by Edward Platt
THE GREAT FLOOD
TRAVELS THROUGH A SODDEN LANDSCAPE
Edward Platt
For my parents
Contents
PART ONE: THE DEEP
1: The Anchorage
THORNEY, SOMERSET, JANUARY 2014
2: A Stone Ark
GILGAMESH IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE: TEWKESBURY, 2007 & 2012
3: Sweet Sabrina
THE KINGDOM OF THE SEVERN: WORCESTER & FELPHAM, 2012
4: Forgotten City
THE HUMBER LAKE: HULL & FERRIBY, 2007
5: The Colinda Spear
LOST WORLDS, EAST: ATLANTIS & DOGGERLAND, 6200 BC
6: The Great Tide
THE EAST COAST, AFTER THE STORM: THE FENS & JAYWICK, DECEMBER 2013
7: Little Venice
RIVER DREAMS: YALDING, JANUARY 2014, & MORPETH, 2008
PART TWO: NOAH’S WOODS
8: The Storm
THE SOMERSET LEVELS, 1603 & JANUARY 2014
9: A Drowned World
THE THAMES VALLEY, JANUARY & FEBRUARY 2014
10: The Sunken Hundred
LOST WORLDS, WEST: WESTMINSTER & BORTH, MAY 2014
11: Isle of Thorns
THE ANCHORAGE DRAINED: MOORLAND & THORNEY, JULY 2014
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTES AND REFERENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PART ONE: THE DEEP
Ever the river has risen and brought us the flood,
The mayfly floating on the water.
Epic of Gilgamesh
The summer holds: upon its glittering lake
Lie Europe and the islands; many rivers
Wrinkling its surface like a ploughman’s palm . . .
Calm at this moment the Dutch sea so shallow
That sunk St Paul’s would ever show its golden cross
And still the deep water that divides us still from Norway.
W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood, The Dog Beneath the Skin, or Where is Francis?
What in water did Bloom, waterlover, drawer of water, watercarrier returning to the range, admire?
Its universality: its democratic equality and constancy to its nature in seeking its own level: its vastness in the ocean of Mercator’s projection: its unplumbed profundity in the Sundam trench of the Pacific exceeding 8,000 fathoms . . . its violence in seaquakes, waterspouts, artesian wells, eruptions, torrents, eddies, freshets, spates, groundswells, watersheds, waterpartings, geysers, cataracts, whirlpools, maelstroms, inundations, deluges, cloudbursts . . .
James Joyce, Ulysses
1: The Anchorage
THORNEY, SOMERSET, JANUARY 2014
The canoe scraped against the tarmac and floated free. The gateposts of Thorney House rose through the water like the markers on a kayaking course. We could have veered between them, paddled up the drive and moored in the porch. Instead, Glen turned the canoe into the main channel running through the village.
Apples bumped against the side and disappeared behind us, spinning as they sank. I leant over – careful not to lose my balance, as I almost had when I climbed aboard in the road in front of the Wards’ flooded house – and let my fingers trail through the water. It was grey-green, flecked with grass and leaves, and glossed with an oily skin. It looked like a rich, semi-tropical stew, but it was so cold that I took my hand out straight away.
The water got deeper quickly: it was ankle-deep beneath the windows of the Wards’ house, which occupied a narrowing triangle of land between the flooded road and the swollen river, but, by the time we reached the stone wall of their neighbour’s house, I couldn’t see the tarmac anymore; it had become a faint shadow, a dark backing to the water’s greasy mirror. The water was even deeper in the garden; the glass wall of the conservatory would have cracked under its weight, if there hadn’t been an equal weight pressing against it from the inside.
The reflection of a tall, narrow house with pale rendered walls shivered and fell apart as we eased across it. The water lapped at the sills of its downstairs windows. It was very quiet: all I could hear was the drip and splash of Glen’s paddle, and the hum of the pumps draining the flooded houses. I knew how traumatic the flood had been for the people who lived here – and, when I had forgotten, Glen had reminded me – but I couldn’t help thinking how natural it seemed: it was easy to imagine that Thorney had always been like this, a village of mouldering palazzos beside a still canal.
