Trump’s descriptor for Latinx immigrants: See “Trump Ramps Up Rhetoric on Undocumented Immigrations: ‘These Aren’t People. These Are Animals,’ ” USA Today, May 16, 2018, available at www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2018/05/16/trump-immigrants-animals-mexico-democrats-sanctuary-cities/617252002/.
“I am apt to suspect the negroes”: See Andrew Valls, “ ‘A Lousy Empirical Scientist,’ Reconsidering Hume’s Racism,” in Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy, ed. Andrew Valls (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2005), 128–29.
“It would be hazardous to affirm that”: Thomas Jefferson to Marquis de Chastellux, June 7, 1785, in The Avalon Project: Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy, available at avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/let27.asp.
“history of the American Negro is the history of this strife”: Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, 7.
“by white men for white men”: Senator Jefferson Davis, April 12, 1860, 37th Cong., 1st Sess., Congressional Globe 106, 1682.
“become assimilated into American culture”: Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (New York: Harper, 1944), 929.
Chapter 3: Power
White New Yorkers were separating their children: For a few good books on what Whites in New York and across the nation were doing, see Matthew F. Delmont, Why Busing Failed: Race, Media, and the National Resistance to School Desegregation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2016); Jonathan Kozol, The Shame of the Nation: The Restoration of Apartheid Schooling in America (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2005); and Kevin M. Kruse, White Flight: Atlanta and the Making of Modern Conservatism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007).
Black parents did not mind paying: For some of the early research on this issue, see Diana T. Slaughter and Barbara Schneider, “Parental Goals and Black Student Achievement in Urban Private Elementary Schools: A Synopsis of Preliminary Research Findings,” The Journal of Intergroup Relations 13:1 (Spring/August 1985), 24–33; and Diana T. Slaughter and Barbara Schneider, Newcomers: Blacks in Private Schools (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University School of Education, 1986).
the first character in the history of racist power: Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (New York: Nation Books, 2016), 22–25.
circumvent Islamic slave traders: For literature on this history, see Robert C. Davis, Christian Slaves, Muslim Masters: White Slavery in the Mediterranean, the Barbary Coast, and Italy, 1500–1800 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003); Matt Lang, Trans-Saharan Trade Routes (New York: Cavendish, 2018); and John Wright, The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade (New York: Routledge, 2007).
feared “black” hole of Cape Bojador: Martin Meredith, The Fortunes of Africa: A 5000-Year History of Wealth, Greed, and Endeavor (New York: PublicAffairs, 2014), 93–94; Gomes Eannes de Zurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea (London: Hakluyt Society, 1896).
“Race…means descent”: See Aimar de Ranconnet and Jean Nicot, Trésor de la langue française (Paris: Picard, 1960).
negros da terra: See Mieko Nishida, Slavery & Identity: Ethnicity, Gender, and Race in Salvador, Brazil, 1808–1888 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003), 13.
“strong for work, the opposite of the natives”: David M. Traboulay, Columbus and Las Casas: The Conquest and Christianization of America, 1492–1566 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1994), 58.
Linnaeus locked in the racial hierarchy: See Dorothy Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century (New York: New Press, 2011), 252–53.
“to the great praise of his memory”: Zurara, The Chronicle of the Discovery and Conquest of Guinea, xii.
“than from all the taxes levied on the entire kingdom”: Gabriel Tetzel and Václáv Sasek, The Travels of Leo of Rozmital, 1465–1467, translated by Malcolm Letts (London, 1957).
Chapter 4: Biology
Black students were four times more likely than White students to be suspended: See “Black Students More Likely to Be Suspended: U.S. Education Department,” Reuters, June 7, 2016, available at www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-suspensions/black-students-more-likely-to-be-suspended-u-s-education-department-idUSKCN0YT1ZO.
“microaggression,” a term coined by eminent Harvard psychiatrist Chester Pierce: Chester Pierce, “Offensive Mechanism,” in The Black Seventies, ed. Floyd B. Barbour (Boston, MA: Porter Sargent, 1970), 280.
“brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages”: Derald Wing Sue, Microaggressions in Everyday Life: Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010), 24.
“more natural physical ability”: John Hoberman, Darwin’s Athletes: How Sport Has Damaged Black America and Preserved the Myth of Race (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1997), 146.
“one drop of Negro blood makes a Negro”: Thomas Dixon, The Leopard’s Spots: A Romance of the White Man’s Burden, 1865–1900 (New York: Doubleday, 1902), 244.
“blacks have certain inherited abilities”: Dinesh D’Souza, The End of Racism: Principles for a Multiracial Society (New York: Free Press, 1996), 440–41.
“large size of the negro’s penis”: William Lee Howard, “The Negro as a Distinct Ethnic Factor in Civilization,” Medicine 9 (June 1903), 423–26.
“I’ve bounced this off a number of colleagues”: See “Black Hypertension Theory Criticized: Doctor Says Slavery Conditions May Be Behind Problem,” Orlando Sentinel, January 21, 1988, available at articles.orlandosentinel.com/1988-01-21/news/0010200256_1_grim-salt-hypertension.
“all his posteritie after him”: See George Best, A True Discourse of the Late Voyages of Discoverie (London: Henry Bynneman, 1578).
released Men Before Adam: Isaac de La Peyrère, Men Before Adam (London, 1656).
“race of Men, not derivable from Adam”: Morgan Godwyn, The Negro’s and Indian’s Advocate (London, 1680), 15–16.
“each species has been independently created”: Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (New York: P. F. Collier, 1909), 24.
“second fate is often predicted for the negroes”: Albion W. Small and George E. Vincent, An Introduction to the Study of Society (New York: American Book Company, 1894), 179.
“spread out a magnificent map”: “Remarks Made by the President…on the Completion of the First Survey of the Entire Human Genome Project,” The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, National Human Genome Research Institute, June 26, 2000, available at www.genome.gov/10001356/.
“planning the next phase of the human genome project”: “For Genome Mappers, the Tricky Terrain of Race Requires Some Careful Navigating,” The New York Times, July 20, 2001.
“People are born with ancestry”: Dorothy Roberts, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century (New York: New Press, 2011), 63.
more genetic diversity between populations: Ibid., 51–53.
“the mapping of the human genome concluded”: Ken Ham, “There Is Only One Race—The Human Race,” The Cincinnati Enquirer, September 4, 2017. Also see Ken Ham and A. Charles Ware, One Race One Blood: A Biblical Answer to Racism (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2010).
Chapter 5: Ethnicity
Korean storekeeper who killed fifteen-year-old Latasha Harlins: See Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015).
Haitian immigrant named Abner Louima: See “Twenty Years Later: The Police Assault on Abner Louima and What It Means,” WNYC News, August 9, 2017, available at www.wnyc.org/story/twenty-years-later-look-back-nypd-assault-abner-louima-and-what-it-means-today/.
forty-one bullets at the body of Amadou: Diallo: See Be
th Roy, 41 Shots…and Counting: What Amadou Diallo’s Story Teaches Us About Policing, Race and Justice (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2009).
Congolese as “magnificent blacks”: Hugh Thomas, The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1440–1870 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2013), 399.
from Senegambia “the best slaves”: Ibid.
“the best and most faithful of our slaves”: Ibid., 400.
nearly twice as much as captives from Angola: Ibid., 402.
Angolans were traded more: Ibid., 401.
captives hauled into Jamestown, Virginia, in August 1619: See James Horn, 1619: Jamestown and the Forging of American Democracy (New York: Basic Books, 2018).
“The Negroes from the Gold Coast, Popa, and Whydah”: Thomas, The Slave Trade, 401.
“African chiefs were the ones waging war on each other”: See “Clinton Starts African Tour,” BBC News, March 23, 1998, available at news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/68483.stm.
