953).
15. See E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993).
16. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2013), table 59.
17. For a clear look at racism in both its cultural and structural aspects, see David T. Wellman, Portraits of White Racism, 2nd ed. (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
18. William H. Frey, “Census Data: Blacks and Hispanics Take Different Segregation Paths” (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2010), available at www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2010/12/16-census-frey; Reynolds Farley and William H. Frey, “Changes in the Segregation of Whites from Blacks during the 1980s,” American Sociological Review 59 (1994); Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
19. See Lee Sigelman and S. Welch, “The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes,” Social Forces 71, no. 3 (1993): 781–795.
20. Pew Research Center, A Survey of LGBT Americans: Attitudes, Experiences, and Values in Changing Times (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2013); Pew Research Center, In Gay Marriage Debate, Both Supporters and Opponents See Legal Recognition as “Inevitable” (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, 2013).
21. Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper and Row, 1945).
22. Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1987; repr., New York: International Publishers, 1975).
23. David R. Francis, “The Economic Expansion Is Finally Paying Off for Most Americans,” Christian Science Monitor, online edition, September 27, 1996, available at www.csmonitor.com.
24. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013), table 690.
25. See Gretchen Morgensen and Joshua Rosner, Reckless Endangerment: How Outsized Ambition, Greed, and Corruption Created the Worst Financial Crisis of Our Time (New York: Times Books, 2011).
CHAPTER 4
1. For some fundamental statements, see Amos H. Hawley, Human Ecology: A Theoretical Essay (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986); Michael Micklin and Harvey M. Choldin, eds., Sociological Human Ecology: Contemporary Issues and Applications (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1984); and Gerhard Lenski and Patrick Nolan, Human Societies: An Introduction to Macrosociology, 11th ed. (New York: Oxford, 2010).
2. Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1929).
3. The classic work on the social uses of space is Robert Sommer, Personal Space: The Behavioral Analysis of Design (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1969).
4. See Donald S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton, American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998).
5. For a fascinating novel that examines human beings as an ‘exceptional’ species, see Daniel Quinn, Ishmael (New York: Bantam, 1992).
6. Marvin Harris, Cows, Pigs, Wars, and Witches (New York: Random House, 1974). See also his Cannibals and Kings: The Origins of Cultures (New York: Random House, 1977); Cultural Materialism (New York: Random House, 1979); and Good Things to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985). For an introduction to sociology that uses an ecological approach, see Patrick Nolan and Gerhard E. Lenski, Human Societies, 10th ed. (New York: Paradigm, 2005).
7. Gerhard Lenski, Power and Privilege: A Theory of Social Stratification (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984).
8. Population Reference Bureau, “2012 World Population Data Sheet” (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2013).
9. From U.S. Census Bureau data, reported on NBCnews.com, June 13, 2013, available at http://usnews.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/06/13/18934111-census-whitemajority-in-us-gone-by-2043?lite.
10. U.S. Census Bureau, “World Population Information” and “International Data Base,” available at www.census.gov/ipc/www/world.html; Population Reference Bureau, “2012 World Population Data Sheet” (Washington, DC: Population Reference Bureau, 2013).
11. See B. P. Dohrenwend and B. S. Dohrenwend, “Sex Differences in Psychiatric Disorders,” American Journal of Sociology 81 (1976): 1447–1454, and Lois Verbrugge and D. L. Wingard, “Sex Differentials in Health and Mortality,” Women and Health 12, no. 2 (1987). See also Nicholas R. Eaton, Robert. F. Krueger, Katherine M. Keyes, Deborah S. Hasin, Steve Balsis, Andrew E. Skodol, Kristian E. Markon, Bridget F. Grant, “An Invariant Dimensional Liability Model of Gender Differences in Mental Disorder Prevalence: Evidence from a National Sample,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Online First, August 17, 2011, available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/abn-ofp-eaton.pdf.
12. From data gathered regularly by the University of Chicago National Opinion Research Center, General Social Surveys.
13. A. M. Miniño, M. P. Heron, and B. L. Smith, “Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2004,” National Vital Statistics Reports 54, no. 19 (Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics, 2006); U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 (Washington, DC: U.S. Census Bureau, 2013).
14. U.S. Census Bureau, Statistical Abstract: 2012; Lester R. Brown, Plan B3.0: Mobilizing to Save Civilization, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 2008); William R. Cline, Global Warming and Agriculture: Estimates by Country (Washington, DC: Petersen Institute, 2007).
15. U.S. Census Bureau, “World Population Information” and “International Data Base”; Population Reference Bureau, “2012 World Population Data Sheet.”
16. International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2012, Executive Summary (Paris: International Energy Agency, 2012).
CHAPTER 5
1. See, for example, B. F. Skinner, Beyond Freedom and Dignity (New York: Knopf, 1971).
2. For more on the concept of the self, see D. H. Demo, “The Self-Concept over Time: Research Issues and Directions,” Annual Review of Sociology 18 (1992): 303–326, and Morris Rosenberg, Conceiving the Self (New York: Basic Books, 1979).
3. George Herbert Mead, Mind, Self, and Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1934).
4. Erving Goffman, Encounters (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1961).
5. ‘Significant others’ is a term first introduced in Harry Stack Sullivan, The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry (New York: Norton, 1953).
6. Charles Horton Cooley, Life and the Student (New York: Knopf, 1927).
7. Mead, Mind, Self, and Society.
8. See the following works by Erving Goffman: The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday, 1959); Asylums (New York: Anchor Books, 1961); Behavior in Public Places (New York: Free Press, 1963); Stigma: Notes on the Management of a Spoiled Identity (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963); Interaction Ritual (New York: Anchor Books, 1967); Gender Advertisements (New York: Harper Colophon, 1976); Forms of Talk (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1981); and Encounters. See also Philip Manning, Erving Goffman and Modern Sociology (Stanford, CA; Stanford University Press, 1992).
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