It wasn’t such an absurd idea; the first settlements in the Somerset Levels were built in lakes, and, until recently, the land was flooded for much of the year. Yet it wasn’t Thorney’s past that I was seeing as I looked around me at the doubled houses and the still, deep pools of water that stretched between them, contained by the old stone walls and garden sheds of an English village; it was its future, and the future of the other places that will one day find themselves submerged by the grey tide that had engulfed Thorney.
~
Even the name seemed significant. There are many places in Britain called Thorney, which means Isle of Thorns: there is a Thorney in the Fens, where I had been in December 2013, a month earlier, on the day when the winter storms began, and it was a Thorney Island in the Thames that became Westminster, the seat of Parliament, and home to many branches of government.
The Environment Agency – the quasi-independent body responsible for managing flooding – occupies an office on the fringes of Thorney Island, Westminster, and, since the people in the Levels blamed it for the floods that had swept through their homes two years in a row, I came to think of Thorney, Somerset and Thorney, Westminster as twin towns, of a kind. The trajectories they have pursued in the last thousand years obscure their common origins as islands in marshland, and give them contrasting roles in national life, at the margin and the centre. But they also bind them together by making one subject to the other. The inhabitants of Thorney, Somerset, and the neighbouring villages resented the arrangement: they felt, at best, ignored by the bureaucrats of Thorney, Westminster – and, at worst, subject to a form of neglect that amounted to deliberate malice.
It wasn’t only marginal places that flooded – on the day I arrived in Thorney, there was flooding in the Home Counties of Essex, Kent and Hertfordshire, and, in Berkshire and Surrey, the Thames had burst its banks and was spreading across the lawns of the grand mansions that stood beside it. Yet, in less exceptional times, it was reclaimed land on marsh and fen, on the shores of estuaries and on the floodplains where new estates are often built that was affected first and most severely, and I came to think of Thorney as emblematic of them all.
~
I hadn’t planned to go there.
I was trying to see how close I could get to Muchelney, the neighbouring village, which had been cut off on all sides. I had tried approaching it from Langport, the unofficial capital of the Levels, which lies three miles north from Thorney, at the northern limit of the flood. The River Parrett was just within its banks at the western entrance to the town, and there were sandbags piled against the doors of shops and houses in the high street. ‘It’s not here yet,’ the woman behind the post office counter said, ‘but it’s getting close.’ I walked through the car park at the back of the shop and found myself on the edge of the lake that had risen out of the river. The wooden benches, ankle-deep in water where the banks used to be, were the only indication of the river’s usual course. There were no corresponding banks on the other side; the wide brown lake stretched as far as I could see.
The road to Muchelney had flooded as well. I walked down it as far as I could go, past a flooded house and an abandoned car, the water gripping my ankles as it got deeper, and then wrapping my thin rubber boots tightly around my shins. Beneath its surface, grass swayed like seaweed, combed into strands by hidden current
s. Noises echoed strangely in the flooded tunnel – the cry of a seagull was loud and then vanishingly faint, as if it had been flung away in a gale, and the chugging echo of a tractor in a field at the top of the lane sounded like a speedboat careering around the bend towards me.
Even people who knew the Levels seemed disorientated. As I walked back up the lane, I met a man coming the other way. He was looking for the boat that was taking people in and out of Muchelney. Since its location was no secret, I assumed he was an outsider, like me, but he lived in Muchelney, and hadn’t been back since it had been cut off. ‘I’ve been sleeping in a hotel,’ he said, as if hotels were notoriously isolated, like the medieval monastery established in his village in the eleventh century. Or perhaps he meant to emphasize the sleeping: perhaps he had nodded off ten days ago and had woken up to find the Levels flooded and all the familiar landmarks changed – some doubled, like the Instagram-friendly trees rooted in their own reflections, branches spreading across the silvery surface of the water, and others erased, like the fields and roads, which were only marked by the tops of hedges, gates and fence posts.
