description of, 17–25
population of, 22
clothing worn in, 23–24
diet of, 24–25
government of, before Japanese invasion, 31–32, 48–51
puppet government of, under Japanese, 74
resistance government of, under Japanese, 90
after Japanese surrender, 110–111
taken over by work team, 257–258
taken over by People’s Congress, 543–545
Long March, The (Simone de Beauvoir), 60n
“Love the Village Corps,” 99
Loyang, 341, 342
Lu Family Settlement cadres’ meeting, 264–265
as source of “poor-peasant line,” 380–381, 497
Lucheng County, location of, 17
seat of, described, 369–370
first land reform conference of, 373–416
second land reform conference of, 489–508
MacArthur, General, 96
Man-hsi. See Wang Man-hsi
Mao Tse-tung, prestige of, 183
quoted, on vastness of China, 3
on weaknesses of peasants as revolutionaries, 56–57
on American support of Chiang Kai-shek, 98n, 103
on imperialism, 105
on necessity of “going too far” in suppressing counter-revolution, 107
on revolution, 128, 139
on strategic retreat, 198
on co-operative production, 210, 528
on building base areas in countryside, 241
on allure of land (poem), 243
on “The Present Situation and Our Tasks,” (December, 1947), 244 ff
on class analysis, 251
on the masses, 259, 446, 608
on changing from one class to another, 288
on function of art, 312
on importance of distinguishing real friends from real enemies, 400
on purpose of criticism of Party members, 461
on policy, 479, 488
on Left deviations, 486, 507
on land reform, 487, 548
on importance of distinguishing good work from bad, 495
on choice facing revolutionaries vis-à-vis peasants, 517
on Peqple’s Congresses, 535
Markham, Edwin, quoted, 15
Marshall, General, peace mission of, 105, 130, 191, 198
Marx, Karl, quoted, 378, 402
May 4th Directive (1946), 200–201
results of, 208–209
Mei-sheng. See Chou Mei-sheng
Mencius, quoted, 518
Meng Fu-lu, before gate, 357
elected to People’s Congress, 544
middle peasants, defined, 27n, 627
Party policy toward, explained, 201, 400–401
standards for classification of, 286, 401–410
necessity for repayment of, emphasized, 411–412
elected to Peasants’ Association Committee, 442
damage to, due to leftism, 550
repayment made to those wrongly expropriated, 582–585
millet, as staple in diet, 24
damage to crop from hail, 512, 529
“millet-eating thought,” 431
monsoon, 3–4
mother-in-law, privileges of, in traditional society, 353–354
mou, defined, 22n
mutual aid, 210 ff; Old Lady Wang’s corn planted by, 428–430
groups reorganized, 528–534
impossibility of more advanced form of co-operation, 586n
Nationalist Army. See Kuomintang, Civil War, Chiang Kai-shek
“navel ill,” 443
New Fourth Army, 87n, 97. See also People’s Liberation Army
new-middle peasant, category introduced, 401
applied in Long Bow, 437, 548–549
New Year, 1948, 10 ff
North China University (merger of Northern University and United University), 426, 602
North Temple Society (Buddhist), 30
expropriated, 143
Northern University, 12, 426
Okamura, Yasugi (Commander-in-Chief of Japanese forces in China), 97
On the Party (Liu Shao Ch’i), 184, 608
Opium War, 26, 59
paikar, 21
P’an-ming. See Li P’an-ming
P’ang Ping-hsun (Nationalist general), defects to Japanese, 79
Pao, Old. See Chang Lao-pao
Pao-yu. See Li Pao-yu
“Peace Preservation Corps,” 49
Peasant Nationalism and Communist Power (Chalmers A. Johnson), 70n
Peasants’ Association, organized in Long Bow, 131–133
dissolved, 257
reorganized on provisional basis, 442
analyzes classes, 473–475
and the People’s Congress, 537–538
P’ei Mang-wen, mother of, 34, 134
Peking, taken by People’s Liberation Army, 611
People’s Congress, as system of government from local to national level, 535–540
