by Eric Rutkow
World War II use of, 262
see also logging
Timber Culture Act, 136–37, 140, 255
Time, 278, 279, 332
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 70
Tomorrow’s Trees (film), 286
Townshend duties, 38
transcendentalism, 80, 98, 149
“Treasures of the Yosemite” (Muir), 151
Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America, A (Downing), 85
tree farm movement, 285–87
Tree in a Test Tube, The, 280
tree planting, 7, 129–30, 131–34, 227, 247, 252
as climate change initiative, 343
in logging industry, 283–87
rainfall theory of, 134–36, 137, 140, 255
see also Shelterbelt
tree-ring dating, 2, 3
trees:
America’s relationship with, 4–5, 7–9, 94, 96, 97, 128, 130, 167, 193, 307, 316, 331, 344, 347–48
Civil War consumption of, 93, 101
colonists’ use of, 20–21, 22–23, 272–73
diseases of, 200–227, 342, 344, 347
environmental impact of, 94, 95, 96, 97, 207
federal protection of, 9, 76–78, 92, 98, 149, 151, 154; see also forests, national; parks, national
as fuel, 5–6, 14–15, 68, 70, 85, 102–3, 138
genetically modified, 344
girdling of, 214
grafting of, 55
and housing, 69, 105, 212, 213, 268–69, 272–75, 276–77, 279, 293, 294, 306–7
importation of, 46–47, 53, 201, 202, 203–4, 207, 208, 210, 216, 222, 223
industries dependent on, 7, 69–70, 100–105, 116, 120, 122–24, 125–28, 129, 130, 138, 167, 179, 212–13, 228–29; see also logging
military uses of, 7, 228–29, 231–41, 262, 264
mortality rates of, 342
naming rights of, 75–76
research of, 227, 344
in shipbuilding, 5, 14–15, 23, 46–47, 151
of Sierra Nevadas, 148; see also California, big trees of
spiritual value of, 145, 149, 347–48
and suburban development, 7, 268, 277–78, 280, 307
symbolic uses of, 34–35, 37, 39, 75, 241–42, 243, 347–48
technologically advanced uses of, 199, 274–75, 279–80, 344, 347
technological replacements for, 6, 70, 274, 279, 307, 347
and urbanization, 68, 85, 221, 227, 287
uses of, 5–7, 68–70, 343, 347
vocabulary based on, 62
and water supply, 6, 139, 140, 141, 150, 157
as windbreaks, 256–57, 258–59, 261
see also forests; specific species; timber
“Trees” (Kilmer), 242, 257–58
Trees as Good Citizens (Pack), 243
Tropical Forestry Action Plan (TFAP), 329
Truman, Harry, 270
Tsarskoye Selo, 88
tuberculosis, 138
Tugwell, Rexford G., 191–92, 254
tulip tree, 71
Tuolumne River, 166
Turner, Frederick Jackson, 63
Turner, Ted, 325
turpentine, 15, 17, 127, 195, 197
Tuttle, Julia, 170–71
Twain, Mark, 72
Tyndall, John, 334
Udall, Stewart, 310
Uncle Sam, 75
Union Pacific Railroad, 99, 110, 189
Unitarianism, 80
United Nations:
and rain forest preservation, 327, 329
2009 Climate Change Conference of, 343
U.N. Conference on the Human Environment, 326
U.N. Development Program, 329
U.N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 337, 338, 340
United Press, 312
United States:
apple cultivation in, 57–58, 61
beef consumption in, 328
botanical gardens in, 41, 45, 52
botany in, 46, 47–48, 49–50
civic activism in, 309–10, 313, 314
in climate change negotiations, 337–40
climate change’s effects in, 332, 341–42
consumerism in, 279, 312
early scientific advancements in, 45–46, 49–50
federal territory transfer in, 76, 151
folk heroes in, 67, 191, 347
foreign forest product consumption by, 346
geographical diversity of, 8
greenhouse gas emission by, 337, 339
home construction in, 273–75, 276–77, 278–79
horticultural trade in, 46–47, 53, 201, 202, 203–4, 207, 208, 210, 216, 222, 223
industrialization of, 7, 70, 98–128, 129, 138, 212, 309, 347
information democratization in, 124–25
infrastructure boom in, 115
landscape gardening in, 50–51, 85–86, 220, 224, 269, 278
land use shifts in, 282–83, 306
Liberty Pole protests in, 39
literacy growth in, 121, 125
nineteenth-century manufacturing in, 108
nineteenth-century paper demand in, 121–22
outdoor recreation in, 287, 289–93, 294, 295–96, 299, 300–301, 305, 307
pollution in, 308–9, 312, 344
population growth in, 293, 312
post–World War II housing shortage in, 269–70
post–World War II prosperity in, 267–307, 308
rain forest hardwood use in, 327–28
and rain forest preservation, 329
road construction in, 292, 293, 296, 299
roadside services in, 292
rural ideal in, 64–65
tree resources in, 7–8, 47, 68, 69–70, 100, 126, 129, 179, 188–89, 339, 347
urbanization in, 68, 84–85, 121, 221, 309
