Bloody Sunday: NYT, Mar. 8 and 9, 1965; Fager, Selma, 92–97; Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 23–24; Newsweek (Mar. 22, 1965); Garrow, Selma, 78–81.
“never forget,” “taillight,” “ministers’ march”: King, “Selma,” Saturday Review, 17; Robert W. Spike, “Our Churches’ Sin Against the Negro,” Look (May 18, 1965), 33; King, “A Challenge to the Churches and Synagogues,” Jan. 17, 1963, MLK(CSC); King’s statement, Mar. 7, 1965, ibid.; NYT, Mar. 8, 1965; Fager, Selma, 97–98.
“direct witness,” “couldn’t refuse,” “agitator”: NYT, Mar. 11, 1965; Wofford, 178; Spike, “Our Churches’ Sin,” Look, 37.
“carpetbaggin’…liar”: Frady, Wallace, 133; Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 25.
“gone too far,” “had the flu,” “We’re going”: NYT, Mar. 9, 1965; Lewis, King, 276; Watters, “Negro Children March,” NYT Mag., 120; also Louis Martin memo for Marvin Watson, Mar. 8, 1965, King Name File, LBJ.
strategy session: King’s telegram to Dora McDonald, Mar. 15, 1965, MLK(CSC), a statement for the record; King, “Selma,” Saturday Review, 17; Life (Mar. 19, 1965), 35; NYT, Mar. 12, 1965; W and M, 170.
the injunction crisis: Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 28; Newsweek (Mar. 22, 1965), 20; W and M, 172–73; King, “Selma,” Saturday Review, 16, 57; King’s telegram to McDonald, Mar. 16, 1965, MLK(CSC). Much of the press reported that King had agreed to “a deal” with Clark and Lingo—that he would undertake only a token march if they would restrain their men. King denied any such “prearrangement.” I think King right; but consult Garrow, Selma, 273–74, for a detailed discussion of this point.
“what lies ahead”: King’s speech, Mar. 9, 1965, MLK(CSC); Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 26.
abbreviated march: NYT, Mar. 10 and 12, 1965; Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 26; Life (Mar. 19, 1965), 32–33, 37; Fager, Selma, 103–5; Foster interview with Oates; Wofford, 182–84.
SNCC defection: Lewis interview, BOHC; Fager, Selma, 105, 140; Renata Adler, Toward a Radical Middle (New York, 1969), 16–17; Raines, 213–14; Vince O’Connor interview with Oates, June 9, 1980; James Forman, Sammy Younge, Jr. (paperback ed., 1969), 78–79; Watters, 347. After the abbreviated march, SNCC moved its operations to Montgomery.
“you niggers”: Fager, Selma, 108; also Life (Mar. 19, 1965), 37.
“seclusion”: Garrow, Selma, 92.
“morally inclement climate” to “concerned, perturbed”: King’s statement, Mar. 11, 1965, MLK(CSC); Time (Mar. 19, 1965), 27; NYT, Mar. 11 and 12, 1965; Johnson, Vantage Point, 162; WGH, 39–40.
“real hero”: Wofford, 186. For a detailed discussion of how events in Selma affected and altered the Johnson administration’s plans for voting-rights legislation, see Garrow, Selma, 31–32.
LBJ’s speech and King’s reaction: copies of the speech in LBJ, published in NYT, Mar. 16, 1965; Life (Mar. 26, 1965), 33; Mrs. Jackson interview with Oates; King’s statement, Mar. 16, 1965, SCLC, published in NYT, Mar. 17, 1965. Johnson thanked King for his “generous comments” about his speech (letter of Mar. 18, 1965, LBJ) and later sent him a published copy.
“right to assemble,” “Communist-trained anarchists,” “demagog” Time (Mar. 26, 1965), 19; NYT, Mar. 18 and 19, 1965; PI, 77.
“gigantic witness” and “will be the people”: NYT, Mar. 19 and 22, 1965; Newsweek (Apr. 5, 1965), 25.
march out of Selma: Simeon Booker, “50,000 March on Montgomery,” Ebony (May, 1965), 53, 55, 62; Fager, Selma, 150–51; Adler, Radical Middle, 7; NYT, Mar. 22, 1965; W. C. Heinz and Bard Lindeman, “The Meaning of the Selma March: Great Day at Trickem Fork,” Saturday Evening Post (May 22, 1965), 90; Wofford, 189.