relation of, to Communist Party, 541–542
elections for, in Long Bow, 543–545
recognized by villagers as supreme authority, 578
repays victims of Anti-Traitor Movement, 582–585
terminates land reform, 586–591
allocates taxes, 596–600
People’s Liberation Army, and 1947
offensive, 7, 322
situation of (in fall of 1946), 205
(in June, 1948), 481–484
description of troops of, 479–481, 570
on eve of victory, 611–613. See also Civil War, Eighth Route Army, New Fourth Army
Po Yi-po (Regional Party Secretary), 263–264, 492
poor peasant, defined, 27n, 627
Poor Peasants’ League, organized in Long Bow, 276
enlarged, 306–311
sets up gate, 329–331
governing committee of, elected, 431–432
“poor-peasant line,” 377–380, 491, 496
“Present Situation, The, and Our Tasks” from Selected Works (Mao Tse-tung), 244 ff
“production villages,” 489, 508
Provisional League. See Poor Peasants’ League
Pu-ch’ao (daughter of Yu Pu-ho), and relations with cadres, 164, 189
and investigation of mother as rich peasant, 554–557
sets up housekeeping as poor peasant, 561–562
Pu-tzu. See Fan Pu-tzu
Red Leaf River, 314–316
“Red Rifles,” 53, 133
Red Star Over China (Edgar Snow), 45n, 84n, 97n
rent, policies on, 86, 128–130, 408–409
Resistance University (Anti-Japanese Military and Political Training School), 145–146, 175–177, 432–433
Revolution in a Chinese Village (David and Isabel Crook), 201, 203n
“revolutionary heat,” 288–289
rich peasant, defined, 27n, 626–627
differentiated from middle peasants, 286, 402–410
position of, after struggle, 537n
rightism, in land reform policy, 401
salt, stolen by Hung-er, 230
Man-hsi denies theft of, 347–348, 356, 451
Hung-er admits theft of, 462
saltpeter, manufacture of, 593–594
San-ch’ing. See Chang San-ch’ing
secret societies, 53
self and mutual criticism, at first county land reform conference, 383–395. See also gate
“Settling Accounts Movement,” 130 ff
summation of, 146
effect of, 196
benefits of, received by Party members, 361
Shang Shih-t’ou, appointed village head under Japanese, 74
executed by guerrillas, 82
widow of, gives up surplus land, 584
Shangtang, geography of, 17
Shen Chi-mei, commander of security police under Japanese, 77–79
executed by village People’s Government, 116–117
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Shen Ch’uan-te, accuses puppet government, 116–117
suspected of counter-revolution, 195
coerced into army, 237
grievances of, 255–256, and examination of village accounts, 308–309
denounces village Communists, 327
defeated in Poor Peasants’ League election, 431
Shen Fa-liang, indentured to Chingho, 33
life story of, 39–40
reaction to distribution of fruits of struggle, 155–156
Shen Hsi-le (father of Hsien-e), blackmailed by Wang Yu-lai, 234
Shen Hsien-e, forced to marry Wang Wen-te, 233–234
requests divorce, 455–458
accuses husband before gate, 465
Shen Hsin massacre, 485
Shen So-tzu, role in resistance against Japanese, 89–90
killed by Japanese, 94
Shen Yu-hsing (militiaman), slides into commandism, 227–229
before first gate, 356–357
before second gate, 452
sheng, defined, 215
Sheng Ching-ho (landlord), sources of income, 29–32
as employer, 39–40
and Carry-On Society, 67
and Japanese, 74
tried by village, 136–138
wife of, flees Long Bow, 207
Shenyang, captured by People’s Liberation Army, 611
Shih Fu-yuan, role in resistance against Japanese, 90
arrested by Japanese, 94–95
becomes village head, 119
accuses Ch’ung-wang, 134
unable to check abuses in Party, 231
becomes district cadre, 235
Shih Hsiu-mei, recruited into Communist Party, 177
reaction to impending gate, 323
