by Will Durant
Council of, 7, 78, 630, 741, 764, 1082
Second Council of, 427
Niccolò Pisano, 727, 861-862, 889, 1058, 1086
Nicene Creed, 7, 8, 34, 56, 57, 61, 528, 544
Nicephorus I, 199-200, 427, 428, 443
Nicephorus II Phocas, 230, 429, 430, 432
Nicephorus Blemydes, 949
Nicetas, 750
Nicholas, St., 62*
Nicholas I, St., 478, 526, 529, 535
Nicholas II, 453, 482, 545, 546
Nicholas III, 780, 802, 1072
Nicholas IV, 782
Nicholas V, 919
Nicholas of Cusa, 387
Nicholson, R. A., 267*
Nichomachus Flavianus, 35
Nicomachus, 99
Nicomedia, 9, 10, 11, 46
Nietzsche, F. W., 183, 711, 725, 957
Nietzscheans, 253-254
Nika revolt, 129, 130
Nile River, 58, 59, 193, 286, 288, 607, 608, 874
Nine Books of Disciplines (Varro), 915
Nishapur, 207, 231, 273, 312, 319, 321, 323, 324, 339
Great Mosque of, 274
Nisibis, 49, 128, 132, 231*, 239
Nizam al-Mulk, 308-309, 312, 319, 371
Nizami (Ilyas abu Muhammad), 312, 324
Nizami-i-Arudi, 321, 323
Nizamiya College, Baghdad, 319, 331, 326
Njal, 1033
Noah, 156*, 184, 258
nobles, 348, 392, 435, 459, 460, 461, 463, 465, 472, 473, 474, 475, 481, 512, 550, 566, 575, 640, 643, 646-647, 651, 653, 696, 699, 707-708, 718, 726, 730, 778, 825, 827, 840, 845, 861, 863, 1037, 1039, 1041
Aragonese, 698
Danish, 666
English, 492, 493, 667, 669, 675-677, 870
French, 691, 774, 814
German, 511, 514, 549, 664, 961
Hungarian,’ 658
Italian, 651, 722
Roman, 545, 706
Russian, 448
Scotch, 683
Visigothic, 298
Nogaret, Guillaume de, 695
nomads, 270, 446, 447
nominalism, 932, 934, 935, 950, 951, 1013
Nonus Almansoris (al-Razi), 247
Norbert, St., 791, 941
Norman Conquest, 486, 489, 492, 493, 667-669, 678, 851
Normandy, 473-474, 475, 479, 480, 481, 485, 493, 494, 496, 510, 553, 591, 666, 668, 669, 671, 674, 681, 688, 689, 693, 758, 774, 865, 869, 870, 882, 920, 931, 1019, 1054
Normans, 286, 431, 444, 452-453, 475, 487, 492, 534, 543-544, 551, 568, 575, 586, 599, 662, 663, 669, 680, 681, 683, 684, 703, 704, 706, 831, 832, 851, 905
Norns, 507
Norse, 80, 473-474, 481, 492, 502-510, 575, 906, 913
North Africa, 3, 38, 47, 64, 67, 118, 155, 192, 196, 219, 261, 284, 289, 291, 314, 316, 326, 349, 368, 369, 411
North Sea, 376, 465, 514, 534, 617, 618, 645, 664, 665, 1005
Northampton, 392
Treaty of, 684
Northumberland, 483, 495, 533-534, 683, 684
Norway, 81, 493, 500, 502-504, 508, 553, 619, 666, 683, 1033
Norwegians, 473, 489, 502, 504, 532, 832
Norwich, 369, 487, 642, 829
Cathedral, 871, 883
Notker Balbulus, 476, 897
Notker Labeo, 476
Notre Dame, Paris, 317, 690, 697, 848, 860, 865, 875, 877, 882, 893, 894, 899, 914, 920, 921, 927, 928, 935, 1085
school of, 920, 933, 934
Nottingham Castle, 622
Novellae (Justinian), 112
Novgorod, 208, 447, 448, 615, 618, 619, 653, 655, 656, 754
novices, 532, 913, 922
Noyon, 639, 876
Cathedral, 873
numerals, 241, 244, 911, 989-991, 995, 1084
numerology, 364, 985, 1067
Numidia, 22, 64
