by Alan Mikhail
flight to Portugal, 170–71, 172
in Istanbul, 179
in Jerusalem, 179, 296
in the Mediterranean, 179
in Muslim lands, 144
in Ottoman Empire, 166–82, 383
in Palestine, 179
repression of throughout Europe, 167, 170, 179
routes out of Spain, 171
in Safed, 179
in Salonica (Thessaloniki), 172–82, 178, 204
in Spain, 94, 95, 115–16
welcomed in Ottoman Empire, 172–82, 204
jihad, 140, 142, 386
jizya, 143–44, 173
Joanna, daughter of Isabella and Ferdinand, 112, 345
João I, 105
João II, 109, 170–71
John the Baptist, 91, 285
Judaism, 179–80. See also Jews
Justice and Development Party (Ak Parti), 399–400
the Kaaba, 16, 40
Kamaran Island, 316, 318
Karagöz Pasha, 205–6
Karaman, 81, 83
Karamanids, 80–82, 227
Karamani Mehmed Pasha, 33–34
Kasıms, 41–42, 44
Kastamonu, 258
Kayseri, 81, 276
Kazaks, 221
Kefe (Kaffa/Feodosia), 97, 99, 212–15, 217–19, 221, 227, 229, 232, 233
Kemalpaşazade, mufti, 253
Kemal Reis, 113–14, 278–79, 311, 312, 338, 339, 343, 348
Khayr Bey, 277–78, 279, 281, 286, 289, 290–91, 308–9, 311
Kızılbaş (Red-hats), 193, 194, 200, 208
Knights Hospitaller of St. John, 41, 44–51, 47, 53–54, 57, 90, 101, 263, 278, 311, 329–30, 350
Konya, 33, 41, 42, 44, 45, 50, 81, 82, 231–32, 242–43
Korean language, 5
Korikos (Kızkalesi), 45
Korkud, 27, 35, 79, 196, 203–7, 211–13, 216, 240–42, 255, 341, 343
Ahmed’s attack on, 232
capture and death of, 242
death of, 245
Mamluk Empire and, 274–75
Safavid Empire and, 244
Selim’s confrontation of, 241–42
Kublai Khan, 93
Kurds, 80, 81, 83, 256, 276–77, 291, 400, 402
Kütahya, 205–6, 207
Labrador, 268
Ladino, 177
ladinos, 152–53, 162
Lagos, Portugal, 100
Laranda, 81
Latin America, Muslims in, 429–30n
Leo X, Pope, 315, 329, 342, 351, 370–73, 376–77, 378
Lepanto, Battle of, 372
Lesbos, 99, 242, 341
Libya, 308, 338
Limnos, 98
El Limona, 160
Lincoln, Abraham, 391
Lincoln, Mary, 391
Lisbon, 104, 109
Livorno, 150
London, 100–101
Luther, Martin, 3, 329, 349, 352, 356, 370–71, 373, 375–81, 376, 383–84, 388
Machiavelli, Niccolò, 34, 82, 245–46
Madeira, 105, 154, 163
Malacca, 222, 268, 319, 328
Málaga, 112, 113
Malatya, 291
Malay peninsula, 268
Mali Empire, 106
Malta, 112, 350
Maltepe, 231–32
mamelucos, 132
Mamluk army, 50, 286, 288–89, 290, 293, 300, 303–5, 305, 306
Mamluk Empire, 12, 17, 86, 113, 118, 122, 131, 132, 175, 270–82, 270, 272, 325, 355
Bayezit and, 275
Cem and, 38–41, 44, 49–51, 53, 275, 350
competition for caliphate, 271, 273
as guardians of Sunnism, 271
Korkud and, 274–75
Morocco and, 347
Ottoman–Safavid war and, 255
Portuguese Empire and, 313–16
realignment of power in North Africa and, 343–47
Safavid Empire and, 254–56, 255, 264–65, 267–68, 282
Selim’s campaign for Jerusalem and, 284–92, 296, 298–302
Selim’s conquest of, 303–13, 317, 318, 320, 329, 333, 334, 344, 348, 353, 370, 371, 372
trade monopoly of, 386
Mamluk guerrilla warfare, 305–20, 306
Mamluk navy, 317
Mandingo Muslims, 162
Manisa, 204, 207, 212–13, 232, 241–43, 245, 279, 358
mappamundi (1520), 352, 356
Mardin, 275
Marinids, 347
Marj Dabiq, Battle of, 283, 288, 292, 308
maroons, 159–60
Marseille, 97, 172, 338
the Mary Rose, 222
mastic, 97–98, 98
Mataespañois, 135
Mataindios, 134
Matamoros, 1–2, 5, 12, 134, 386
Mather, Cotton, 389
Maya, 130, 131
the Mayflower, 387, 388
