by Eric Rutkow
“A roadless marsh is”: Aldo Leopold. A Sand County Almanac. New York: Oxford University Press, 1949, 101.
“All wilderness areas”: Aldo Leopold. “Wilderness as a Land Laboratory.” Living Wilderness VI (July 1941): 3.
“Lumber shortages during”: Leopold. Sand County Almanac, 190–91.
“the author of several books”: “Dr. Aldo Leopold, A Conservationist.” New York Times, April 22, 1948, 27.
“[L]et’s open this”: William Voigt, Jr. “Proceedings before the United States Department of the Interior: Hearings on Dinosaur National Monument, Echo Park and Split Mountain Dams” (April 3, 1950), 415, Department of the Interior Library, Washington, D.C. Quoted in Roderick Nash. Wilderness and the American Mind. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974 (revised), 210.
“neither the money”: Congressional Record, 84th Congress, 1st Session, 101 (June 28, 1955), 9386. Quoted in Nash, 218.
“At this juncture”: Ibid., 221.
“The establishment and maintenance”: 74 Stat. 215 (1960).
“[L]ike the patriarch”: Congressional Record, August 20, 1964, 20630. Quoted in Richard A. Baker. “The Conservation Congress of Anderson and Aspinall, 1963–64.” Journal of Forest History 29 (1985): 119.
“Only in our country”: Lyndon Johnson. Special Message to the Congress Transmitting Report on the National Wilderness Preservation System. February 8, 1965. See The American Presidency Project.
“[T]he trouble with wilderness”: William Cronon. “The Trouble with Wilderness; or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature.” In Cronon, ed. Uncommon Ground: Toward Reinventing Nature. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1995, 80.
10: The Environmental Era
“protecting our environment”: Richard Nixon. “Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1969. Online by Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley. The American Presidency Project.
“We wiped [the forest] out”: Gaylord Nelson and the editors of Country Beautiful. America’s Last Chance. Waukesha, WI: Country Beautiful Corporation, 1970, 8.
“We need more parks”: Nelson. “Inaugural Address,” January 5, 1959. Wisconsin Historical Society, Nelson Collection, mss 1020, Box 231, Folder 59 (hereafter Nelson Collection).
“a landmark in conservation”: “Recreation Race Is Seen for US Space.” Milwaukee Journal, September 23, 1961. See also Thomas R. Huffman. Protectors of the Land and Water: Environmentalism in Wisconsin, 1961–1968. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994, 42.
“had achieved practically”: Quoted in Bill Christofferson. The Man from Clear Lake: Earth Day Founder Senator Gaylord Nelson. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2004, 158.
“I think the most crucial”: Godfrey Sperling, Jr. “The State of Government.” Christian Science Monitor, January 3, 1963, 13.
“the germ of the idea”: Nelson. “Statement at Madison Beyond War Ceremony,” December 8, 1990. Nelson Collection, Box 230, Folder 11.
“[T]he idea occurred”: Nelson to Dr. Frank Stanton, President, Columbia Broadcasting System, April 7, 1971. Nelson Collection, Box 2, Folder 15.
“I am convinced”: Quoted in Charles Russell. “College Teach-Ins on Environmental Crisis Proposed.” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, September 21, 1969. See also Christofferson, 303.
“the response by letter”: Nelson to Hans Janitschek, August 9, 1993. Nelson Collection, Box 231, Folder 43.
“probably in April”: “Environmental Teach-In Planned.” Gaylord Nelson Newsletter, November 1969. Nelson Collection.
“Already students are”: Gladwin Hill. “Environment May Eclipse Vietnam as College Issue.” New York Times, November 30, 1969, 1.
“[w]hatever name was”: Nelson to Janitschek, 3.
“a Magna Carta”: “Senate Joint Resolution 169—Introduction of a Joint Resolution Relating to an Environmental Agenda for the 1970’s.” Congressional Record 116 (January 19, 1970): S86.
“the inalienable right”: Ibid., S81–S85.
“The real story is”: Nelson to Janitschek, 3.
“carried unmistakable whiffs”: Joseph Lelyveld. “Millions Join Earth Day Observances Across the Nation: Mood Is Joyful as City Gives Its Support.” New York Times, April 23, 1970, 1, 7.