Between 1980 and 2000, the Latinx immigrant population ballooned: See “Facts on U.S. Latinos, 2015: Statistical Portrait of Hispanics in the United States,” Pew Research Center, September 18, 2017, available at www.pewhispanic.org/2017/09/18/facts-on-u-s-latinos/.
As of 2015, Black immigrants accounted for 8.7: See “A Rising Share of the U.S. Black Population Is Foreign Born,” Pew Research Center, April 9, 2015, available at www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/04/09/a-rising-share-of-the-u-s-black-population-is-foreign-born/.
West Indian immigrants tend to categorize African Americans: Mary C. Waters, Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), 138.
African Americans tended to categorize West Indians: Ibid., 69.
1882 Chinese Restriction Act: For anti-Asian immigration violence and policies, see Beth Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018); and Erika Lee, The Making of Asian America: A History (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015).
“America must be kept American,” President Calvin Coolidge said: David Joseph Goldberg, Discontented America: The United States in the 1920s (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), 163.
in the case of Mexican Americans, be forcibly repatriated: For literature on Mexican repatriations, see Francisco E. Balderrama and Raymond Rodríguez, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s (Albuquerque, NM: University of Mexico Press, 2006); and “America’s Forgotten History of Illegal Deportations,” The Atlantic, March 6, 2017, available at www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/03/americas-brutal-forgotten-history-of-illegal-deportations/517971/.
proclaimed Maine Representative Ira Hersey: See Benjamin B. Ringer, We the People and Others: Duality and America’s Treatment of Its Racial Minorities (New York: Routledge, 1983), 801–2.
“When the numbers reached about this high in 1924”: “The American People Are Angry Alright…at the Politicians,” Steve Bannon interviews Jeff Sessions, SiriusXM, October 4, 2015, available at soundcloud.com/siriusxm-news-issues/the-american-people-are-angry.
“We should have more people from places like Norway”: See “People on Twitter Tell Trump No One in Norway Wants to Come to His ‘Shithole Country,’ ” Huffington Post, January 11, 2018, available at www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/trump-shithole-countries-norway_us_5a58199ce4b0720dc4c5b6dc.
Anglo-Saxons discriminating against Irish Catholics and Jews: See Peter Gottschalk, American Heretics: Catholics, Jews, Muslims and the History of Religious Intolerance (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013).
Cuban immigrants being privileged over Mexican immigrants: See “Cuban Immigrants in the United States,” Migration Policy Institute, November 9, 2017, available at www.migrationpolicy.org/article/cuban-immigrants-united-states.
model-minority construction: See Ellen D. Wu, The Color of Success: Asian Americans and the Origins of the Model Minority (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2014).
“Five Civilized Tribes” of Native Americans: See Grant Foreman, Indian Removal: The Emigration of the Five Civilized Tribes of Indians (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1974).
African Americans commonly degrading Africans as “barbaric”: For examples of these ideas, see Ibram X. Kendi, Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America (New York: Nation Books, 2016), 157, 200.
calling West Indians in 1920s Harlem “monkey chasers”: See Marcy S. Sacks, Before Harlem: The Black Experience in New York City Before World War I (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006), 29.
the median family income of African Americans: See “Chapter 1: Statistical Portrait of the U.S. Black Immigrant Population,” Pew Research Center, April 9, 2015, available at www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/04/09/chapter-1-statistical-portrait-of-the-u-s-black-immigrant-population/.
Black immigrants are more motivated, more hardworking: “Black Like Me,” The Economist, May 11, 1996.
Black immigrants…earn lower wages: “5 Fast Facts About Black Immigrants in the United States,” Center for American Progress, December 20, 2012, available at www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/news/2012/12/20/48571/5-fast-facts-about-black-immigrants-in-the-united-states/.
“immigrant self-selection”: Suzanne Model, West Indian Immigrants: A Black Success Story? (New York: Russell Sage, 2008), 56–59.
the “migrant advantage”: Isabel Wilkerson, The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration (New York: Vintage Books, 2011), 264–65.
