organises meetings and lectures 202–3
portrait painted 208
publishes Comfort for the Poor 175
publishes Emigration and Transportation 173–74
returns to England 159–60
satirised in Bleak House 184
settles in London 161
travels in Europe 211–13
withdraws sons from school 204–5
writes for Household Words 183
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: VICTORIA 222–53
arrives in Melbourne 222, 225
criticism of 229–30
fund-raising testimonial for 227–29
ignores goldfields issues 234, 235–36
ill health 241, 247, 249, 253–55
money problems 228
moves to Kyneton 249
plans Shelter Sheds 237–39
public welcome 226–27
visits the goldfields 230–33
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: BACK IN SYDNEY 253–78
attacked by Holt 274–75
death of William and Josephine 256
ignored by clergy 258–59
Kendall’s poem 272–74
leaves for Britain 277–79
lecture series 260–69, 262
Little Joe 22, 259–60
opens girls’ school 270–72
relocates to Sydney 253
testimonial 272, 275
undertakes paid work 258
CHISHOLM, CAROLINE: BACK IN BRITAIN
Archibald Jnr’s death 288
awarded pension 285
death 290
eulogies 290–91
fraud case 284–85
ill health 286–88
in Liverpool 282–83
Chisholm, Caroline (CC’s daughter, later Gray) 253, 271, 284, 287, 289, 292, 293
Chisholm, Don 205–6, 294–95
Chisholm, Henry (CC’s son)
born 73
career 287–89, 292, 294–95
dispatched to Windsor 100
education 133
invests 246
Kyneton store 240–41, 253
marries 276
sent to Ireland 205
Sydney 260
Chisholm, James 295
Chisholm, Josephine (CC’s granddaughter) 253, 256
Chisholm, Monica (Henrietta, CC’s daughter) 203, 253, 271, 284, 287, 289, 292–93
Chisholm, Richard 294
Chisholm, Robert 294
Chisholm, Sarah 295
Chisholm, Susanna (William’s wife) 247, 256
Chisholm, Sydney (CC’s son) 184, 286, 288, 292, 294
Chisholm, William (CC’s son)
daughter’s birth 253
death 256
education 56, 133
Kyneton store 241
marries 247
to Melbourne 253
in Rome 205, 212–13
Chisholm, William (Henry’s son) 277
“Chisholm’s Shakedowns” (Shelter Sheds) 237–39, 238
Church of England 15–16, 35–36, 53, 61, 84, 94–95, 210
Clarke, Robert Nadir 245
Clinton, Ann Gately 230, 241
Colonial Land and Emigration Commission (UK) 165, 167
Colonial Office (UK) 186
colonisation game 16–17
Comfort for the Poor (publication) 175
commercial understanding 70–71
contraception 33
contracts, servants’ 97–98
convict transportation 173–74
cookery 209
Cowper, Charles 265, 266, 269
Crimean War 216, 217
D
Day, Edward Denny 65–66
De Ville, James 43
death 290
Delver, Richard 191
democracy 261, 268, 297
depots 106
Dickens, Charles 22, 181–85, 182, 191
The Domestic Medical and Surgical Guide (Hogg) 209
Donohoe, Jack 71
dropsy 286–88
drought 69
Dwyer-Gray, Edmund 294
E
East India Company 24–25, 36, 49, 73, 143
economic depression (1830s) 67–70, 132
The Edinburgh Advertiser 202
education
CC’s 21–32
female 21–23, 50–54, 57
vocational training 53–54
elderly 189
elections. See also suffrage
Archibald Jnr stands 244–46
secret ballot 243–44
Eliot, George 6
Ellis, Sarah Stickney 6
The Emigrant’s Guide to Australia (Mackenzie) 208–9
Emigration and Transportation Relatively Considered 146, 173–74
emigration from Britain. See immigrants
The Empire (newspaper) 259–60, 266, 269, 272, 274
employment agency for servants 97–99, 108
equal pay 114