western exploration in, 47, 48, 49–50
wilderness concept in, 299–303, 306
wooden technology in, 68–70
see also America, colonial; westward expansion
Updike, John, 281
USA Today, 331
Vanderbilt, George W., 156
Vanderbilt, W. K., 182
Vaux, Calvert, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92
Vermont, Dutch elm disease in, 226
Verrazzano, Giovanni da, 5, 15
Veterans Emergency Housing Program, 270
Virginia, British colonization of, 18
Virginia Company, 17
vitamin C, 178
Walden; or, Life in the Woods (Thoreau), 82–83, 105
Walden Pond, 81
Wales, Prince of, 43
walnut, black, 22, 23, 268
War Advertising Council (WAC), 263, 265, 266
War Department, U.S., 235
Warner Bros., 325
Warren, Pa., 54
War in the Woods (Hays), 323
Wartime Forest Fire Prevention Campaign, 263
Washington, 193, 194
Washington, D.C., cherry trees in, 205, 209–10
Washington, George, 8, 47, 49, 50–53, 57–58, 75
Washington, University of, 197
Washington Environmental Council, 311
Washington Star, 205
water supply, 6, 139, 140, 141, 150, 157
Watt, James, 320
Watts, Lyle, 285
Wayne, “Mad” Anthony, 55
Weart, Spencer, 334, 337
Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers, A (Thoreau), 81
Weir, Bob, 330
Weiss, Howard, 198
Wentworth, Benning, 30–31
Wentworth, John, 31–32, 45
Wentworth, Mark Hunking, 31
West:
anti-Japanese sentiment in, 206
commercial logging in, 115
government-owned land in, 76, 151, 157, 159, 162, 164
logging in, 346
oak tree disease in, 342
post–World War II population growth in, 293
Western F
orestry and Conservation Association, 193
westward expansion, 7, 54–55, 62, 71–72
Daniel Boone’s role in, 63–64, 67
and elm planting, 220
homesteader plots in, 131
Johnny Appleseed’s role in, 58–61
and logging, 109, 129
and tree planting, 129–30
Wetherell, W. D., 277, 282
Weyerhaeuser, Frederick, 106–7, 110–15, 161, 163, 188, 190, 192, 193–94, 235–36, 309
Weyerhaeuser, Phil, 284
Weyerhaeuser Company, 194, 199, 274, 283, 284
Weymouth, George, 17
Wheeler Peak, 1, 3, 9
Whiskey Rebellion, 39
Whyte, William, 281
Wickson, E. J., 174
“Wild Apples” (Thoreau), 83
wilderness:
changing conception of, 299–303, 306–7
government protection of, 304–6
Wilderness Act, 305–6
“Wilderness and Its Place in Forest Recreational Policy, The” (Leopold), 299
Wilderness Road, 64
Wilderness Society, 302, 304, 316
wildfires, 341–42
wildlife, American attitudes toward, 318–19
see also owl, northern spotted
William III, King of England, 25, 26
Williams, Lum, 186, 187
Willingboro, N.J., 282
willow, 23, 259, 298
Wilson, William, 233
Wilson, Woodrow, 231, 232, 292
Wilson administration, 186
Winslow, Carlisle “Cap,” 199
Winslow, C. F., 75–76
Wisconsin, 109, 110–11, 115, 120, 146, 198, 301, 309–10
Wisconsin, University of, 198
Wistar, Caspar, 41, 48
Wolfskill, William, 171–72, 173, 174
Wood, William, 21, 22
wood pulp, 6, 122–24, 125–26, 187, 188, 230
Woodruff, James, 241
Works Project Administration (WPA), 259
World Bank, 329
World Columbian Exposition, 157, 175
World Resources Institute (WRI), 329
World War I, 186, 194, 228–43
aircraft construction in, 229, 231, 236, 237, 238
Council of Defense in, 234
European forest destruction in, 242–43
memorial trees for, 241–42
trench system in, 240
troop housing in, 239–40
World War II, 225, 226
American mobilization for, 253–54, 260
forest fire prevention efforts during, 261–65, 266
Japanese attacks in, 261–62, 264, 265, 266
troop housing in, 270, 271
Wright, Frank Lloyd, 271
Wright brothers, 229, 230
Yacolt Burn, 192
Yale University:
School of Forestry at, 161, 197, 298, 316
School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at, 316
Yard, Robert Sterling, 302
Yellowstone National Park, 139, 151, 158, 332–33, 341
Yosemite and Big Tree Grant, 77
“Yosemite Glaciers” (Muir), 149
Yosemite National Park, 166, 304
Yosemite State Park, 92, 147–48, 150, 151–52
Yosemite Valley, 73, 77, 147, 148, 149
Young, Neil, 322
Zahniser, Howard, 304, 305
About the Author
ERIC RUTKOW, a graduate of Yale University and Harvard Law School, has worked as a lawyer on environmental issues. He splits his time between New York City and New Haven, Connecticut, where he is pursuing a doctorate in American history at Yale. American Canopy is his first book.
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