nunneries, 404, 472, 527, 732, 757*, 766, 836, 841
nuns, 427, 467, 497, 536, 756, 805-807, 830, 831, 846, 847, 850, 942, 944, 997, 998, 1002
Nuremberg, 391, 514, 619, 623, 641, 642, 822
Nursia, 517, 536
nursing, 807, 831, 998, 1002
Nur-ud-din, 310-312, 329, 330, 594, 596, 1020
Nur-ud-Din Ali, 408
Nuwas, Abu (Hasan ibn Hani), 198, 220, 264
oaths, 381, 389, 775, 779, 829, 830
for Jews, 389
Obadiah, Book of, 370*
Obadiah Abu Isa ben Ishaq, 384-385
Obeida, Abu, 189, 190
Obeidallah, 193
Obeidallah ibn Muhammad, 284
Obituaries of Men of Note (Ibn Khallikan), 320
oblates, 536, 785, 913
Obolla, 210
observations, astronomical, 288, 305
obstetrics, 998, 1001
Occam, 923, 979, 983, 1082
occultism, 245, 249, 720, 911, 979, 984, 988, 1083
Ockley, Simon, 334
O’Connor, Rory, King of Ireland, 682
Octavian, son of Alberic, 538
octoechoes, 895
oculists, 246
“Ode to Zion” (Jehuda Halevi), 399-400
Odenathus, 143
Oder River, 511, 575, 646, 658, 659, 664
Odin, 507, 508-509, 567, 1032
Odo (Eudes), Count of Paris, 474, 475
Odo of Cluny, 537, 897
Odoacer, 42-43, 97, 99
Odofredus, 916, 926*
Odom of Deuil, 650
Odyssey (Homer), 269
Oesterley, W. O., 351*
Of Generation and Corruption (Aristotle), 966
Of Heaven and Earth (Aristotle), 966
Offa, 465
Officium ribaldorum, 900
O’Flainn, Eochaid, 498
Ogadai, 340, 658
O’Hartigan, Kenneth, 498
oikoumene, 45
Oise River, 617, 876
Olaf I Tryggresson, 485, 503
Olaf II the Saint, 503, 504
Olaf the White, 500
Olaf Skoffkonung, 502
old age, 831, 1006
Old Testament, 16, 183, 185, 186, 211, 240, 351, 362, 364, 368, 387, 395, 396, 398, 401, 411, 425, 528, 535, 769, 776, 808, 907, 910, 1006
Oleg, 448
Olga, Princess, 448
oligarchy, 648, 706, 709
olifants, 840, 1031
Oliver of Malmesbury, 995
Olivier, 1030, 1031
Olivo de Venezia, 850
Olybrius, 42
Olympic Games, 9
Olympius, 28, 35, 41
Omar I, (Umar Abn al-Khattab), 151-152, 165, 166, 172, 180-190, 192, 208, 215, 218, 220, 227, 228, 252, 258, 282
Omar II, 194-195, 214
Omar Khayyam, 231, 248, 275, 309, 312, 321-323, 327
Omeir, 168
Omurtag, 443
On the Occult Operations of Nature (Aquinas), 966
On the Celestial Hierarchy, 123
“On the Consulate of Stilicho” (Claudian), 33
On the Ecclesiastical Hierarchy, 123
On the Elements (Isaac Israeli), 405
On Evil (Aquinas), 966
On Foods (Galen), 912
On Free Will (Augustine), 68
On the Destruction of Britain (Gildas), 81
On the Divine Names, 123
On the Divine Unity and Trinity (Abélard), 90
On the Generation and Corruption of Animals (Aristotle), 240, 911, 912
On the Government of God (Salvian), 30
On the Heavens (Aristotle), 912
On the Heavens and the Earth (Aristotle), 911
On the Improvement of the Moral Qualities (ibn Gabirol), 406
On the Laws and Customs of England (Bracton), 678
On the Marriage of Philology and Mercury (Martianus Capella), 915
On the Measurement of the Circle (Archimedes), 911