eulogies 290–91
Eureka Stockade 235–36
F
faith 34–36, 258–59
Family Colonization Loan Society 124, 176, 181, 185–203, 187, 225, 227, 296
family reunion programme 5, 148–49, 166–69, 189, 199, 240, 296
fashion 130
Fawkner, J.P. 230
Female Immigrants’ Home 92–97, 96, 132
Female Immigration Considered (pamphlet) 109–10, 124, 131, 132
Female School of Industry for the Daughters of European Soldiers 5, 50–54, 57
female suffrage 263–64, 269, 298
feminist analysis 7, 54, 112, 115
Flora (immigrant) 78–81, 109
food 209, 257
Forest Creek (Vic.) 231
franchise. See suffrage
Fransoni, Cardinal 212
fraud case 284–85
Freeman’s Journal 276
Fry, Elizabeth 171
fund-raising testimonials 154, 213–16, 227–29, 272, 275
G
Galvin, Miss 72, 79, 99, 133
Gipps, Elizabeth, Lady 83, 93, 95
Gipps, Sir George
applies for bounty immigrants 70
Carthaginian case 124
contributes to testimonial 154–55
describes CC 130
family reunification programme 167
Female Immigrants’ Home 83, 92, 93
permits CC to frank letters 99
response to Myall Creek massacre 66–67
gold rush 198, 202, 223
goldfields of Victoria 230–36, 237–39
government 133–34
Gray, Caroline (née Chisholm) 253, 271, 284, 287, 289, 292, 293
Gray, Edmund 287, 289, 293
Gray, Mary 294
Great Potato Famine 159
Green-Bank school 271–72
Grey, Earl 5, 111, 164, 170–71, 173
Grey, Sir George 4, 164
Gruggen, Maurice 293
Gundagai (NSW) 105–6
H
Hawkesbury River (NSW) 71
Hayter, Angelo Collen 208
health issues 241, 247, 249, 253–55, 286–88
Heffernan, Kate 276
Herbert, Elizabeth 181–82, 213
Herbert, Sidney 181, 187, 191, 213, 217
Heydon, Jabez King (J.K.) 258–59
Highland and Island Emigration Society 199
Hoban, Mary 8
Hogg, Jabez 209
Holt, Thomas 274–75
homosexuality 170–71
honesty, belief in 190
Horne, Richard H. 183
Hotham, Charles 236
House of Lords (UK) 146, 171–72
Household Words (Dickens) 182–83
housework equality 266–67
housing costs in Sydney 258
Howitt, William 229–30, 232
human rights 149
humour 110, 255, 264, 268
I
illegitimacy 18–19, 33
>
illness 241, 247, 249, 253–55, 286–88
immigrants
employment registry 97–99, 108
loans schemes. See loans schemes
settlement scheme 134–36
Voluntary Information 146–48
wages 114
women. See bounty immigrants
Immigrants’ Home 92–97, 96, 132
immigration agents 196
Immigration Barracks (Sydney) 82, 93, 95–96
immigration tax 248–49, 258
independence 205
India 47–58, 49, 74
Indigenous people 65–67, 170, 236, 296
Industrial Revolution 12, 13, 159
infant mortality 40
intuition 83
Ireland 159, 174–75
J
Jamberoo (NSW) 135
Jamison, Sir John 62
Jerrold, Douglas 183
Jewish population 198
jobless labourers 136
The John O’Groat Journal 202
Johnson, George Walker 245
Jones, Harriet (CC’s sister) 20
Jones, Mary (CC’s sister) 20
Jones, Plowman (CC’s uncle) 20
Jones, Robert (CC’s brother) 19–20
Jones, Sarah (CC’s mother) 11, 14, 18–19, 276
Jones, Sarah (CC’s sister) 20
Jones, William (CC’s brother) 19–20, 42
Jones, William (CC’s father) 11–18
K
Kendall, Henry 272–74
Kiddle, Margaret 8
kidney disease 241, 247, 249, 253–55, 286–88
The Kyneton Observer 246
Kyneton (Vic.) 231, 240–46, 243, 249, 252–53
L
Ladies’ Committee 81, 83–84, 94, 95
Lalor, Peter 235
land question 229, 231–32, 233, 247, 263, 265, 266, 297
“land-tickets” 176
Lang, John Dunmore 84, 134, 144, 152–54, 199, 210, 266, 272