“encampment resembled” and song “Old Wallace”: NYT, Mar. 23, 1965; Marie Foster papers, Selma, Ala.
profiles of marchers: NYT, Mar. 22, 24, 26, 1965; Booker, “Montgomery,” Ebony, 47, 56, 58, 76, 80; Spike, “Our Churches’ Sin,” Look, 32, 34, 36–37; Newsweek (Apr. 5, 1965), 25.
“Aunt Jemima”: NYT, Mar. 23, 1965.
Trickem: Heinz and Lindeman, “Selma March,” Saturday Evening Post, 31–32, 90, 92; Adler, Radical Middle, 11; Newsweek (Apr. 5, 1965), 25.
“trained” and “Communists”: NYT, Mar. 23, 1965. See also King’s speech in Jackson, Miss., July 23, 1964, MLK(CSC).
“President’s job”: Williams interview with Oates; also NYT, Mar. 25, 1965.
“these segregationists” and “These white folks”: Time (Apr. 2, 1965), 21; Fager, Selma, 152.
“a new song”: Wofford, 195; Foster interview with Oates.
“What do you want?”: NYT, Mar. 25, 1965.
To the capitol: Booker, “Montgomery,” Ebony, 50, 82, 85–86; Wofford, 197–99; Adler, Radical Middle, 26, 29; NYT, Mar. 26, 1965; Ramsey Clark interview, LBJ.
King’s speech: transcript of the complete text provided the author by David Garrow; incomplete versions in MLK(CSC) and NYT, Mar. 26, 1965; Lee interview with Oates.
“master organizer” and “from paper resolutions”: Washington Post, Feb. 2, 1968; Levison to King, Apr. 7, 1965, MLK(CSC).
Alabama boycott and SCOPE: documents bearing on both in MLK(CSC) and SCLC; NBC, Meet the Press: Guest, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., March 28, 1965 (Washington, D.C., 1965), 7–8; NYT, Mar. 30, 1965; Newsweek (Apr. 12, 1965), 29; Fager, Selma, 166–70. For a study of SCOPE, see N. J. Demerath III, Gerald Marwell, and Michael T. Aiken, Dynamics of Idealism (San Francisco, 1971).
SCLC Board Meeting: documents in SCLC and MLK(CSC); NYT, Apr. 2, 1965; Newsweek (Apr. 12, 1965), 28; Raines, 464; Wachtel interview with Oates, Sept. 20, 1978. Even during the Selma campaign, King was contemplating a move north. See King, “ ‘Dreams of Brighter Tomorrows,’ ” Ebony (Mar., 1965), 35.
“some of the same things” and “Busing”: Time (Apr. 30, 1965), 32–33; U.S. News & World Report (May 3, 1965), 8; HSCAH, VI, 232–33.
Airlee House and King’s concerns for the ghettos: Wall Street Journal, June 7, 1965; King, “Next Stop, the North,” Saturday Review (Nov. 13, 1965), 33–35; King’s column for the New York Amsterdam News [1965], SCLC; Wachtel interview with Oates; Cleveland Robinson interview with Oates.
“we came South”: newspaper clipping dated Jan. 1, 1966, HMB; also clippings dated June 5 and July 7, 1965, ibid.; Selby, 344.
King in Chicago: speeches, summaries, and fact sheets, MLK(CSC); newspaper clippings, July 24–27, 31, Aug. 1, Sept. 2, 1965, HMB.
“magnificent”: King’s telegram to LBJ, June 7, 1965, King Name File, LBJ.
“amazing sensitivity”: King to LBJ, June 7, 1965, King Name File, ibid.; White House Diary and Diary Backup, Aug. 5, 1965, ibid.; A. Philip Randolph interview with Thomas H. Baker, Oct. 29, 1968, ibid.
“a triumph” and “a religiosity”: Time (Aug. 13, 1965); NYT, Aug. 7, 1965; Jack Valenti, A Very Human President (New York, 1975), 395.
“more funerals,” “love that man,” “Shoes that carried me,” “a new Negro”: Mrs. Jackson and Foster interviews with Oates; also Garrow, Selma, 179–211; Raines, 187, 215, 226; King’s report to the Administrative Committe [Nov., 1965], SCLC; Fager, Selma, 208–11; T. B. Morgan, “Requiem or Revival?” Look (June 14, 1966), 77–78; Hamilton, Bench and Ballot, 228–50.