Mecca, 7, 39–40, 255, 271, 273, 288, 298, 300, 304–5, 308–9, 313, 315, 370, 381, 402
Medina, 7, 39–40, 255, 271, 288, 298, 300, 304–5, 309, 313, 315, 370
the Mediterranean (region), 179, 268, 275, 303–10, 335–53, 360, 372
Mediterranean Sea, 99, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 122, 273, 281, 299, 330, 381, 402
Mehemmed Giray, 218–20
Mehmet I, 418n
Mehmet II, 7, 10, 11, 22, 25, 38, 45, 64–65, 89, 116–17, 274, 305, 361
attack on Rhodes, 47–48
conquest of Constantinople and, 111, 235–36, 273, 400
death of, 28–30, 31, 33–35, 58, 276
impact of, 32
Jews and, 173
Machiavelli’s assessment of, 246
Topkapı Palace and, 418n
Melilla, 336
Melville, Herman, 391–92
Mengli Giray, 210, 214–19, 221
mercenaries, 82–83, 317, 341
Mevlevi Sufi order, 33
Mexico, 130, 145, 162, 295, 340, 356
Middle East, 121, 250, 274–75, 277, 283–302, 314, 318, 320, 324, 394, 396, 402. See also specific nations and empires
Ming, 78, 94
minority rule, 65–66, 180–81, 298, 379
Mocha, 320
Mohács, Battle of, 365
Mongols, 78, 80, 93–94, 214
Moniz, Filipa, 104–5, 139
Montezuma, 3, 132, 146, 358
Moors, 12, 54, 104–5, 111, 118, 120, 124
Christian conceptions of, 1–3, 131–35, 150, 163, 170, 313, 386, 389
“Moors” and “Turks,” 133, 142–43, 163
the Requirement (Requerimiento) and, 142–43
Moravia, 173
Moriscos, 132–33, 167, 343–44
Moroccans, 154
Morocco, 114, 171, 334, 336, 341, 346–49, 353, 355–56, 358, 365
American writers in, 393–94
as fulcrum between past and future, 349
slaves from, 163
triangular war in, 349–53
Moses, prophet, 179, 299
Mosque of Eyüp, 36, 359
Mostaganem, 338
Mosul, 332
Mount of Olives, 296
Mughal Empire, 66, 250, 256, 267, 327
Muhammad, Prophet, 36, 39, 185, 186, 271, 284, 298, 308, 309, 359, 378, 382
muqarnas, 119–20
Murad, son of Ahmed, 208, 244, 251, 252
Murad II, 274
Muscat, 314
Muslims, 1–2, 7, 105, 370
in Africa, 150–52
in Americas, 429–30n
Britain and, 387–89
in the Caribbean, 429–30n
conversion to Christianity, 94, 95
expulsion from Iberia, 337
expulsion from Spain, 55, 83, 125, 150, 271, 337
in Iberia, 114–22, 121, 335–39, 343–44 (see also Islam)
irrational fantasies about threat of, 394–96
in Jerusalem, 297–98
in Latin America, 429–30n
media portrayals of, 393–96
in North Africa,
335–53
Muslims (continued)
portrayal in film and literature, 391–92, 393–94, 393
purportedly at U.S. southern border, 395
repression of throughout Europe, 167
shipbuilding technology of, 125
slave rebellions and, 155–58, 162
in Spain, 94, 95, 113–22, 121, 152
stereotypes of, 393
Tainos and, 157, 158, 162
terrorism and, 394, 395
United States and, 390, 394–95
Mustafa, grandson of Selim, 279
Mutapa Empire, 17
al-Mutawakkil III, 309–10, 324
Naples, 56, 57–58, 96, 97, 111, 172, 351
al-Nasir, Muhammad, 278
Native Americans, 83, 101–2, 109, 117, 126–29, 131, 138, 144–45, 148, 396, 426n. See also specific groups
British and, 387–90
Christianity and, 136–47, 136, 349, 370
compared to Muslims, 148–64, 385–86, 385, 391–92
culture of, 131–33
dancing of, 132–33
depictions of, 312, 386
English settlers and, 388–89
genocide of, 163–64
Islam and, 152
replaced with West African slaves, 153
understood in light of Islam, 130–35, 148–64, 385–86, 385, 391–92
Navarre, 172
Navarro, Pedro, 338–39, 342
La Navidad, Hispaniola, 128
Nestorianism, 93, 94, 95, 125, 128, 138
