183 Warrick, Washington Post, April 2001.
184 Grimes, W. “If Chickens Are So Smart, Why Aren’t They Eating Us?” New York Times, 12 Jan. 2003.
185 PETA Media Center Factsheets: Poultry and Eggs: Industries That Abuse Chickens.
186 USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service.
187 Agricultural Research, May 2000.
188 Singer, P. (2006). In Defense of Animals. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 176.
189 PETA Media Center Factsheets: Poultry and Eggs: Industries That Abuse Chickens.
190 Mench and Siegel.
191 National Wild Turkey Federation, “All about wild turkey facts,” Nov. 2003.
192 Gerlin A, “On sale now, top turkey classics,” Knight Ridder Newspapers, 26 Nov. 2003.
193 Hougham A, “Turkey, not as dumb as you think,” The Daily Barometer 26 Nov. 2003.
194 National Wild Turkey Federation, “All About Turkeys: Wild Turkey Facts,” Nov. 2008.
195 National Agricultural Statistics Service, “Turkeys Raised,” U.S. Department of Agriculture, 18 Aug. 2009.
196 John C. Voris et al., Turkey Care Practices (Davis, Calif.: University of California, Davis, 1998).
197 Weiss, R. “Techno Turkeys: The Modern Holiday Bird Is a Marvel of Yankee Ingenuity,” The Washington Post 12 Nov. 1997.
198 Karrow, J., Duncan, I. “Starve-Out in Turkey Poults,” Farm Animal Welfare Research at the University of Guelph (1998–2000) Dec. 1999.
199 PETA Media Center Factsheets. Turkeys: Factory-Farmed Torture on the Holiday Table.
200 PETA Media Center Factsheets. Turkeys: Factory-Farmed Torture on the Holiday Table
201 PETA Media Center Factsheets. Turkeys: Factory-Farmed Torture on the Holiday Table.
202 Rosamund Young, The Secret Lives of Cows, Farming Books and Videos, Ltd: United Kingdom, 2003, p. 5.
203 Jonathan Leake, “Cows Hold Grudges, Say Scientists,” The Australian, 28 Feb. 2005.
204 Warrick, J. “‘They Die Piece by Piece’; In Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” The Washington Post 10 Apr. 2001.
205 USDA Information Resources on the Care and Welfare of Dairy Cattle 1996-2002
206 Eisnitz, G. “Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry.” Prometheus Books, 1997.
207 Warrick, J. “‘They Die Piece by Piece’; In Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” The Washington Post 10 Apr. 2001.
208 Warrick, J. “‘They Die Piece by Piece’; In Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” The Washington Post 10 Apr. 2001.
209 Warrick, J. “‘They Die Piece by Piece’; In Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” The Washington Post 10 Apr. 2001.
210 Warrick, J. “‘They Die Piece by Piece’; In Overtaxed Plants, Humane Treatment of Cattle Is Often a Battle Lost,” The Washington Post 10 Apr. 2001.
Index
A
acid rain, 17
advertising, 103–104
Africa
dairy consumption, 62
degradation of land, 29
desertification, 30
air quality, 15–19
algae, 55
Amazon rainforest, 22, 86
Amazonian tribes, 24
American Cancer Society, 11, 59, 60–61
American Dietetic Association, 11, 59, 60, 98, 101–102
American Heart Association, 59, 99
American Institute for Cancer Research, 98–99
American Pediatric Association, 102
amino acids, 62
ammonia, 17–18
animal management
generally, 135–138
chickens, 141–142
cows, 143–145
pigs, 140–141
turkeys, 142–143
animals. See also livestock; names of specific animals
defined, 10
fate after ending meat production, 117
number raised for food, 11
thoughts and emotions of, 136
Antarctic Dome Ice Core, 16
antibiotics
in fish farms, 57
in livestock, 54, 76–77, 78–79
aquaculture, 55–58
arsenic, 77
Asia
dairy consumption, 62
degradation of land, 29
livestock consumption, 115
atmosphere, purposes of, 15–16
B
beef. See meat
Beyond Beef, 83
biodiversity, 23–24, 32, 33–36, 47
biomes, 32–33
Bittman, Mark, 88–89, 121
bottom-fishing, 48
Brazil’s Atlantic coast, 22, 23
Broom, Donald, 140
bykill, 51–52
C
Campylobacter, 76–77
cancer, 60–61, 75, 101
carbon, 17
carbon dioxide, 4, 5, 12, 16, 17–18
cardiologists, 101
Caribbean islands, 29, 118–120
cattle ranching, 22, 31. See also livestock
Centers for Disease Control (CDC) obesity study, 66
chemical waste, 55, 56–57
chickens, 124, 141–142
children and eating animals, 137–138
climate change. See global warming
Coleman, Mary Sue, 72
Colorado River, 42–44
Commodities Credit Corporation (CCC), 105
concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), 123, 139
consumers, influencing farmers, 132–133
controversy, avoiding. See treading lightly
Convention on Biological Diversity, 33
Copenhagen Accord, 87
copper sulfate, 57
corporate influence, 89–90
cows, 143–145. See also livestock
D
Dairy Council, 104
dairy industry, 4, 61, 64, 85–91, 103, 105, 145
dairy products
consumption, 61–62
contaminants, 77
predicted production, 110
dead zones, 55, 57
death, leading cause of, 127–128
deforestation, 6, 86–87
desertification, 28, 29–30
dieticians, 101–102, 111–112
dioxins, 56, 77
diseases and health conditions related to meat-based diet
generally, 60, 66–67
cancer, 60–61, 65
food-borne pathogens, 91–94
heart disease, 60
lactose intolerance, 63–64
obesity, 66
osteoporosis, 61–62
zoonotic, 76–77
doctors, 75, 100–102, 111–112
drinking water. See fresh water
E
economic issues, 109–110
ecoregions, 32–33
ecosystems, destruction of, 18
ecotax, 108–109, 112–114
ecotourism, 115
education about diet in other countries, 114–115
eggs, 93–94
Einstein, Albert, 111
endangered species, 50
endemism rate, 48
erosion, 54
Ethiopia, hunger and grain exports, 36
excrement produced by livestock, 54–55
extinction, 33, 49
F
factory farms, 123, 139
farmers, 56, 106, 118. See also dairy industry; fishing industry; meat industry; pork industry
farming, local, 121–124
fast-food industry, 67–69
fertilizers, 55
Fields, David, 106
fish, 46–52
fish farms, 55–58
fish oil, 55–56
fishing industry, 48, 49, 53, 100–101, 105
fishmeal, 52, 55–56
flu pandemics,
77–79
Foer, Jonathan Safran, 121
food, defined, 9
food-borne illnesses, 91–94
food depletion, 36
Food Matters: A Guide to Conscious Eating, 88–89
food poisoning, 91–94
Food Politics, 89–90
food pyramid, 64, 103–104, 112
“footprint” (ecological), 30–31
forests
amount cleared in the U.S., 28
deforestation, 6, 86–87
greenhouse gases, 4
losses from destruction of, 26
fossil fuel, 17–18
Franklin, Benjamin, 142
fresh water
food production use of, 12
livestock use of, 12, 42–46, 116, 126
pollution, 54–58
sources of, 41–42
Fuentes, Martin, 144
future predictions and solutions, 110–117
G
Georges Banks, 50
Glickman, Dan, 105
global depletion
defining, xvii, 1–8
facts and figures, 11–13
Global Footprint Network (GFN), 30
global warming
causes of, 5, 11
food choices, 2
overview, 3–4
Gore, Al, 4–5
government subsidies, 105–107, 112
grain, amount fed to livestock, 12, 44
Grand Banks, 50
“green” movement, 7–8
greenhouse gases, 87–88, 125
global warming cause, 3–4
livestock, 16–17
quantities and sources of gases, 4–7
ground water pollution, 54–55
Gulf of Mexico, 55
H
health conditions. See diseases and health conditions related to meat-based diet
health-risk tax, 114
heart disease, 60
heavy metals, 46
herbicides, 54
High Plains area of the U.S., 44
H1N1 (swine flu), 77–79
hogs, 78–80
hormones used in livestock, 54, 77
Horton, Tony, 131
hospitals, reluctance to change, 70–71
humans
ecological footprint of, 30–31, 33–34
helping the planet, 131–132
influencing others, 132–133
lack of concern for health, 74–75
overfishing, 49–50
population, 31–32, 81
why we eat animal products, 65, 98–100
hunger, 13, 36
I
An Inconvenient Truth, 4–5
India, meat consumption, 76
industrial farm waste, 55
influenza pandemics, 77–79
information suppression, 102–103. See also media control of information
International Whaling Commission (IWC), 118–119
Iowa Beef Processors, 45
J
Japan and whaling, 119
Jean, Ignatius, 119
Journal of Animal Science, 144
K
“K-Pax” theory, 110–111
kale, 129–130
Kentucky Fried Chicken, 23
Kyoto Protocol, 5–6, 87–88
L
lactose intolerance, 63–64
land
depletion levels, 31
destruction of, 28–29
livestock and food production use, 12–13, 123–124
pollution of, 29–30
land value, 115
Latin America, 29
legal coercion, 110
legislation to end meat consumption, 110, 116–117
livestock
air quality, 16
carbon balance of the land, 17
fishmeal, 52
fossil fuel used in production of, 18
fresh water and grain given to, 12, 39–46, 116, 126
grass-fed, 117, 120–128, 138–139
land depletion and degradation due to, 29–30, 31
land used by, 12–13, 28, 40–41, 123–124
overgrazing of, 28–29, 31
pathogens and transmission of disease, 76–77
rainforest destruction, 22
Livestock, Environment, and Development (LEAD) report, 90–91
