by Eric Rutkow
The first historian of lumbering: George W. Hotchkiss. History of the Lumber and Forest Industry of the Northwest. Chicago: George W. Hotchkiss, 1898, 641.
“Trees, trees everywhere”: Peter Pernin. “The Great Peshtigo Fire: An Eyewitness Account.” Wisconsin Magazine of History 54 (1971): 247.
“To my mind”: Isaac Stephenson. Recollections of a Long Life, 1829–1915. Chicago: privately printed, 1915, 163.
“the forests and brush”: Ibid., 175.
“It is as though you”: Green Bay Advocate, October 5, 1871. Quoted in “Great Peshtigo Fire,” 250.
“Unless we have rain”: Marinette and Peshtigo Eagle, October 7, 1871. Quoted in Stewart Holbrook. Burning an Empire: The Story of American Forest Fires. New York: Macmillan, 1943, 65.
“There seemed to be a vague”: “Great Peshtigo Fire,” 252.
“This sound resembled”: Ibid., 254.
“[the banks] were covered”: Ibid., 257.
“we struggled all night”: Stephenson, 176.
“a scene with whose”: “Great Peshtigo Fire,” 260.
“there was nothing left”: Stephenson, 180.
“In the glory of this”: New York Tribune, October 20, 1871. Quoted in Alfred L. Sewell. The Great Calamity! Chicago: Alfred L. Sewell, 1871, 94.
“[W]here the forest had”: Stephenson, 176.
“the fire [was] directly”: Ibid., 186.
“I was pleased to find”: C. C. Washburn. “Governor’s Message.” Journal of the Proceedings of the Twenty-Sixth Annual Session of the Wisconsin State Senate. Madison: Atwood & Culver, 1873, appendix, 24.
“The BellCart will go”: Boston Post-Boy, March 9, 1767, 2.
“Who shall write”: “Discoveries in Making Paper.” New York Tribune, April 16, 1866.
“Paper is too high”: “Paper Mills.” New England Farmer, February 1867.
“Industry and science had”: “Discoveries in Making Paper.”
“if [the owners] succeed”: Ibid.
“Poplar wood,” wrote: “Paper from Wood.” Ohio Farmer, September 19, 1868.
“Poplar wood wanted”: Philadelphia Inquirer, May 11, 1866.
“In our own country”: “The Exhaustion of Our Timber Supply.” Bankers’ Magazine and Statistical Register, January 1877.
“With the rapidly increasing”: “Ten Thousand Tons Daily.” Maine Farmer, August 2, 1894.
“The invention of wood pulp”: “Manufacture of Paper Pulp from Wood.” Scientific American 45 (1881): 296.
“Some philosopher has said”: “Ten Thousand Tons Daily.”
“At first, wood pulp was used”: “Our Wood Pulp Industry.” Scientific American 65 (1891): 121.
“[T]he original forests cannot”: Gifford Pinchot. The Adirondack Spruce. New York: Critic Co., 1898, 1, 31.
“There is scarcely”: U.S. Department of Agriculture. Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1883. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1883, 452–53.
5: A Changing Consciousness
“I remember that we”: J. Sterling Morton. “Address.” In Council Journal of the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Nebraska, Sixth Session. Nebraska City: Thomas Morton of the Nebraska City News, 1860, 169.
“as a vigorous and colorful”: James C. Olson. J. Sterling Morton. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1942, vii.
“must die, and a few years”: Morton, “Address,” 176.
“defrauded [Nebraskans]”: Ibid., 172.
“his farm . . . is one”: A. C. Edmunds. Pen Sketches of Nebraskans. Lincoln, NE: R. & J. Wilbur, 1871, 251.
“to prepare and publish”: Transactions. Nebraska State Horticultural Society, 1871, 17. In Olson, 162.
“There is comfort in”: Ibid., 163.
“Resolved, That, Wednesday”: Fourth Annual Report of the President and Secretary of the Nebraska State Board of Agriculture. Lincoln, NE: Journal Company, State Printers, 1873, 222.
“The newspapers of the State”: Robert Furnas. Arbor Day. Lincoln, NE: State Journal Company, 1888, 8.
“There is a true triumph”: Omaha Daily Herald, April 17, 1872. In Olson, 165.
“the whole people of the state”: Furnas, 9.
“shall hereafter, in a popular sense”: See N. H. Egleston. Arbor Day: Its History and Observance. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1896, 16.