On Monarchy (Dante), 664
On the Multiplication of Vison (Roger Bacon), 1011-1012
On Mystical Theology, 123
On the Parts of Animals (Ari
stotle), 912
“On Perspectival Science” (Roger Bacon), 1011
On Power (Aquinas), 966
On the Principles of Nature (Aquinas), 966
On the Properties of Things (Bartholomew of England), 1015
On the Recovery of the Holy Land (Dubois), 696
On the Relics of Saints (Guibert), 745
On the Resurrection of the Dead (Maimonides), 413
On the Rule of Princes (Aquinas), 966
On the Soul (Aristotle), 240, 912, 966
On the Syllogism (al-Farabi), 911
On Truth (Aquinas), 966
On the Unity of the Intellect Against Averroes (Albertus Magnus), 957
On the Unity of the Intellect Against the Averroists (Aquinas), 962
On the Unity of the Intellect (Aquinas), 966
On Virtues (Aquinas), 966
On the Mind (Aquinas), 966
oneiromancy, 987
opals, 992
operations, 437, 720, 1000, 1001
opthalmology, 246, 330, 403
Oporto (Portus Cale), 701*
optics, 289, 403, 995-996, 988, 1007, 1008, 1010, 1011-1012, 1084
Optics (al-Kindi), 251
Optics (Ptolemy), 912
Opus maius (Roger Bacon), 289, 1011-1012, 1014, 1015
Opus minus (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1008-1009
Opus tertium (Roger Bacon), 1007, 1011
oratory, 528, 903, 915
Orcagna, Andrea, 889
orchestras, 280
“ordeals of God,” 567-568
order, 470, 485, 579, 811, 817, 969
moral, 332, 535, 536, 818, 820, 933, 945
orders, mendicant, 779, 806, 1085
military, 659
monastic, 693, 758, 768, 785, 786*, 791-792
military religious, 697
“Ordinance of Omar,” 333
ordinances, 374, 641, 813
Ordericus Vitalis, 571, 742, 833, 907, 1019
Orestes, prefect of Alexandria, 122-123
Orestes, regent of Italy, 42
Organon (Aristotle), 3, 99, 250, 949
organs (biology), 357
organs (music), 279, 902
Organum, 899
Oribasius, 120, 121, 437
Orient, 127, 405, 441, 992, 1010
spices from, 836
Origen, 46, 55, 733
Orlandi, Guido, 1057
Orleans, 92, 474, 481, 639, 648, 697, 769, 771, 778, 914, 916, 923, 1025, 1051
Council of, 387, 630
University of, 926, 1018
“Ormsby Psalter,” 853
Ormuzd, 137, 139, 140, 147
ornament, Arabic, 846
Byzantine, 442, 449
Gothic, 875, 888, 892
Moorish, 291
Romanesque, 846
Orosius, 30, 69, 484
Orontes River, 33, 328, 591
O’Rourke, Tiernan, 682
orphans, 379, 433, 531, 652, 755, 824, 831, 1002
Orseolo II, Peter, 454, 455
orthodoxy, 265, 267, 309, 311, 333, 341, 437, 776, 783, 811, 907, 923, 939, 954, 1008, 1015, 1068
Christian, 250, 977
Islamic, 331, 332, 405
Orvieto, 770, 958, 962
Cathedral, 811, 862, 888, 889
Osier, Sir William, 885
Ossian, 498
Ostia, 41, 290, 616
Ostrogoths, 22, 24, 25, 28, 97, 107, 109, 110, 117
Oswald, King of Northumberland, 534
Othman ibn Affan, 175, 190-191, 193, 304
Otranto, 403, 404, 440, 633
Otrar, 339
Otto I the Great, 444, 450, 469, 511-512, 515, 538-539, 564, 568
Otto II, 512, 536, 857
Otto III, 512-513, 539, 540