“You’re part of a Nixon”: Transcript of CBS News Special. “Earth Day: A Question of Survival,” 21–22. Nelson Collection, Box 157, Folder 11.
Dan Rather of CBS: Ibid., 29.
“the largest, cleanest”: Environmental Action, ed. Earth Day—The Beginning. New York: Arno Press & The New York Times, 1970, no page number.
“There were so many”: Jack Gould. “TV: The Campaign for an Unspoiled Environment.” New York Times, April 23, 1970, 56.
“the architect of America’s”: Keith Schneider. “Gaylord A. Nelson, Founder of Earth Day, Is Dead at 89.” New York Times, July 4, 2005, B6.
Tens of thousands: See Timothy Egan. “Clinton Under Crossfire at Logging Conference.” New York Times, April 3, 1993, 6. See also Frank J. Murray. “Clinton Tries to Keep a Lot in the Air.” Washington Times, April 3, 1993, A3.
“a kind of barking sound”: Quoted in William Dietrich. The Final Forest: The Battle for the Last Great Trees of the Pacific Northwest. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992, 47.
“We reached the old wolf”: Leopold, Sand County Almanac, 130.
“needed authority to protect”: Richard Nixon. “Statement on Signing the Endangered Species Act of 1973,” December 28, 1973. The American Presidency Project.
“to maintain viable”: 36 C.F.R. §219.9 at 47 F.R. 43037, September 30, 1982 (emphasis mine).
“A tree is a tree”: Ronald Reagan, Speech before the Western Wood Products Association, March 12, 1966. See Sacramento Bee, March 12, 1966. See also Lou Cannon. Governor Reagan: His Rise to Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2003, 177.
“Trees cause more”: See Martin Schram. “Nation’s Longest Campaign Comes to an End.” Washington Post, November 4, 1980, A6. Schram wrote, “So, too, there was the incongruous specter of the former governor of California criticizing overregulation of automobile emissions standards—buttressing his claim with the contention that trees cause more pollution than automobiles.” Schram’s paraphrase was based on controversy from earlier in the campaign. At the August Democratic National Convention, Senator Edward Kennedy had criticized Reagan, stating, “The same Republicans who are talking about preserving the environment have nominated a man who last year made the preposterous statement, and I quote: ‘Eighty percent of air pollution comes from plants and trees.’ And that nominee is no friend of the environment.” See Edward Kennedy. “The Work Goes On, the Cause Endures, the Hope Still Lives.” Washington Post, August 13, 1980, A13. In response, Reagan observed, “I know Teddy Kennedy had fun at the Democratic convention when he said that I had said that trees and vegetation cause 80% of the air pollution in this country. . . . Well, now he was a little wrong about what I said. First of all, I didn’t say 80%, I said 92%—pardon me, 93%. And I didn’t say air pollution. I said oxides of nitrogen. And I am right.” See Jack Nelson. “Pollution Curbed, Reagan Says; Attacks Air Cleanup.” Los Angeles Times, October 9, 1980, B1, 20. The Los Angeles Times article went on to note, “Experts at the EPA said that Reagan apparently had mixed up chemical terms. ‘Nitrogen dioxide comes only from man-made sources,’ one said. ‘Plants and trees produce most of the nitrous oxide in the atmosphere, and that is harmless to mankind.’” Ibid., 20.
“arbitrary and capricious”: See Department of the Interior. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the Northern Spotted Owl. June 26, 1990, 26118.
“I love spotted owls”: Ted Gup. “Owl vs. Man.” Time 135 (June 25, 1990), 60.
“We have concluded that”: Interagency Scientific Committee. A Conservation Strategy for the Northern Spotted Owl. Portland, OR, 1990, 1.
“threatened throughout its”: Determination of Threatened Status for the Northern Spotted Owl, 1990, 26114.
“And yes, we want”: “Excer
pted Remarks with Community Leaders in Portsmouth, New Hampshire,” January 15, 1992. The American Presidency Project.
“We could remove all”: William J. Clinton. “Remarks at the Children’s Town Meeting,” February 20, 1993. The American Presidency Project.
“listen, hammer out”: Clinton. “The President’s News Conference,” March 23, 1993. The American Presidency Project.