logging, 6, 86–87
M
malnurishment, 13, 36
manure, 54
marine life, 47–51
meat
bacteria contamination, 77
consumption, 76, 127–128
defined, 10
predicted production, 110
as unhealthy, 59
meat industry, 4, 64, 85–91, 103, 105, 145
meatless Mondays, 132–133
media control of information
generally, 81–84
books, 86–90
contaminated food reports, 91–94
opening pathways of communication, 111
scientific reports, 90–91
talk shows, 82–86
medicines derived from plants, 24
mercury, 46, 77
methane, 4, 6, 12, 16, 17–18, 125
milk, 63–64, 104
Moreno, Ramon, 144
myths. See media control of information
N
Nagoya (Convention on Biological Diversity), 33
National Cattlemen’s Beef Association (NCBA), 84
National Institute of Child Health and Development, 104
National Institutes of Health, 99
National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs, 104, 105
Nestle, Marion, 89–90
nitrogen, 54, 55, 57
nitrous oxide, 4, 6, 12, 17–18
nonrenewable resources, defining, 2–3
nutrients, 10, 126–127, 129–130
O
obesity, 66
oceans, 46, 48–49, 54–58
omega-3 fatty acids, 47
oncologists, 101
Ope’s, 68–69
O’Reilly, Bill, 85–86
organic wastes, 54–57
osteoporosis, 61–62, 104
overfishing, 47–52
overgrazing, 28–29, 31
oxygen, 4, 18
ozone, 4
P
PCBs. See polychlorinated biphenyls
Peanut Corporation of America, 92–93
pediatricians, 102
pesticides, 54, 57, 77
pharmaceuticals derived from plants, 24
phosphorus, 54, 55, 62
phosphorus-to-calcium ratios, 62
physicians, 75, 100–102, 111–112
Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, 75, 104
Physicians for Responsible Medicine, 59
pigs, 78–80, 123–124, 140–141
plant-based diet, 59–60, 98–99
plants
amount of water and land used for production, 12–13
defined, 9–10
medicinal uses, 24
use of fossil fuel in production, 18
political issues, 109–110
politics of food systems, 89–90
Pollan, Michael, 94–95, 121
pollution, 29, 53–58
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 46, 77
population, 31–32
pork industry, 79
predictions, 110
pricing, 107–109, 112–114
Pritikin, Nathan, 83
producers, 108–109, 118. See also dairy industry; fishing industry; meat industry; pork industry
protein, defined, 10
protein from animals, 62
public opinion. See media control of information
Q
quinoa, 130
R
rainforests
benefit to environment, 23
biodiversity of, 23–24
destruction of, 6, 17, 21–23
greenhouse gases, 4
losses from destruction of, 26
medicines derived from, 24–25
native people of, 24
as producers of oxygen, 12
recovery of marine life, 46, 49
renewable resources, defined, 2–3
Rifkin, Jeremy, 83
S
St. Lucia, 118–120
Salatin, Joel, 121
salmon, 56
salmonella, 92–94
Schaffner, William, 93–94
sea lice, 57
seamounts, 48–49
Seventh-Day Adventists, 114
sheep, 124
slaughtering process, 40, 45, 88, 110, 119, 139–145
socializing, 109–110
solutions, 110–117
South China Sea, 55
soy, 23
Staphylococcus, 77
starvation, 13, 36
Steiner, Achim, 52
subsidies, 105–107
surgeons, 101
Surviving Cancer, 75
sustainability, 118–131
swine, 78–80
swine flu, 77–79
T
talk shows, 82–86
Tarahumara Indians, 114
taxes, 108–109, 112–114
topsoil, 28–29, 30
toxic waste, 55
transportation, 16
trawling, 48, 107
treading lightly
Bittman, Mark, 88–89
Gore, Al, 86–87
LEAD report, 90–91
Oprah, 84–85
Pollan, Michael, 94–95
true cost, 108–109
turkeys, 124, 142–143
Tyson chicken, 76–77
U
United Nations, on overfishing and bykill, 51
United Nations Accord on Biodiversity, 34
United Nations Committee on Livestock, Environment, and Agricultural Development, 113–114
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 5
United States
dairy consumption, 61–62
fresh water, 43–48, 116
land use, 27–28, 31–32, 41
livestock numbers, 123, 124
meat consumption, 76
pigs, number of, 79, 140–141
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), 64, 105, 112
universities, reluctance to change, 70, 71–74
University of Michigan, 71–74
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 103–105
V
vegans, 60, 98
vegetarian diet, 60, 98
vincristine, 25
W
water. See fresh water; oceans
water vapor, 4
Wertheimer, Linda, 93–94
whale killing, 118–120
Winfrey, Oprah, 82, 84–85
World Cancer Research Fund, 61, 98–99
World Trade Organization, 106
Z
zoonotic diseases, 76–77
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