Otto IV, 685, 690, 714, 715, 763, 778
Otto, Bishop of Constance, 546
Otto of Freising, 1020
Ottokar I, 660, 1075
Ottokar II, 660
Ottoman Turks, 171*, 313
Ourique, battle of, 702
Ovid, 787, 907, 915, 939, 1018, 1053, 1070, 1085
Oviedo, 458
Cathedral, 891
oxen, 298, 559, 645
Oxford, 487, 622, 628, 635, 640, 672, 676, 784, 853, 903, 908, 915, 922, 955, 979, 980, 990, 995, 998, 1006, 1014
University, 135, 914, 924-926, 927, 928, 929, 977
Oxus River, 142, 144, 193, 203
Pachomius, St., 51, 57, 59
Pachymeres, George, 949
Paderborn, 462, 463, 468
Padua, 451, 453, 616, 662, 708, 712, 722, 723, 919, 960, 998, 1062
University of, 338, 414, 956
paganism, 7-10, 18, 35, 73, 75, 76, 126-127, 425, 426, 451, 456, 462, 464, 483, 503, 529, 530, 553, 907, 916, 945, 974, 976, 977, 986
pageantry, 432, 433, 752-753, 839, 840, 858
pages, 566, 572
painting, 270, 276, 286, 287, 319, 491, 686, 748, 752, 802, 846-847, 851-857, 860, 889, 1028, 1085
Byzantine, 133
Islamic, 276, 319
Italian, 855
mural, 853-856, 857
Renaissance, 455, 727
Roman, 854
Sasanian, 149
Palace School, Carolingian, 476, 478
palaces, 263, 271, 274, 279, 282, 291, 293, 296, 302, 316, 429, 432, 435, 444, 449, 454, 456, 466, 657, 888
Palencia, 802, 919
Palermo (Panormus, Balerm), 282, 289, 290, 329, 374, 388, 403, 457, 624, 642, 680, 703, 714, 717, 726, 911
University of, 291
Palestine, 55, 69, 117, 125, 151, 156*, 161, 196, 206, 218, 226, 227, 229, 238, 273, 285, 292, 312, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 356, 367, 384, 385, 391, 392, 402, 404, 408, 411, 414, 415, 585, 588, 592, 593, 596, 597, 599, 601, 603, 605, 606, 607, 608, 609, 612, 616, 651, 673, 691, 716, 717, 752, 792, 827, 865, 980, 982, 992, 1006, 1020
Palestrina, 812, 1085
“palimpsest,” 906
Palladius, 41, 83, 84
Pallavicino, Oberto, 725, 783, 1085
Palm Sunday, 393, 751
Palma, 892, 919, 979
palmers, 585
Palmyra, 143, 201, 242
Pamiers, abbey of, 773
Pamplona, 458, 462
Pandectae, 111, 434
Pandnama (Sa’di), 326
Pandulf, Duke of Capua, 543, 675
Pange lingua (Aquinas), 751
Pange lingua (Fortunatus), 94
pantomimes, 433
Pannonia, 37, 57, 97, 434, 444, 446, 451
pantheism, 324, 810, 955, 1013
Pantheon, Rome, 126, 130, 131, 530
Panticapeum (Kerch), 446
papacy, 452, 456, 461, 469, 511, 513, 521, 524-527, 530, 537-541, 543, 544, 566, 628, 638, 662, 664, 678, 694, 695, 697, 699, 714, 715, 717, 722, 723, 726, 729, 758, 759-765, 767, 783, 803, 811-816, 852, 899, 909, 917, 923, 983, 1008, 1012, 1013, 1020, 1062, 1063, 1082, 1083
Papak, 142
papal bulls, 668
legates, 549, 551, 668, 677, 779
Papal League, 727
Papal States, 389, 512, 543, 545, 663, 706-708, 714, 715, 716, 717, 725, 730, 761, 763, 812, 813, 1063
paper, 236, 304, 319, 624, 906
Paracelsus (Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), 418
Paraclete (oratory), 941, 942, 944, 947-948