the Netherlands, 17
New England, 389–90
Newfoundland, 268
Nice, 49, 51
Nicholas IV, Pope, 93–94
Nicholas V, Pope, 29, 106, 114, 150
Dum Diversas, 106, 108, 150
Nicopolis, 350
La Niña, 124, 425n
North Africa, 86, 268, 274, 277, 300, 308, 329, 365. See also specific nations and regions
Britain and, 389–90
Crusades in, 336–39, 349
Hafsid Empire and, 96–97
Jews in, 171–72, 174
Muslims in, 120–22, 131, 335–53
Ottoman Empire and, 334, 335–53, 335, 336
Portuguese Empire and, 104–5, 448n
realignment of power in, 343–47
under Spanish control, 335–39, 345, 348–53, 448n
Obama, Barack, 395
Oman, 352
Operation Geronimo, 396
Order of Santiago, 104, 313
Orhan, 6
Orthodox Christianity, 65
Osman, 6–7, 6, 11, 36, 295. See also Osman, House of
Osman, House of, 16, 21, 24, 38–39, 77, 215, 252, 295, 309
conflict over military philosophy within, 195–96, 200–203, 206–9
succession in, 195–96, 210–13, 217–20, 222–23, 224–34, 251, 255, 274–75, 361
sword of, 359
Otranto, 29, 38, 49, 58, 111, 372
Ottoman army, 34, 83, 258, 260–62, 260–63, 266, 288–89, 300, 303–6, 306, 332–33
Ottoman dynasty, 210–11. See also Osman, House of
Ottoman Empire, 11, 83, 113, 146–47, 396
in 1500, xiv–xv
administrative structures of, 326
Americas and, 385–96
anti-Semitism in, 181–82
armed forces of, 86
ascendancy in eastern Mediterranean, 25, 34, 58
captured Christians in, 378–80
capture of Algiers, 345
capture of Byzantine Empire, 7, 180
centrality of, 4–5
Christians in, 4–5, 65, 379, 383
competition for caliphate, 271, 273
construction of modern world by, 5
decline of, 4–5
dominance of, 17
ethnic minorities in, 79–80
expansion of, 11, 363–64, 370
flight of Jews to, 172–79
as God’s “lash of iniquity,” 377–78
Greek Orthodoxy in, 180
hegemony of, 2–5, 7, 10, 122, 292–93, 312–13, 324, 327, 333, 338–39, 402
imperial system of, 17, 20
influence of, 4–5, 375–81
Islamic law courts in, 68
Jews in, 166–82, 383
joint Mamluk–Safavid interests against, 275–77, 281–82
longevity of, 4–5
Luther’s views on, 375–81
Mamluk Empire and, 270–82
minority rule in, 65–66, 180–81, 379
North Africa and, 335–53
origins of, 5–6
as primary economic geopolitical power, 327
provincial governorships in, 78–79
realignment of power in North Africa and, 343–47
religious piety in, 381–83
Roman Empire and, 145–46
Saadian Empire and, 349–53
Selim’s reformulation of religious institutions and, 381–84
Shiite Muslims in, 330–33
slaves from, 163
slave trade and, 197–98
Spanish Empire and, 349–53
succession in, 21, 27–42, 43–59, 63–64, 79, 111, 195–96, 200–203, 206–13, 217–23, 224–34, 251, 255, 274–75, 361, 418n
Şahkulu and, 203–9
tolerance of religious minorities in, 55
trade and, 67–69, 86, 91–92, 99–100, 327–28, 386
triangular war in Morocco and, 349–53
Venetian Empire and, 26
wars with Mamluk Empire (see Ottoman–Mamluk wars)
welcoming of Jews to, 172–82, 204
Ottoman Interregnum, 418n
Ottoman lineage, 13
Ottoman–Mamluk wars, 49–50, 270–82, 284–92, 287, 296, 298–302, 303–4, 308, 325, 329, 333–34, 355, 370–72
Ottoman military, 20, 82–83
Ottoman navy, 86, 324, 328, 329–30
Ottoman royal family, 20–30. See also Osman, House of
Ottoman–Safavid wars, 253–69, 355, 370, 371
Otumba, Battle of, 145
Palestine, 94, 174, 391. See also Jerusalem
Jews in, 179
Palos de la Frontera, 123