“No observance ever sprang”: Ibid.
“‘Arbor Day’ . . . is not like”: Ibid., 22.
“I do not believe that”: Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the Year 1867. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1867, 135.
“to improve the climatic conditions”: Egleston, 77.
“to encourage the growth”: Congressional Globe and Appendix, Second Session, Forty-Second Congress, Part II. Washington, D.C.: F. & J. Rives & Geo. A Bailey, 1872, 1129.
“The object of this”: Ibid., 4464.
“I have never seen”: Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office for the Year 1885. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1885, 51.
“[B]y the timber-culture act”: J. Sterling Morton. “Arbor Day.” Outing 7 (1885): 319.
“to encourage manly”: William H. H. Murray. Adventures in the Wilderness; or, Camp-Life in the Adirondacks. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co., 1869, 8.
“[The Adirondack] region is now”: New York Times, February 13, 1872.
“Within an easy day’s ride”: New York Times, August 9, 1864.
“The interests of commerce”: Verplanck Colvin. “Ascent of Mount Seward and Its Barometrical Measurement.” New York State Senate Documents, 1871, No. 68. Republished in The Twenty-Fourth Annual Report of the New York State Museum of Natural History. Albany: Argus Company, 1872, 180.
“to inquire into the expediency”: An Act to Appoint Commissioners of Parks for the State of New York, May 23, 1872. In Laws of the State of New York, vol. II. Albany: V. W. M. Brown, 1872, 2006.
It determined that protecting: Documents of the Senate of the State of New York, Ninety-Sixth Session—1873, vol. 4. Albany: Argus Company, 1873, 3.
“Without a steady”: Ibid., 10.
“The matter is reduced”: New York Tribune, November 27, 1883. In Frank Graham, Jr. The Adirondack Park: A Political History. New York: Knopf, 1978, 97.
“There is nothing”: New York (State) Forestry Commission. Report of the Forestry Commission Appointed by the Comptroller Pursuant to Chapter 551, laws of 1884. Albany: Legislative printers, 1885, 17.
“it is an open boast”: Ibid.
“The lands now or”: An Act to establish a forest commission, and to define its powers and duties and for the preservation of forests, May 15, 1885. In Laws of the State of New York, passed at the One Hundred and Eighth Session of the Legislature. Albany: Banks & Brothers, 1885, 482.
“We are not responsible”: “The Mountains Denuded.” New York Times, September 22, 1889.
The New York Times warned: “That Adirondack Park.” New York Times, January 22, 1890.
“a future timber supply”: An Act to establish the Adirondack park and to authorize the purchase and sale of lands within the counties including the forest preserve, May 20, 1892.
“all revenues from”: Roswell P. Flower. “Memorandum filed with Assembly bill, chap. 707, to establish the Adirondack Park.” In Charles Z. Lincoln, ed. State of New York Messages from the Governors, vol. IX. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company, 1909, 146.
“It would seem that”: “Lumbering on State Lands.” Garden and Forest, April 18, 1894, 151.
“I am convinced”: Alfred L. Donaldson. A History of the Adirondacks. New York: Century Co., 1921, 188.
“You have brought”: Ibid., 190.
“The lands of the State”: New York State Constitution of 1894, Article VII, Section 7.
“in a month’s worship”: Ralph L. Rusk, ed. The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson, vol. 6. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939, 154.
“a great many dried
”: James Bradley Thayer. A Western Journey with Mr. Emerson. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1884, 90.
“talked of the trees”: Ibid., 101.
“You are yourself a sequoia”: John Muir. “The Forests of the Yosemite Park.” Atlantic Monthly 85 (1900): 506.
“[Muir] is more wonderful”: John Swett. “John Muir.” Century Magazine 46 (1893): 120.
“fond of everything”: John Muir. “My Boyhood.” Atlantic Monthly 110 (1912): 577.
“Fire was not allowed”: Quoted in Ray Stannard Baker. “John Muir.” Outlook 74 (1903): 367.
“I felt neither pain”: Ibid., 371.
“This affliction has”: Quoted in Linnie Marsh Wolfe. Son of the Wilderness: The Life of John Muir. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945, 105.
“joyful and free”: John Muir. A Thousand-Mile Walk to the Gulf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1916, 1.
“We are now in the mountains”: John Muir. My First Summer in the Sierra. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1911, 20–21.