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Shih Jen-pao, as puppet officer, 77–79
escapes trial, 116
Shih La-ming (landlord), and Japanese occupation, 74
beaten to death, 142
Shih Szu-har, ruined by debt, 32–33
appointed militia captain, 545
Shih-t’ou. See Shang Shih-t’ou
Shih Ts’ai-yuan, joins Eighth Route Army, 87
passes gate, 355
involved in fist fight, 523
Shihchiachuang, liberated, 425
silver dollar, equivalent in U. S. currency, 30n
Sino-American Cooperative Organization (SACO), 199, 485
Snow, Edgar (Red Star Over China), 45n, 84n, 97n
So-tzu. See Shen So-tzu
Sources of Anti-Foreign Disturbances in China (Reid), 60n
South China Anti-Japanese Brigade, 87n, 97
spirit talking, 31, 165–166
“spring hunger,” 25
Stevens, Thaddeus, quoted, 147
Sui Ch’eng-kung, quoted, 388
Sun, Father, comes to Long Bow, 81
tried by village People’s Government, 120–123
Sun Yat-sen, 320
superstition, as weapon of gentry, 48, 165–166
power of, broken in Long Bow, 189–190
reappearance of, 444
Szepingkai, surrender of, 482
Szu-har. See Shih Szu-har
Tai Li (head of secret police under Chiang Kai-shek), 199
Tai-shan, mother of, defends village Communists, 328
elected as delegate to gate, 330
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Taihang Mountains, and Japanese war, 71–72, 503
described, 368
Tao Ch’ien, quoted, 367
Tao-yuan. See Wang T’ao-yuan
Tao Yun, quoted, 17
Tawney, R. H. (Land and Labour in China), 35n, 44n, 45
tax system, under Communists, 216–218, 387, 594–600
Te-yu. See Kuo Te-yu
Tien Chien, quoted, 593
Tien-hsing. See Ch’ing Tien-hsing
Tien-ming. See Chang Tien-ming
Tientsin, taken by People’s Liberation Army, 611
travel passes, 341–342
“Trojan Horse” strategy of Chiang Kai-shek, 79, 96 ff, 104
truce, between Nationalists and Communists after Japanese surrender, 130
fighting during, 191
breakdown of, 198
tsai chien, defined, 60In
Ts’ai Chin, appointed leader of Long Bow work team, 514
life story of, 515–517
corrects “poor-peasant line,” 525–527
explains functions of People’s Congress, 540–542
explains policy on repayment of “illegal fruits,” 572
and question of Chang-hsun’s cart, 575–577
Ts’ai-yuan. See Shih Ts’ai-yuan
Tsinan, taken by People’s Liberation Army, 611
Tui-chin. See Wen Tui-chin
Tung-hsi. See Fan Tung-hsi
Twain, Mark, quoted, 101
Unfinished Revolution in China, The (Israel Epstein), 79n, 97n
United Front Agreement (between Communists and Chiang Kai-shek), 84
United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, 6, 7n, 12
United States, involvement of, in China’s Civil War, 5–6, 98, 198–199
United States Relations with China (Department of State), 96n, 199
United University, 426
Wang Ch’ang-yi, expropriated, 142
class status resolved, 549
Wang Ch’eng-yu, persecution by Catholics, 65–67
accuses Father Sun, 122–123
Wang Ch’ung-lai, wife of, life story, 40–42
score settled with Lai-hsun’s family, 139–141
reaction to distribution of fruits of struggle, 156
defends village Communists, 328
elected delegate to gate, 330
Wang En-pao (son of Wang Kuei-ching), recruited into Kuomintang, 64
as Kuomintang agent, 126
commits suicide, 144–145
Wang Hsi-chien, quoted, 428
Wang Hsi-yu, becomes deputy head of village, 235
arrested, 257
Wang Hua-nan, expropriation of, 203–204
repayed, 583–585
Wang Jen-pao (Old Lady Wang’s son), 292
Wang Kuei and Li Hsiang-hsiang, quoted, 26, 161
Wang Kuei-ching, as chairman of Carry-On Society, 63–65
beaten to death, 144
Wang Kuei-pao, class analyzed, 275
resists allocation of more land to him, 588
Wang Lai-hsun, treatment of brother’s family, 40–42
in Japanese puppet regime, 74
expropriated cart sold, 124
tried by village, 139–141
Wang Man-hsi, as target of Kuomintang agents, 126
