34Stevens-Chambers, op. cit.
35John Hirst, Making Voting Secret, Victoria’s Introduction of a New Method of Voting that has Spread Around the World, Victorian Electoral Commission publication, pp. 34–35; www.vec.vic.gov.au/files/Book-MakingVotingSecret.pdf
36To be eligible to vote, a man over twenty-one years of age had to own land worth in excess of £1000 or lease property at an annual rental value of £100. It is unlikely that the Chisholms would have been in that position. See the Victorian Government website: www.parliament.vic.gov.au/council/publications-a-research/information-sheets/17-electoral-system-1851-2003.
37Stevens-Chambers, op. cit.
38Ibid.
39Ibid.
40The Age, Friday, 10 October 1856, p. 5.
41The Argus, Tuesday, 28 August 1855, p. 8.
42Stevens-Chambers, op. cit.
43The Argus, Wednesday, 22 April 1857, p. 4. St Francis was Bishop Goold’s Cathedral Church until the diocesan seat was moved to St Patrick’s Cathedral in 1868.
44Hoban, op. cit., p. 378.
45The Bendigo Advertiser, Wednesday, 21 January 1857, p. 3.
46Census of Victoria, 1857, Population Tables 1. Inhabitants and Houses. Population Enumerated 29th March, 1857, Presented to Both Houses of Parliament by His Excellency’s Command, by Authority John Ferres, Government Printer, p.34, table VII, Report, 5 November 1857.
47The Argus, Saturday, 13 June 1857, p. 5.
48The Age, Thursday, 26 November 1857; and The Argus, Thursday, 26 November 1857, p. 5.
Chapter 14: The Female Radical
1This is a reimagining of Caroline’s second public lecture in Sydney, held at the Temperance Hall in Pitt Street, Sydney, which seated four hundred people. The fact that Caroline invited the women onto the stage suggests not only that there was a huge crowd, but also, and unusually for the era, that many women had attended the lecture. It was a point that Caroline obviously wanted to highlight. The talk was held in the middle of the 1860 New South Wales election campaign, and Caroline was supporting the Cowper–Robertson side, which was in favour of freeing up land so that it could be bought in small lots by less wealthy farmers, in direct opposition to the powerful squatters. See John Moran (ed.), Radical, in Bonnet and Shawl: Four Political Lectures by Caroline Chisholm, Preferential Publications, Ashgrove, 1994, p. 63.
2Hoban, op. cit., p. 387.
3The Empire, Friday, 13 June 1862, p. 3.
4Ibid.
5Kiddle, op. cit., p. 176.
6Hoban, op. cit., p. 390.
7Cleveland Street Intensive English High School, NSW Government website, www.clevelandi-h.schools.nsw.edu.au/school-history
8Memorandum of Mrs Munro, wife of Donald Munro, first secretary of the Victorian Agricultural Society, quoted in Hoban, op. cit., p. 390.
9All Nuns website, http://web.stbedes.catholic.edu.au/Other/nuns/down/AllNuns.pdf>
10John Askew, A Voyage to Australia and New Zealand, Simpkin Marshall, London, 1857, p. 214.
11Ibid., p. 185.
12Ibid., p. 212.
13Ibid., p. 221.
14Letter from publisher of the Sydney Freeman’s Journal, J. K. Heydon, to Father Therry, May 1859; see Kiddle, op. cit., p. 177.
15NSW Office of Environment & Heritage, Chinese Market Gardens website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au/Heritage/aboutheritage/chinesemktgarden.htm
16The Sydney Morning Herald, Tuesday, 26 November 1861, p. 3.
17Kiddle, op. cit., p. 177.
18Hoban, op. cit., p. 392.
19Winifred Holtby, Women and a Changing Civilisation, John Lane, 1934, p. 48.
20The Empire, Saturday, 9 July 1859, p. 8.
21Ibid.
22Walker, op. cit., p. 101.
23Bede Nairn, “Robertson, Sir John (1816–1891)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/robertson-sir-john-4490/text7337, published first in hard copy 1976; and John M. Ward, “Cowper, Sir Charles (1807–1875)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/cowper-sir-charles-3275/text4967, published first in hard copy 1969.
24Freeman’s Journal, Saturday, 23 February 1861, p. 3.