“West Indians are not a black success story”: Model, West Indian Immigrants, 3.
Rosemary Traoré found in a study: Rosemary L. Traoré, “African Students in America: Reconstructing New Meanings of ‘African American’ in Urban Education,” Intercultural Education 14:3 (2003), 244.
Chapter 6: Body
the kids of working-class White families: For a good study on the transformation in New York City, see Walter Thabit, How East New York Became a Ghetto (New York: NYU Press, 2005).
“Blacks must understand and acknowledge”: “Transcript of President Clinton’s Speech on Race Relations,” CNN, October 17, 1995, available at www.cnn.com/US/9510/megamarch/10-16/clinton/update/transcript.html.
the Black body was as devilish as any people: John Smith, “Advertisements: Or, The Path-way to Experience to Erect a Planation,” in Capt. John Smith, Works, 1608–1631, ed. Edward Arber (Birmingham, UK: E. Arber, 1884), 955.
“make yourself infinitely Blacker than you are already”: See Cotton Mather, A Good Master Well Served (Boston: B. Green, and J. Allen, 1696).
“the Cruel disposition of those Creatures”: Mary Miley Theobald, “Slave Conspiracies in Colonial Virginia,” Colonial Williamsburg, Winter 2005–2006, available at www.history.org/foundation/journal/winter05-06/conspiracy.cfm.
federal “appropriations for protecting…against ruthless savages”: “A Declaration of the Causes Which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union,” Texas State Library and Archives Commission, February 2, 1861, available at www.tsl.texas.gov/ref/abouttx/secession/2feb1861.html.
“The poor African has become a fiend”: Albert B. Hart, The Southern South (New York: D. Appleton, 1910), 93.
“criminal display of the violence among minority groups”: Marvin E. Wolfgang and Franco Ferracuti, The Subculture of Violence: Toward an Integrated Theory in Criminology (New York: Routledge, 2001), 264.
“The core criminal-justice population is the black underclass”: Heather Mac Donald, The War on Cops: How the New Attack on Law and Order Makes Everyone Less Safe (New York: Encounter Books, 2016), 233.
Americans
today see the Black body as larger: John Paul Wilson, Kurt Hugenberg, and Nicholas O. Rule, “Racial Bias in Judgments of Physical Size and Formidability: From Size to Threat,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 113:1 (July 2017), 59–80, available at www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-pspi0000092.pdf.
I considered joining the Zulu Nation: I did not identify the Zulu Nation as a gang then; neither did its members. But I decided to add that term for clarity. Here is an article on the debate over the term as well as what the Zulu Nation was facing in the mid-1990s in NYC: “Hip-Hop Club (Gang?) Is Banned in the Bronx; Cultural Questions About Zulu Nation,” The New York Times, October 4, 1995.
in 2015, Black bodies accounted for at least 26 percent: See The Washington Post database on police shootings, available at www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2018/national/police-shootings-2018/.
Unarmed Black bodies: See “Fatal Police Shootings of Unarmed People Have Significantly Declined, Experts Say,” The Washington Post, May 7, 2018, available at www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/fatal-police-shootings-of-unarmed-people-have-significantly-declined-experts-say/2018/05/03/d5eab374-4349-11e8-8569-26fda6b404c7_story.html.
Republicans called those items “welfare for criminals”: Debate on 1994 Crime Bill, House Session, August 11, 1994, C-SPAN recording, available at www.c-span.org/video/?59442-1/house-session&start=12042.
Twenty-six of the thirty-eight voting members: “Did Blacks Really Endorse the 1994 Crime Bill?,” The New York Times, April 13, 2016, available at www.nytimes.com/2016/04/13/opinion/did-blacks-really-endorse-the-1994-crime-bill.html.
their fear for my Black body—and of it: See James Forman Jr., Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America (New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2017).
How to Be an Antiracist Page 27