paradise, 179, 181, 182, 337, 341, 368, 413, 896, 1009, 1050, 1052, 1067, 1069, 1070, 1076, 1077, 1080
Paradise Lost (Milton), 270, 1022
Paradiso (Dante), 72*, 1061, 1065, 1067
paralysis, 330, 791
“pardoners,” 740
parentage, 76, 360, 361, 380, 382, 757*, 785, 823
Paris (Lutetia), 12, 81, 92, 122, 150, 263, 388, 402, 403, 414, 415, 432, 461, 474, 475, 476, 481, 615, 621, 624, 635, 642, 647, 648, 670, 674, 680, 688, 696, 697, 717, 776, 814, 822, 823, 826, 827, 831, 835, 840, 849, 850, 876, 877, 882, 903, 914, 915, 918, 919, 920, 934, 935, 937, 939, 948, 951, 955-956, 959, 960, 962, 979, 980, 982*, 990, 998, 999, 1000, 100
1, 1002, 1006, 1029, 1036, 1052, 1070
Cathedral, see Notre Dame, Paris
Council of, 838, 955-956
Paris, University of, 246, 247, 287, 404, 675, 920, 922*-929, 931, 936, 954, 956-957, 959, 962, 977, 1001
Paris Company for the Transit of Merchandise by Water, 634
Paris Psalter, 441
Paris, Matthew, 612, 627, 720, 725, 767, 803, 850, 920, 926, 1020
parishes, 758, 765, 863
Parliament, 119, 365, 459, 486, 646, 678, 679, 700, 822, 823, 826, 858, 1083
Parma, 662, 712, 724, 770, 916
parodies, 841, 900, 1025
Parthenon, Athens, 126, 530, 860-861, 893
Parzival (Wolfram), 1039, 1085
Pascal, Blaise, 808
Paschal lamb, 388
rites, Jewish, 392*
Paschal II, 514, 546, 661
Paschasius, St., 856
Passion, 385, 752
Passion Play, 1028
Passover, 358, 386
Past and Present (Carlyle), 926
Pastoral Care (Gregory I), 484
Pastoureux, 647-648
Patarines, 767, 770, 780, 783
Pater noster, 742, 749
Paternon, Filippo, 779
pathology, 249
Patras, 435, 436, 616
patriarchs, 349, 428, 527, 528-529, 530, 867, 1008
patricius, 42, 43, 97, 100
Patrick, St., 82, 83-84, 89, 496, 498, 735, 1068
“Patrimony of Peter,” 706
patronage, 276, 306, 1039
Patzinaks, 446, 586, 653
Paul III, 919
Paul of Aegina, 437
Paul, Bishop of Constantinople, 8
Paul the Christian, 402
Paul the Deacon, 451, 465
Paul, St., 9, 45, 66, 68, 69, 73, 84, 123, 127, 194, 523, 528, 547, 753, 881, 965, 976, 1068
Paul the Silentiary, 856
Paula, 51, 52, 54, 55, 59, 78
Paulicians, 47, 425, 528
Paulinus, missionary, 534
Paulinus of Pella, 29-30
Paulinus, St., 56, 85, 86
Pavia, 40, 98, 444, 451, 452, 462, 466, 616, 638, 712, 714, 916, 1025, 1026
Synod of, 761
University of, 916
peace, 470, 571-572, 755, 804, 818, 844
Peace of God, 571
peasant proprietorship, 425, 553, 644, 648
peasants, 118, 298, 424, 430, 435, 444, 447-448, 465, 481, 485, 519, 571, 578, 640, 644-645, 646, 647, 650, 656, 687, 688, 704, 778, 791, 816, 832, 841, 1007
free, 434, 497, 503, 505
German, 514, 664, 665
Italian, 731
Persian, 140
Peckham, John, 924, 925, 960, 962-963, 978, 995
pederasty, 220, 267, 299, 380, 821
Pedro I, 315
Pedro II, 698, 772
Pedro III, 373, 699, 726, 1037, 1075
Peipus, Lake, battle on, 655, 659
Pelagius, Franciscan monk, 557
Pelagius, heresiarch, 48, 54, 69-70, 946
Pelagius II, 520, 522
Pelayo, 458