“destroy barriers”: Sellers, River, 165–66.
“cannot legislate morality”: Time (Apr. 30, 1965), 33; U.S. News & World Report (May 3, 1965), 8. See also King’s speech before the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, May 17, 1956, MLK(BU), and his statement at Abernathy’s church, May 21, 1961, MLK(CSC).
“True integration”: King, “A Challenge to the Churches and Synagogues,” Jan. 17, 1963, MLK(CSC); also King’s speech at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 27, 1962, MLK(BU).
“not going to sit”: King, “Quote and Unquote,” SCLC Newsletter (June-July, 1965), 4. See also King to Joseph Tusiani, Aug. 8, 1959, and to Ross W. Anderson, Apr. 26, 1961, MLK(BU), for King’s hatred of war and his desire to apply creative nonviolence to the world theater. He’d roundly condemned war in a speech at Morehouse College on Jan. 11, 1965, copy in MLK(CSC).
stand on Vietnam:
King’s statement at a mass rally, Aug. 12, 1965, during SCLC’s annual convention, and his remarks to newsmen the next day, MLK(CSC); King’s remarks on “Face the Nation,” CBS TV, Aug. 29, 1965, copy in ibid.; also Wofford, 222; Lincoln, 215. King conceded that Vietnam was “indeed a complex situation” and that North Vietnam and Communist China had to drop their demands for a unilateral U.S. withdrawal from South Vietnam before serious negotiations could begin.
“Is he casting” and “They told me”: Lincoln, 215–16, 206–7.
“nine people”: Selby, 343; newspaper clippings, Aug. 13 and 14, 1965, and Jan. 8, 1966, HMB.
“seemed to collapse”: W and M, 178; FAR, 353.
King in Watts: WGH, 133; King’s statement, Aug. 17, 1965, MLK(CSC); King, “A Christian Movement in a Revolutionary Age,” Sept. 28, 1965, and “A Cry of Hate or a Cry for Help?” ibid.; King, “Feeling Alone in the Struggle,” New York Amsterdam News, Aug. 28, 1965; King, “Next Stop,” Saturday Review, 33–35; Rustin, Line, 140–53; Coretta King, 272.
Decision Chicago: newspaper clippings, Aug. 6 and 21, Sept. 2 and 3, 1965, HMB; King, “Why Chicago Is the Target,” New York Amsterdam News, Sept. 11, 1965; Ebony (Apr., 1966), 100, 102; Bruce Cook, “King in Chicago,” Commonweal (Apr. 29, 1966), 176; Meyer Weinberg interview with Oates, Oct. 17, 1979.
“clean up at home” to “a fiasco”: Williams interview with Oates; Cooks’s address, MLK Annual Nonviolent Institute; Rustin interview with Oates; W and M, 191–92; Fauntroy interview with Oates; newspaper clipping, Aug. 14, 1965, HMB; Rustin interview, LBJ.
“nonviolent movement” to “Egypt still exists”: W and M, 344; newspaper clippings, Sept. 1, 2, and 12, Oct. 9 and 10, HMB; King, “Why Chicago,” New York Amsterdam News, Sept. 11, 1965; also Weinberg interview with Oates.
Goldberg visit: Wachtel interview with Oates; Young interview, LBJ; King’s statement, Sept. 10, 1965, MLK(CSC).
“most important symbol”: Coretta King, 293–94.
“confrontation of the big powers”: Nhat Hanh to King, June 1, 1965, in Liberation (Dec., 1965), 19.
“must not allow” and “kooks”: Chicago Defender, Jan. 1, 1966; Young interview, LBJ; Wachtel interview with Oates. See also King’s remarks on Vietnam in King’s sermon, Jan. 16, 1966, and in Stockholm, Apr. 6, 1966, MLK(CSC).
“gravest challenge”: Fager, “Dilemma for Dr. King,” Christian Century (Mar. 16, 1966), 331–32.
“wept within”: WGH, 49–50.