Laws, Sarah 18–19, 160, 216
lecture series 260–69, 262
Legislative Council of New South Wales 133–34, 136, 144, 146, 150, 197
Little Joe (novelette) 22, 259–60
“Little Scrub” (immigrant) 110
Liverpool (UK) 282–83
Lloyd’s Weekly London Newspaper 285
loans schemes 199. See also Family Colonization Loan Society
Lowe, Robert 213
M
Macarthur, Elizabeth 151
Macarthur, Emily 151–52
Mackenzie, David 68
Mackenzie, Eneas 7–8, 129–31, 197, 208–9, 239
Macquarie, Governor Lachlan 64, 72
McSwiney, Susanna (later Chisholm) 247
Madras (India) 47, 49–54, 49
Maitland, Julia 48–49, 50
Maitland (NSW) 106, 107
marriage
CC’s 28–30
immigrants 111–12, 115–18
societal attitudes to 23, 27–28
massacre 65–66
Mayne, James 247
medal from Pope 212–13, 256, 289
Melbourne 196, 222–26
men, CC’s view of 112
menstruation 39–40
Merewether, Francis 169, 172
Milford, Eliza 132
mining licences 233, 235
Montefiore family 213
The Morning Chronicle 153
A Mother’s Offering to Her Children (children’s story) 132
multiculturalism 211, 248, 297
Murphy, Father 95
Myall Creek massacre 65–66
N
Nelson, Richard William 125
newspapers. See press
Nightingale, Florence 213, 292
Northampton (UK) 11–22, 12, 36
O
O’Connor, Maurice 293
Onslow, Elizabeth Macarthur 151–52
Opium Wars 73
P
Parkes, Henry 267, 269, 275
Passengers Act (UK) 296–97
Pembroke, Countess of 187
pension 285
phrenology 43–44
Pius IX, Pope 212
Plunkett, John Hubert 65, 66
poem about CC 272–74
Polding, Bishop John Bede 64–65
Pope receives CC 212
portrait of CC 208
press 91–93, 192, 202, 269, 272–74, 275–76, 285, 290
prostitutes, refuge for 183–84
publications
The A.B.C. of Colonization 186
Comfort for the Poor 175
Emigration and Transportation 173–4
Female Immigration Considered 109–10, 124, 131, 132
Household Words contributions 183
Little Joe 22, 259–60
Voluntary Information from the People of New South Wales 146–48
publicity 173, 182
puerperal fever 39
Punch magazine 213, 214–15
R
railways 159
Rathbone, Elizabeth 277, 283
Rathbone, William 283
Rathbone House school 270–71
Red Ribbon Agitation (Bendigo) 233
Reibey, Mary 99
religion. See also Catholic Church and Catholicism; Church of England
CC’s faith 34–36, 258–59
decline 210–11
origin of CC’s interest in 16
sectarianism 84
tolerance 35, 154
research methods 145
Rigney, Father 95
Robert Lowe (ship) 217
Robertson, Jack 265, 266, 269, 272
Roman Catholicism. See Catholic Church and Catholicism
Ross, Henry 235
Rothschild family 213
S
Sand, George 6
schools established by CC
Female School of Industry 50–54, 57
Rathbone House and Green-bank 270–72
secret ballot 243–44
sectarianism 84
Sedgley Park School (UK) 162, 204
self-confidence 5
servants
contracts 94–95
employment agency for 97–99
India 48–49
settlement scheme 134–36, 176
settlers’ statements 144–48
sex appeal 129
sexual mores 13–14, 30–31, 33
sexuality 32–33
Shaftesbury, Lord 186–87, 191. See Ashley, Lord
Shellharbour (NSW) 135
“Shelter Sheds” on goldfield routes 237–39, 238
shipboard deaths 168
ships of the Family Colonization Loan Society 192–93, 197–98, 217, 296–97
Sidney, Samuel 131, 183
Simson’s (Vic.) 231
Sir Edward Parry (ship) 169
Slains Castle (ship) 192–96
slavery 149
Smith, Vernon (Robert Vernon) 187, 213
social change advocacy 261–62
social equity 261
societal attitudes