Another road led towards Muchelney from the west. I reached a farm that stood on an outcrop of high land facing the lake that used to be its fields. An empty house with a flooded garden stood beside a bridge that had become a slipway, its walls pointing across the water towards the tower of the Church of St Peter and St Paul, next to the ruined abbey. Muchelney had been established on one of the islands in the Levels that used to remain dry all year round, and the winter rains had made it an island again. A car with a canoe on the roof drew up, and a man in a wetsuit got out. He normally went out on the Bristol Channel, but he didn’t want to be at sea today. Even the water around Muchelney concealed hazards – as a child, he used to punt across the Levels in canvas boats that often tore their fragile skins on signs and gateposts. He took down the canoe and life jacket, stowed his car keys and phone in a waterproof pouch and set off, steering down the middle of the avenue of trees that marked the course of the flooded road. Ten minutes later, he reached the other side and stood up, rising unsteadily through the rubber skirt that fringed his waist.
I wondered how he would be received. When Prince Charles went to Muchelney, he was driven through the water on a throne set up on the back of a trailer, like a folkloric king seeking shelter in the marshes, but the residents of Muchelney had not welcomed the model, sent by the Sun newspaper, who had turned up with a photographer and a crate of beer. I understood why Muchelney had become an object of attention, for I wanted to see it myself, and yet, in some ways, Thorney had suffered more. Muchelney had been cut off, but its houses hadn’t flooded, like the ones in Thorney. Muchelney was an island, but Thorney was a reef, washed over by the tide that had risen across Westmoor.
I circled the edge of the lake covering the central part of the Somerset Levels, and found myself on the road to Muchelney from the south. I drove past the first of the red ‘road closed’ signs that had proliferated on the verges of the Levels several miles outside the village, but, for once, I wasn’t forced to stop. I followed the narrow winding lane until I reached the houses on the edge of Thorney and saw the water filling the road ahead. Its grey-green surface was mottled or pebbled, like a cobbled street. It wasn’t until I parked and got out that I realized it was full of apples – red and green baubles, like misshapen Christmas tree decorations. There were more apples washed up on the road and embedded in the rotting mulch that had collected at the high-water mark. I stepped on one and felt it give way beneath me, its rotten flesh subsiding within the papery envelope of its skin.
The water reached the flower beds of a thatched cottage on the bend. According to the sign that protruded photogenically above the floodwaters, it was called the Anchorage, and it had become an anchorage again. There was an upturned rowing boat and a canoe resting on the grassy verge beneath its windows, and a man and a woman were loading bags of shopping into another canoe drawn up in the mouth of the channel.
It’s easy striking up conversations on the edge of a flooded street or field. The presence of water breaks down inhibitions and allows people to talk to one another in the way they might on a stranded train. Even so, I hesitated before I said hello. I thought the residents of Thorney might have got tired of visitors to their flooded village. I needn’t have worried; they couldn’t have been friendlier if they had been hosting a party on the improvised pontoon. They lived in a house at the far end of the village, at the furthest point the water reached. They told me that you could still reach it on foot, by the path that led round the back of the village, beside the swollen River Parrett, and they said they would meet me there. Sue climbed aboard and Glen pushed off, standing up in the back like a gondolier, stirring up a wake that washed into the flower beds of the Anchorage. I waited until they reached the flooded porch of the house where the channel swung right and disappeared, and then I turned and walked up the road, past my car, looking for the path to Thorney Mill.
~
To an outsider like myself, it didn’t seem surprising that the Levels had flooded. It was 6 January 2014, the middle of the wettest winter ever in the south of England, according to the Radcliffe Meteorological Station, which started keeping records in 1767, and the Levels were prone to flooding even when the weather was less extreme.