“Few men whom I”: Charles Sprague Sargent. “John Muir.” Sierra Club Bulletin 10 (1916): 37.
“No other coniferous forest”: John Muir. “The Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West.” Atlantic Monthly 81 (1898): 27.
During his first eighteen months: John Muir. “The Bee-Pastures of California.” Century Magazine 24 (1882): 226.
“The groves were God’s”: Parke Godwin, ed. The Poetical Works of William Cullen Bryant, vol. 1. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1883, 130.
“Thousands of tired”: Muir, “Wild Parks and Forest Reservations of the West,” 15.
“[l]ike Thoreau”: Ibid., 16.
“I can’t make my way”: Robert Underwood Johnson. Remembered Yesterdays. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1923, 279–80.
“Obviously the thing”: Ibid., 287.
“These king trees”: John Muir. “The Treasures of the Yosemite.” Century Magazine 40 (1890): 487.
“[T]he bill cannot too quickly”: John Muir. “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park.” Century Magazine 40 (1890): 667.
“[T]he Yosemite bill is”: Johnson to Muir, October 3, 1890. University of the Pacific Library Holt-Atherton Special Collections. Available at www.oac.cdlib.org.
“To John Muir more”: “John Muir.” New York Times, December 25, 1914.
“How would you like”: Gifford Pinchot. Breaking New Ground. New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1947, 1.
“As a boy it was”: Ibid., 2.
“an amazing question”: Ibid., 1.
“something far outside”: Ibid.
“Forestry has excited”: Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture for the Year 1875. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1876, 244.
“thought only of forest”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 1.
“What I learned outside”: Ibid., 4.
“[M]y future profession welled”: Ibid., 6.
“[The French forests] were divided”: Ibid., 13.
“he had accomplished”: Ibid., 9.
“the finest private residence”: Karl Baedeker. The United States with an Excursion into Mexico. Revised third edition. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1904, 432.
“the beginning of practical”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 50.
“slipped through Congress”: Ibid., 85.
“That the President”: 26 Stat. 1095, Section 24.
“a commission composed”: “Topics of the Time: The Need of a National Forest Commission.” Century Magazine 49 (1895): 635.
“Heavy rain during”: Linnie Marsh Wolfe, ed. John of the Mountains: The Unpublished Diaries of John Muir. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1979, 357.
“[T]he birth of the Father”: Report of the National Academy of Sciences for the Year 1897. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1898, 18.
“I will veto”: Johnson, Remembered Yesterdays, 300.
“Except for the Act of 1891”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 116.
“[E]verybody I consulted”: Ibid., 135–36.
“I had the honor”: Ibid., 145.
“Public opinion throughout”: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States, with the Annual Message of the President Transmitted to Congress December 3, 1901. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1902, xxvi.
“It is doubtful whether”: Theodore Roosevelt. An Autobiography. New York: Macmillan Company, 1913, 436.
“The Bureau has”: N. W. McLeod. “The Lumberman’s Interest in Forestry.” Proceedings of the American Forest Congress. Washington, D.C.: H. M. Suter Publishing Company, 1905, 99.
“Mr. Weyerhaeuser wishes me”: F. E. Weyerhaeuser. “Interest of Lumbermen in Conservative Forestry.” Ibid., 141.
“Irrigation and forestry are”: James Hill. “Letter from Mr. James J. Hill.” Ibid., 290.
“For us in the Forest Service”: Pinchot, Breaking New Ground, 258–59.
“always be decided”: Ibid., 261–62.
“Forest reserves are open”: Gifford Pinchot. The Use of the National Forest Reserves. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1905, 6.
“In a word, the Federal Government”: George L. Knapp. “The Other Side of Conservation.” North American Review 191 (1910): 465–81.
“The poor sawmills!”: “Another National Blunder.” Forestry & Irrigation IX (1903): 261.
“than during all previous”: Roosevelt, An Autobiography, 441.
“nothing more than”: Ibid., 422.
“In its broad sense”: Gifford Pinchot. “How Conservation Began in the United States.” Agricultural History 11 (1937): 265.
“Pinchot is a socialist”: Archibald Butt to Mrs. Lewis F. Butt, April 12, 1910. Quoted in Archibald Willingham Butt. Taft and Roosevelt: The Intimate Letters of Archie Butt, Military Aide, Vol. 1. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran & Company, Inc., 1930, 328.