“[T]he northern spotted owl was”: Bruce G. Marcot and Jack Ward Thomas. Of Spotted Owls, Old Growth, and New Policies: A History Since the Interagency Scientific Committee Report. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1997, 11–12.
“This represents the first time”: Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management. Record of Decision for Amendments to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning Documents within the Range of the Northern Spotted Owl. April 13, 1994.
“forest issues were being”: Samuel Hays. War in the Woods: The Rise of Ecological Forestry in America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2007, xv.
“I’ve certainly become”: Quoted in William Yardley. “20 Years Later, A Plan to Save Spotted Owls.” New York Times, July 1, 2011, 12.
“From Brazil to Japan”: “Owl vs. Man,” 158.
“I do not wish flowers”: Zuenir Ventura. “O Acre de Chico Mendes.” Jornal do Brasil, July 5, 1989. Quoted in Kenneth Mazwell. “The Mystery of Chico Mendes.” New York Review of Books, March 28, 1991.
“Mr. Mendes has emerged”: James Brooke. “A Death in the Amazon, From Symbol to Script.” New York Times, April 12, 1989, A4.
“To see the earth”: Archibald MacLeish. “A Reflection: Riders on Earth Together, Brothers in Eternal Cold.” New York Times, December 25, 1968, 1.
“We have reached”: Adlai Stevenson III. “Too Little, Too Late.” In Stevenson, Earth Day—The Beginning, 51.
“[T]he sole fact that thousands”: A. Gomez-Pompa, C. Vasquez-Yanes, and S. Guevara. “The Tropical Rain Forest: A Nonrenewable Resource.” Science 177 (1972): 765.
The slave trade was: See James C. Scott. Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990, 53.
“Hitherto we’ve just”: Erik Eckholm. “U.N. and Aid Groups Seek to Save Dwindling Third World Forests.” New York Times, July 29, 1985, A11.
“Lunch isn’t what”: “Hamburgers Are Killing Trees.” Newsweek, cx, September 14, 1987, 74.
“What’s happening now”: Jane E. Brody. “Concern for Rain Forest Has Begun to Blossom.” New York Times, October 13, 1987.
“We’ve never called”: “Grateful Dead Plans Benefit for Rain Forests.” New York Times, September 16, 1988.
“the hottest political cause”: Peter P. Swine. “Tropical Chic: Saving the Rain Forests from Their Saviors.” New Republic, January 30, 1989, 18.
“When the trees go down”: Woody Hochswender. “The Jungle Is Given a Certain Cachet.” New York Times, May 26, 1989, B3.
“The rain forest is dying”: “Gal Pals Sandra Bernhard and Madonna Monkey Around to Save the Jungle.” People 31, June 12, 1989, 55.
“mission was to nurture”: Tom Gliatto et al. “Evolution of the ’80s Man.” USA Today, November 27, 1989, 4D.
“We cannot accept”: Quoted in Andrew Hurrell. “Brazil and the International Politics of Amazonian Deforestation.” In Hurrell and Benedict Kingsbury. The International Politics of the Environment: Actors, Interests, and Institutions. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1992, 405, 406.
“[T]he higher temperatures can”: Philip Shabecoff. “Global Warming Has Begun, Expert Tells Senate.” New York Times, June 24, 1988, A1.
“Up to this point”: Spencer Weart. The Discovery of Global Warming. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003, 154.
“found that for heat rays”: Ibid., 3.
“As a dam built”: John Tyndall. “Futher Researches on the Absorption and Radiation of Heat by Gaseous Matter” (1862). In Tyndall, Contributions to Molecular Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat. New York: Appleton, 1873, 117. See also Weart, 4.
“Through his worldwide”: Environmental Pollution Panel, President’s Science Advisory Committee. Restoring the Quality of Our Environment. The White House: 1965, 126.
“There is enough to compare”: Marlise Simons. “Vast Amazon Fires, Man-Made, Linked to Global Warming.” New York Times, August 12, 1988, A1.
“In the case of carbon dioxide”: Ibid.
“Our judgment is that”: J. T. Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990, xii.
“Under pressure from the industrial”: Weart, 162.