25The Sydney Morning Herald, Friday, 22 February 1861, p. 4.
26The Empire, Friday, 14 June 1861, p. 5.
27Ibid. “Crinoline” referred to the massive hooped skirts that were fashionable throughout much of the Victorian era.
28Ibid.
29The Empire, Monday, 15 August 1859, p. 4.
30The Empire, Saturday, 24 May 1862, p. 1.
31Catherine Bishop, Minding Her Own Business: Colonial Businesswomen in Sydney, New South Publishing, Sydney, 2015.
32The Empire, Saturday, 24 May 1862, p. 1.
33The Empire, Thursday, 14 May 1863, p. 8.
34The Rathbone’s Liverpool home was called “Greenbank” without the hyphen. There is no obvious reason why Caroline chose the different spelling.
35The Empire, Thursday, 14 May 1863, p. 8.
36The Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, 20 February 1864, p. 9.
37Opening couplet from William Wordsworth, “She was a Phantom of Delight”, 1804.
38The Empire, Tuesday, 14 October 1862, p. 5.
39The Sydney Morning Herald, Thursday, 8 November 1866, p. 2.
40The Tumut and Adelong Times, Thursday, 5 April 1866, p. 2.
41Freeman’s Journal, Saturday, 7 April 1866, p. 209.
42Walker, op. cit., p. 146.
43The Sydney Morning Herald, Monday, 21 November 1864, p. 9.
44Caroline Chisholm, letter to Elizabeth Rathbone, 22 September 1865, held by the University of Liverpool (RP VI 1).
45Ibid.
46Ibid.
Chapter 15: The Final Journey
1Caroline spent her final days bedridden in a sunlit room in Fulham. According to a letter from her daughter, Monica, the street was a culde-sac and had a common at the end. Caroline’s death certificate stated that she had been suffering from senile softening of the brain, possibly a type of oedema, or cerebral oedema for the past six years. She was also, near the end, suffering from bronchitis. One imagines that she did think back over the success of her work.
2The Daily Mail, Saturday, 15 December 1866, p. 3.
3Walker, op. cit., p. 150.
4Caroline Chisholm, letter to Elizabeth Rathbone, 22 September 1865, held by the University of Liverpool (RP VI 1).
5Ibid.
6Walker, op. cit., p.147; and Kiddle, op. cit., p. 181.
7The Illustrated London News, Saturday, 2 February 1867, p. 103.
8The Daily News, Saturday, 15 December 1866, p. 3.
9The Standard, Monday, 13 May 1867, p. 2.
10Lloyd’s Weekly London Newspaper, 19 May 1867, p. 6.
11The Northampton Mercury, Saturday, 18 May 1867, p. 3.
12Hoban, op. cit., p. 414.
13Ibid., p. 413.
14The Sydney Morning Herald, Saturday, 9 July 1870, p. 1.
15The Sydney Morning Herald, Friday, November 1871, p. 8.
16Hoban, op. cit., p. 413.
17Ibid., p. 416.
18Pearson, in Stinson, op. cit., p. 179.
19Certified Copy of an Entry of Death Given at the General Register Office, Somerset House, London. State Library of New South Wales, Papers relating to Caroline Chisholm, ca. 1853–ca. 1953, Call Number Ac19/Folder2, item II, copy of 1877 death certificate for Caroline Chisholm, issued 12 February 1924.
20The Argus, Saturday, 9 June 1877, p. 10.
Afterword
1Walker, op. cit., p. 151.
2The Illustrated London News, 3 August 1878, p. 102.
3Monica Gruggen, letter to Mr Thomas, an Australian researcher who had contacted Monica in Canada through contacts in Northampton, regarding information about Caroline’s artefacts, including her painting. State Library of New South Wales, Papers relating to Caroline Chisholm,
ca. 1853–ca. 1953, Call Number Ac19/Folder2, holograph letters (2) from Monica Gruggen, Canada, to J.F. Thomas.
4National Library of Ireland News, Number 19, Spring 2005.
5Monica Gruggen, letter to Mr Thomas, op. cit.
6R.P. Davis, “Dwyer-Gray, Edmund John (1870–1945)”, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, http://abd.anu.au/biography/dwyer-gray-edmundjohn-6068/text10385, published first in hard copy 1981.
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