PART EIGHT: THE ROAD TO JERICHO
“hit Chicago” to “cooperation and peace”: news clippings, Jan. 6, 7, and 13, 1966, HMB; “Goal of the Project: To End Slums,” Dec. 9, 1965, SCLC; “Proposal for the Development of a Nonviolent Action Movement for the Greater Chicago Area,” Jan. 5, 1966, and “Chicago Plan,” Jan. 7, 1966, MLK(CSC); King’s statement, SCLC Board Meeting, Apr. 14, 1966, ibid.; Ebony (Apr., 1966), 94, 95; King, “Nonviolence: the Only Road to Freedom,” ibid. (Oct., 1966), 30.
“trumpet tactics”: Morgan, “Requiem or Revival?” Look, 72; newspaper clipping, Mar. 24, 1966, HMB.
“really get close” and “smell of urine”: NYT, Jan. 27, 1966; clipping, Jan. 20, 1966, HMB; Coretta King, 276–77; also Ebony (Apr., 1966), 95; WGH, 136. Barbara A. Reynolds, Jesse Jackson: The Man, the Movement, the Myth (Chicago, 1975), 62, cites the same rent differences as King.
“get down” and “Many things”: NYT, Jan. 28, 1966; newspaper clippings, Jan. 27 and 29, 1966, HMB.
King’s tour and study of slums: newspaper clippings, Jan. 28 and 29, 1966, HMB; WGH, 134–37; King’s speech at the University of Chicago, Jan. 27, 1966, and his speech on his European tour, Mar., 1966, SCLC; “Portrait of a Slum: Lawndale—‘Slumdale,’” ibid.; King, The Ware Lecture, 1966 (Boston, 1966), 10–11.
“scale so vast”: Ebony (Apr., 1966), 102.
“not impressed”: HSCAH, VI, 263.
“together” and “organizational undergirding”: newspaper clippings, Feb. 6, 12, and 18, 1965, HMB. See also documents on the Lawndale union in SCLC and MLK(CSC).
“our problem”: Morgan, “Requiem or Revival?” Look, 70–72.
“really you?”: Coretta King, 280–81.
King and the gangs: Lee interview with Oates; clippings from the Chicago Defender about the gangs, Sept. 7–9, 13–15, 1965, HMB; newspaper clippings, May 11 and June 13, 1966, ibid.; Ebony (Apr., 1966), 102; Coretta King, 281.
“read about,” “haven’t gotten things,” “not perfect”: newspaper clippings, Mar. 24 and 25, 1966, HMB; also spring planning and strategy papers for Chicago, SCLC.
King and Daley: newspaper clippings, Mar. 24, 25, and 31, Apr. 16, 1966, HMB; Lee interview with Oates.
“imaginative” and “Negro in 1966”: King, “The Last Steep Ascent,” Nation (Mar. 14, 1966), 290.
“should be proud”: King, Ware Lecture, 15.
“rat at night”: Lewis, King, 312. Documents pertaining to the conference are in LBJ and MLK(CSC).
“ugly racism”: WGH, 29; Human Events (June 18, 1966), 387.
“southern-honey drawl” and “started screaming”: Parks, Born Black, 101–8; see also Carson, In Struggle, 162–64, and NYT, Aug. 5, 1966.
“sense of dignity”: WGH, 29; Adler, Radical Middle, 152.
“nonviolence stuff” to “some and all”: WGH, 29–31.
“naked shit”: Raines, 422.
“into the Mississippi,” “not going to beg,” “shameful repudiation”: NYT, June 8, 1966; WGH, 31–33; also Sellers, River, 162–63; Williams interview with Oates.
“any notions”: NYT, June 12, 1966.
manifesto and “don’t see how”: ibid., June 9 and 11, 1966.
“South you led”: Adler, Radical Middle, 159–60; Williams interview with Oates.
“There he is,” “go with him,” “grotesque parody,” “Jingle bells”: Sellers, River, 163–66; Adler, Radical Middle, 157, 162; Paul Good, “The Meredith March,” New South (summer, 1966), 9.
“Black Power”: NYT, June 17 and 21, 1966; Sellers, River, 166–67; WGH, 34; Carson, In Struggle, 209.
“Hey! Hey!”: Manchester, Glory, 1067; NYT, June 21, 1966.
“Some people”: NYT, June 22, 1966; King’s statement, June, 1966, MLK(CSC); Parks, Born Black, 136–37.