sex 13–14, 30–31, 33
women 13–14, 114–15
Somerville, Mary 115
St Mary’s Church (Sydney) 64
Stanley, Lord 95, 173
“State Aid” (clergy’s wages) 259
suffrage. See also elections
universal male 149, 233, 235, 297–98
women 92–97, 96, 132, 263–64, 269, 298
suffragette movement 269
Summers, Anne 7, 112
Sydney 4, 61–100, 119–55, 257–58
The Sydney Herald 91, 93
Sydney Immigrants’ Home 92–97, 96, 132
The Sydney Monitor and Commercial Advertiser 93
The Sydney Morning Herald 135–36, 153, 267, 269
T
Teague, Mary 92–93
testimonials (fund-raising) 154, 213–16, 227–29, 272, 275
Therry, Ann
65
Therry, Father John 95, 255
Therry, Sir Roger 65, 66, 107, 124–25, 133
Towns, Captain Robert 134–35
transportation of convicts 173–74
The Tumut and Adelong Times 275–76
Turner, George 127
U
Ullathorne, Bishop William 162, 204–5
Urania Cottage (London) 183–84
V
Venn, Reverend Henry 22
ventilation, shipboard 198
Vernon, Robert 187, 213
vocational training 53–54
Voluntary Information from the People of New South Wales 146–48
W
wages 97, 108, 113–14
Walker, Carole 8
Wentworth, William Charles 133, 144, 174, 213
Wesley, John 14
Wesleyan Church 14, 18, 35
What Has Mrs Chisholm Done for the Colony of New South Wales? (booklet) 274
Whitby, Archdale Low 193–96
White Australia Policy 235
Windsor (NSW) 71–74
women
childbirth 39–40, 55
education 2, 50–54, 57
emigration programme (UK) 170–171
immigrants. See bounty immigrants
Indigenous 67
marriage 23, 27–28
sexual mores 30–31, 33
societal attitudes to 13–14, 114–15
women’s rights 263
work–life balance 100
workers’ rights 113
working conditions 97, 108, 113–14, 134, 297
PHOTOS SECTION
Dating from about April 1853, when Caroline was forty-five years old, this is an enlargement of a carte-de-visite, signed on the back by Caroline and probably taken when she visited Liverpool during her British lecture tours. It was found amongst the papers of her friend Elizabeth Rathbone in Liverpool. (Courtesy of the Sydney Jones Library, University of Liverpool)
Campbell’s Wharf, Sydney, in 1842, in a lithograph by John Skinner Prout. Perched on the northwestern edge of what would become Circular Quay and in front of the Rocks, the wharf, named for merchant Robert Campbell, was a major focus of the colony’s trading economy. From here the town spread south along George Street. (National Library of Australia, nla.obj-135612733)
Immigrants Leaving Their Ship in Sydney Cove by Thomas Picken, 1853. Thousands of bounty immigrants arrived in Sydney in the early 1840s, despite the downturn in the economy. After some four months at sea, mostly living in the bowels of the vessel, they were given only a few days to find work and lodgings before being ordered ashore. (National Library of Australia, nla.obj-137053583)
Sir George Gipps, Governor of New South Wales (1838–46), in a portrait by Eden Upton Eddis. Gipps was in charge of the colony during Caroline’s first sojourn there. Sceptical of her motives and ability at the start, he became one of her strongest supporters, allowing her to open the Female Immigrants’ Home and frank her own letters, and promising to help organise reunions for bounty children. Sadly, he died shortly after returning to Britain in 1847. (State Library of Victoria)
Caroline Chisholm Page 32