At the end of the last Ice Age – or the beginning of the current interglacial period, 20,000 years ago – sea levels were a hundred feet (thirty metres) lower than they are today, and Britain extended far beyond its current shores. When the Red Lady of Paviland – who was, in fact, a man, wrongly identified as a prostitute by an Oxford professor of geology – was interred in a cave on the Gower Peninsula, 34,000 years ago, the sea was seventy miles away, and the Bristol Channel was a marshy plain. As the glaciers melted and retreated, the seas rose and pushed inland, building a ridge of clay and sand on the Somerset coast and depositing silt in the saucer of low-lying land beyond. Over the centuries, dying plants and reeds laid down a layer of peat, and the land rose gradually, though from time to time it was washed over by more floods as ‘the creeping growth’ tried to ‘re-establish the solid in this would-be liquid world,’ writes Adam Nicolson. The Somerset Levels are ‘a poured landscape,’ he says, more liquid than solid, a brackish bog held in place by the ‘corrugations of the hills’.
Even the rivers that drain the Levels were formed by floods. For most of its length, the Parrett has no slope to carry it to the sea; in the eleven-mile stretch between Langport and Bridgwater, it drops by eleven and a half feet (three and a half metres) – a gradient of one in 5,280. Its meandering progress is too slow to carry its freight of silt, which drifts towards the beds, narrowing the channel and making it more prone to flood – and when it does, the overflowing silt collects on its banks, raising them above the moors and increasing the destructiveness of the floods.
Humans help the process by building the banks higher still, which improves the flow of ‘these hopeless rivers’, as Nicolson calls them, chidingly, as if they were recalcitrant children. Even when they reach the sea, the rivers have difficulties to overcome: the tidal rise in the Bristol Channel is the second largest in the world, and, twice a day, the fresh water drifting downstream meets the salt water flowing the other way, forcing it upstream, where it would, if permitted, spill out across the land in loops and brackish pools. At equinoctial tides, the rivers often come to a complete halt.
The locals knew all this, of course; it was partly their awareness of the rivers’ failings that made them so insistent they had to be properly maintained. Locals believed the Environment Agency had neglected its duty to dredge the channels of the sluggish rivers and keep them flowing. The Parrett was ten feet (three metres) below its banks at Bridgwater, a local farmer called Julian Temperley said in an article in the Daily Telegraph, but, five miles upstream, it was overflowing. The floods were not a natural disaster, he said – they were man-made.
~
It is not a new complaint
. The management of water has always been politically contentious. Civilization evolved in river valleys of Egypt and the Middle East, where water sustained life, and periodically overwhelmed it too. Herodotus called Egypt ‘the gift of the river’; it was so dependent on the rise and fall of the Nile that its year was divided into three seasons: akhet, the season of inundation, when the fields were flooded; peret, the season of growth, after the waters had receded; and shemu, the harvest, when the crops were gathered in before the waters began to rise again.
‘Normally the Nile would start to rise in late June until it reached a peak in mid-September, leaving behind a rich layer of nutrients,’ writes John Withington in Flood: Nature and Culture. But if the water rose too high, then Egypt was ‘converted into a sea, and nothing appears but the cities, which look like the islands in the Aegean’, Herodotus wrote. Yet drought was equally destructive. In the thirteenth century, the rise in the river needed to be between twenty-eight and thirty-five feet (between 8.5 and 10.5 metres) to produce a good crop; more meant flooding, less meant drought and famine. ‘In 1200, for example, it rose less than 23 feet (7 metres), precipitating a terrible hunger which took the lives of at least 110,000 people,’ John Withington writes.
The dykes and levees built to contain the rivers, like the Tigris and the Euphrates and the Nile, represent some of humanity’s earliest attempts at civil engineering. Withington argues that the coordinated effort required to build them ‘stimulated the development of unified governments and organised societies in places like Egypt’. The German sociologist Karl Wittfogel believed that the system of centralized political control required to organize large-scale irrigation projects in fertile but flood-prone lands had led to despotism. Wittfogel, who ‘went from being a devout Marxist to an equally impassioned anti-Marxist’, in Simon Schama’s phrase, saw parallels between a Mesopotamian tyranny closely tied in with a system for managing water and the great dams built by Stalin and Mao to assert their power. ‘The colossal dam and the hydroelectric power station as emblems of omnipotence were for modern despots what the Nile irrigation canals were for the Pharoahs,’ Schama writes, in Landscape and Memory.