Black Power debate: WGH, 35–37.
“listened and screamed”: Adler, Radical Middle, 158.
Canton: ibid., 159–61; YPI, 74; NYT, June 24 and 27, 1966; Manchester, Glory, 1068.
“up these steps”: José Yglesias, “Dr. King’s March on Washington,” pt. 2, NYT Mag. (Mar. 31, 1968), 70.
“the murderers” and “brother”: King’s statement in airplane [1968], MLK(CSC), recorded on I Have a Dream (cassette).
“think so” and “learned a lesson”: The Reporter (July 14, 1966), 12, 16.
“No matter,” “positively harmful,” “Negro who is fighting,” “no time”: Sellers, River, 170–71; Rustin, Line, 154; NYT, July 3, 1966; King, “Nonviolence,” Ebony, 32, 34; WGH, 68.
“got to deliver”: Newsweek (Aug. 22, 1966), 58; Lewis, King, 331.
“just and open city”: NYT, July 11, 1966; planning documents for the march, SCLC.
“went home” and “balm in Gilead”: WGH, 52; King’s speech, “Reflections,” Chicago, 1966, recorded on King: Speeches and Sermons (cassette). See also King’s remarks on black power in SCLC’s staff retreat, Frogmore, S.C., Nov. 14, 1966, MLK(CSC).
“social disaster” and “seething desperation”: NYT, July 12, 1966; also ibid., July 11, 1966; copy of King’s Soldiers Field speech, MLK(CSC); Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 240.
“I realized”: WGH, 135.
“relieve the tension”: NYT, July 13, 1966; Lee interview with Oates.
“much more”: King’s comments, MLK(CSC); NYT, July 13, 1966.
“conduct violence,” “concrete to offer,” “sensible and effective”: NYT, July 16 and 17, 1966.
“midnight in our world”: ibid., July 18, 1966; SL, 56–66.
“pove
rty and human misery,” “promised land of suburbia,” “do not seek”: NYT, July 30, 1966; Lewis, King, 338, 350; Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 240–41.
“molotov cocktails”: King’s speech, misdated Aug. 6, 1966, MLK(CSC), recorded on I Have a Dream (cassette).
Aug. 5 march: NYT, Aug. 6, 1966; King’s comments recorded on I Have a Dream (cassette); King’s comments on the march and the inevitability of death, given on airplane ride [1968], recorded on ibid., transcript in MLK(CSC); Newsweek (Aug. 15, 1966), 29; TC, 58; Lee interview with Oates; Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 241.
“stop marching”: King’s speech, MLK(CSC), recorded on I Have a Dream (cassette).
“walk to Cicero” and “scared to death”: NYT, Aug. 21, 24, and 25, 1966.
“most significant program”: NYT, Aug. 26 and 27, 1966; Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 238–39.
“This agreement,” “We told King,” “hydra-headed face-saver”: ibid.; Weinberg interview with Oates; Selby, 347.
victory rally: Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 238–40; also King’s remarks about “freedom now” in SCLC’s staff retreat, Frogmore, S.C., Nov. 14, 1966, MLK(CSC).
Operation Breadbasket: King, “One Year Later in Chicago,” SCLC.
“frustrates me”: Selby, 347–48; NYT, Aug. 6, 1966; also Wachtel interview with Oates; Rustin interview with Oates; Weinberg interview with Oates. After Chicago, C. T. Vivian left SCLC and assumed a position with the Urban Training Center for Christian Mission in Chicago.
“how to hate”: NYT, Aug. 6, 1966.
King’s disillusionment with whites: Lincoln, 202; King’s remarks on racism, SCLC’s staff retreat, Frogmore, S.C., Nov. 14, 1966, MLK(CSC).
black anti-Semitism: Good, “Chicago Summer,” Nation, 238–40; King, “My Jewish Brother,” New York Amsterdam News, Feb. 26, 1966; WGH, 108–9; King’s remarks about black anti-Semitism recorded on I Have a Dream (cassette).
Carmichael: NYT, Aug. 5, 1966; Stokely Carmichael, Stokely Speaks: Black Power to Pan-Africanism (New York, 1971), 17–30, 45–60, 189–90, 192–202; Manchester, Glory, 1069. See Carson, In Struggle, 215–28, for the evolution of Black Power ideology.
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