“Dam Hetch Hetchy!”: John Muir. “The Hetch-Hetchy Valley.” Sierra Club Bulletin 6 (1908): 220.
“Gifford Pinchot is the man”: Roosevelt, An Autobiography, 429.
6: New Frontiers
“As the orange industry”: James Ingraham. Address before the Women’s Club of Miami, November 12, 1920. Quoted in History of Florida: Past and Present, vol. 1. Chicago: Lewis Publishing Company, 1923, 64.
“No, sir”: Quoted in Edwin Lefevre. “Flagler and Florida.” Everybody’s Magazine XII (1910): 183.
“merely stations in the great forest”: William Cullen Bryant. “A Letter from William Cullen Bryant: Some Observations and Reflections on East Florida.” Friends’ Intelligencer XXX (1873): 121.
“On the more fertile”: Ibid.
“You can use $50,000”: History of Florida, 66.
“to prove [Tuttle’s] point”: Quoted in David Leon Chandler. Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron who Founded Florida. New York: Macmillan, 1986, 168.
“How soon can you arrange”: History of Florida, 65.
“There were hundreds”: Ibid.
“The oranges . . . were”: “Report of the Committees of Award at the Fifth Annual Fair and Cattle-Show of the California State Agricultural Society.” In Transactions of the California State Agricultural Society During the Year 1858. Sacramento: John O’Meara, State-Printer for California, 1859, 121.
“We wish to form”: J. W. North. “A Colony for California.” Knoxville, TN, March 17, 1870. Reprinted in Tom Patterson. A Colony for California: Riverside’s First Hundred Years. Riverside, CA: Press-Enterprise Company, 1971, 19.
“Its course is eleven miles”: The County of San Bernardino, California, and its Principal City. San Bernardino, CA: Board of Trade, 1888, 52–54.
“[She] was anxious”: P. H. Dorsett et al. The Navel Orange of Bahia; with Notes on Some Little-Known Brazilian Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 445, February 10, 1917, 5.
“We . . . sampled”: Quoted in A. H. Naftzger. “Orange-Growing in California.” In T. G. Daniells, ed. California: Its Prod
ucts, Resources, Industries and Atrractions. Sacramento, CA: W. W. Shannon, 1904, 73.
“The Washington Navel stands”: O. P. Chubb. “California Citrus Fruits, Markets, Etc.” In Second Biennial Report of the California State Board of Forestry for the Years 1887–88. Sacramento: J. D. Young, 1888, 219.
“The premiums won”: Edward J. Wickson. The California Fruits and How to Grow Them. San Francisco: Dewey & Co., 1889, 439.
“Los Angeles and the southern”: Sunset XXVI (1911): 3.
“With all the trees”: Wickson, 439.
“The cultivation of the orange”: L. M. Holt. “The Future of Citrus Culture in California.” In Official Report of the Ninth Fruit Growers’ Convention of the State of California. Sacramento, CA: J. D. Young, 1888, 74.
“was largely believed”: Kevin Starr. Inventing the Dream: California Through the Progressive Era. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985, 143.
“If specialized farming”: Carey McWilliams. Factories in the Field: The Story of Migratory Farm Labor in California. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1939, 65.
“California citrus culture”: J. Eliot Coit. Citrus Fruits. New York: Macmillan, 1915, 10.
“the demand for choice”: Holt, 220.
“Sunkist has been advertised”: Don Francisco. “Putting California Citrus on the Map.” Advertising Age, October 1917, 37.
The title read: “Drink an Orange!” Simmons’ Spice Mill XXXIX (1916): 74.
“Try it for ten days”: Good Housekeeping, January 1917, inside cover.
“People in the United States”: John McPhee. Oranges. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1967, 7–8.
“extinction of the forests”: Charles S. Sargent. Report on the Forests of North America (Exclusive of Mexico). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1884, 489.
“The country between”: Ibid.
Sargent’s Report estimated: F. P. Baker. “Report on the Condition of Forests, Timber-Culture, Etc., in the Southern and Western States.” In Nathaniel H. Egleston, ed. Report on Forestry, vol. IV. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1884, 108.
“The stately trunks”: F. V. Emerson. “The Southern Long-Leaf Pine Belt.” Geographical Review VII (1919): 81.
“It is to the extreme South”: Baker, 106.