beats uncle, 138
motives for joining Communist Party, 181
slides into commandism, 223, 226–227
before first gate, 342–349, 355–356
passes secoud gate, 451
and investigation of Yu Pu-ho, 556, 558–559
Wang, Old Lady, life story of, 291–293
and moral purity, 306
accuses village Communists, 327
elected delegate to gate, 330–331
protests middle peasant status, 440
classed as new middle peasant, 473–474
elected to People’s Congress, 544
receives nothing in final redistribution of property, 590
Wang, Secretary (head of Third Administrative District of the Taihang Subregion), visits Long Bow, 309–311
analyzes leftism, 501–504
on extreme democracy, 578
Wang T’ao-yuan, class analysis of, 283–285
accepted into Peasants’ League, 311
Wang Wen-te, appointed to police work, 232
becomes head of police, 236
arrested, 257
returns from jail, 422
before gate, 463–468
sent to school for delinquent cadres, 469�
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Wang Yao-wu (Kuomintang general), 482, 611
Wang Yu-lai, elected vice-chairman of Peasants’ Association, 133
becomes manager of Western Inn, 154
blackmail of, 232 ff
arrested, 257
returns from jail, 419
steals log from warehouse, 445
before gate, 469
warlordism, 53
“Wash the Face Movement,” 238–239, 327, 335
wei ch’i, 246–247
Wen-hsu. See Hsiao Wen-hsu
Wen-te. See Wang Wen-te
Wen (Old) Tui-chin, property expropriated by Japanese puppet regime, 76
selects his “fruit” of struggle, 150
speaks before gate as delegate, 338
elected to People’s Congress, 544
life story of, 545–546
Western Inn, 337
wheat, as staple in diet, 24, 528
damage to crop from hail, 529
Women’s Association, organized, 157–160
and mutual aid, 216
temporarily dissolved, 257
women’s rights, struggle for, 157–160, 354, 396–398, 454–458, 604
work team, university contingent sent off to begin work, 12
composition of, in Long Bow, 259 ff
split in, 335–336
remuneration of, 394
aid to families of, 415–416, 494
reduced by departure of university members and pressure of work on land, 426–427
gets new leader, 514
leaves Long Bow, 601–602
worker, defined, 628
in class analysis, 280–282
Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army, 84, 570
working class concepts, familiarity of Long Bow Party members with, 182
Wu-k’uei, beaten by Japanese, 75
wife of, reaction to distribution of fruits of struggle, 156
elected delegate to gate, 330
elected to People’s Congress, 544
Wu Ti, Emperor, quoted, 96
Wutai Mountains, 426
Yamen (court), 35, 52, 65
Yang Yu-so, delegate at gate, 325
leads upgrading movement in class analysis, 474
yangko dancing, 10
Yehtao Conference, 263–264
Yellow Dog Kuo. See Kuo Huang-kou
Yellow River, course changed, 6
Yen Hsi-shan (warlord governor of Shansi), 20, 31, 77, 204, 482
Yu Hsien (Governor of Shansi during Boxer Rebellion), 60
Yu-hsing. See Shen Yu-hsing
Yu-lai. See Wang Yu-lai
Yu Pu-ho, protects property through daughter’s flirtation with cadres, 164
exploits lover, 282–283
class analysis of, 304–305
expropriation of, 551–565
Yuan-lung. See Kuo Yuan-lung
Yungnien, siege of, 6
* The Chinese name for this village is Changchuang. Chang is a common Chinese surname. It is also a word that means to extend, publish, open or boast In written Chinese the character for chang is made up of 11 brush strokes. The first three comprise the radical kung which means bow—the hunter’s bow. The last eight comprise the phonetic chang or ch’ang which means long. It is from these separate elements of the written word rather than from the meaning of the spoken word that I have extracted the designation “Long Bow.”
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