“We’ve signed a climate convention”: George Bush. “The President’s News Conference in Rio de Janeiro,” June 13, 1992. The American Presidency Project.
“I favor an international treaty”: Al Gore. Earth in the Balance: Ecology and the Human Spirit. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992, 345.
“The balance of evidence”: J. T. Houghton et al., eds. Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, 5.
“After 11 days”: Andrew C. Revkin. “The Tree Trap.” New York Times, November 26, 2000.
“By ignoring scientific consensus”: Scientists and Engineers for Change. “48 Nobel Laureates Endorse John Kerry: An Open Letter to the American People,” June 21, 2004. See also Al Gore. An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It. Emmaus, PA: Rodale Press, 2006, 269.
“Most of the observed”: IPCC, 2007. Climate Change 2007, Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Core Writing Team, R. K. Pachauri and A. Reisinger, eds.). IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland, 5.
“Political defeats can also”: Available at http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2007/presentation-speech.html.
“Our scientists believe this”: Tiffany Stecker. “Climate Change Link to Fires Ignites Senate Committee.” New York Times, June 15, 2011.
“Most of the urgent”: USDA Forest Service. National Roadmap for Responding to Climate Change, July 2010, 1.
“precluded by higher”: U.S. Department of the Interior. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a Petition to List Pinus albicaulis as Endangered or Threatened with Critical Habitat, 2011, 1.
“With insufficient credit”: “Topics of the Times; Trees of Life.” New York Times, January 30, 1990.
Bibliography
Periodicals
American Forests
American Home
American Lumberman
The Atlantic Monthly
Boston Evening Post
Boston News-Letter and New-England Chronicle
The Century Magazine
The Chicago Tribune
The Christian Science Monitor
Environmental History
Forest History
Garden and Forest: A Journal of Horticulture, Landscape Art and Forestry
Harper’s
The Horticulturist
Hutchings California Magazine
Journal of Forest History
Journal of Forestry
Life
Living Wilderness
Los Angeles Times
National Geographic
Newsweek
The New Yorker
New-York Evening Post
The New York Times
New York Tribune
Scientific American
Southern Lumberman
Time
The Washington Post
Published Sources
Albion, Robert. Forests and Sea Power: The Timber Problem of the Royal Navy, 1652–1862. Hamden, CT: Archon Books, 1965.
American Forestry Association. The American Elm: Its Glorious Past, Its Present Dilemma, Its Hope for Protection. Washington: American Forestry Association, 1937.
———. Proceedings of the American Fore
st Conference. Washington, D.C.: H. M. Suter Company, 1905.
American Tree Association. Forestry Almanac. Washington, D.C.: American Tree Association, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1933.
Barker, Rocky. Scorched Earth: How the Fires of Yellowstone Changed America. Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2005.
Bender, Thomas. Towards an Urban Vision. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982.
Beveridge, Charles E., and David Schuyler, eds. The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted, Volume III: The Creation of Central Park, 1857–1861. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1983.
Blanchard, Newton, et al. Proceedings of a Conference of Governors. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1908.
Booth, Brian. Wildmen, Wobblies & Whistle Punks: Stewart Holbrook’s Lowbrow Northwest. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 1992.
Bradford, William. Bradford’s History “Of Plimoth Plantation.” Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co., State Printers, 1898.
Brown, Nelson Courtlandt. Forest Products: The Harvesting, Processing, and Marketing of Materials other than Lumber. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1950.
Bryant, William Cullen. Picturesque America. New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1872.
Burroughs, John. Under the Maples. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1921.
Cameron, J. The Development of Governmental Forest Control in the United States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1928.
Campana, Richard. Arboriculture: History and Development in North America. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1999.
Campanella, Thomas. Republic of Shade: New England and the American Elm. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2003.
Carhart, Arthur. Timber in Your Life. Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1954.
Carlsen, Spike. A Splintered History of Wood: Belt-Sander Races, Blind Woodworkers, and Baseball Bats. New York: HarperCollins, 2008.
Carr, Ethan. Wilderness by Design: Landscape Architecture and the National Park Service. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1999.
Carrier, Lyman. The Beginnings of Agriculture in America. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1923.
Carroll, Charles. The Timber Economy of Puritan New England. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1973.