Panama, slave rebellions in, 162
Parry, J. H., 125
Paul, apostle, 33
the Peloponnese, 225
Peñon, 338
Persia, 44
Persian Gulf, 268, 327, 332
Peru, 134–35
Pesaro, 172
La Pinta, 124, 125, 425n
Pinzón brothers (Francisco Martín, Martín Alonso, Vicente Yáñez), 425n
pious foundation. See vakıf
Piri Reis, 310–13, 327, 334, 342–43, 352, 353, 387
Pisa, 112
Pius II, Pope, 43, 417n
the plague, 323–24, 325, 357. See also Black Death
Plague of Justinian, 324
Pliny, 117
pogroms, 167
Poland, 329
political Islamism, 402–3
Polo, Marco, 66–67, 93, 94–95, 101, 117, 124, 125
Porto Santo, 105
Portugal, 17, 100, 104–5, 106. See also Portuguese Empire
flight of Jews to, 170–71, 172
Portuguese Empire, 78, 108–9, 250, 263–64, 270–71, 280, 282, 311–12, 316, 318–19, 345
captures Malacca, 222
Mamluk Empire and, 255, 313–16
Morocco and, 347
North Africa and, 448n
rise of, 268–69
Safavid Empire and, 327–28, 332
slave trade and, 150–51
sugar production and, 154
trade and, 317
Wolof people and, 161–62
Potosí, 340
Prester John, 315
princely households, 79
Protestantism, 271, 370–71, 384. See also Luther, Martin; Protestant Reformation
in Americas, 388
Islam and, 380–81
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br /> Protestant Reformation, 3, 329, 349, 352, 356, 369–71, 373, 375–81, 383–84, 388. See also Luther, Martin
Ptolemy, 117
Puerto Rico, 222
slave rebellions in, 162
Puritans, 388, 389, 390
Qaitbay, 39, 42, 270, 276, 278
Qazvin, 263–64, 266
Qur’an, 16, 22, 39, 73, 131, 179, 205, 271, 273, 337, 357, 363, 371, 381
Raidaniyya, 300, 301, 303–4, 303
Battle of, 303–4, 303
Ramadan, 39
Raqqa, 291
Realpolitik, 80
Rebellion of the Alpujarras, 337, 339
the Reconquista, 115, 118–21, 121, 123, 125, 131, 134, 143–44, 164–67, 165, 169, 335, 343, 386
Red-hats. See Kızılbaş
Red Sea, 277, 282, 299, 300, 313, 314–18, 328, 345, 352
religious reformation, 370–84
the Renaissance, 50–51, 86, 371–72
René of Anjou, 96, 97, 342
the Requirement (Requerimiento), 139–43, 144–45, 146, 164
Rhineland, 173
Rhodes, 41–42, 44–49, 47, 278, 329–30, 356, 364, 364, 365
Rightly Guided Caliphs, 271
Roman Empire, 10, 29, 145–46, 273, 372. See also Byzantine Empire; Holy Roman Empire
Rome, 50–54, 111, 263. See also Roman Empire
Rum, 145
Rumelia, 225
Rumi, poet, 33
Rushdie, Salman, 383
Russia, 3, 11, 67
Rusticello, 93
Sa‘adet Giray, 220, 221
Saadian Empire, 347–53
Safavid army, 261, 332–33
Safavid Empire, 3, 69, 86, 187, 203–4, 206–9, 249, 270–75, 279, 291–92, 350, 355, 362, 365, 384
Ahmed and, 244, 251
blockade of, 254
defeat of, 370, 371
Korkud and, 244
Mamluk Empire and, 255, 267–68, 281, 282
Portuguese Empire and, 327–28, 332
renewed threat of, 330–33
Selim and, 185–96, 197, 197, 200, 203, 206, 221, 250–69, 442–43n
the Safaviyya, 188–92. See also Safavid Empire
Safed, 179, 290
Safi al-Din, Shaykh, 185, 186, 188–96
Sahara Desert, 109, 308, 347, 348
the Sahel, 106
Salonica (Thessaloniki), 10, 166, 172–82, 176, 178, 204
Samothrace, 98–99
Samsun, 258
Sandys, George, 388
San Lorenzo Cathedral, 90–91
San Salvador, 126, 127
Santa Fe, Spain, 119
Santa María, 124, 128
Santiago Island, 150–51
Santiago Matamoros, 134–35, 135
Santo Domingo, 156–57
São Jorge da Mina, 109–10, 110, 117
São Tomé, 171
Sappho, poet, 341
Sardinia, 97, 172
Sarfati, Isaac, 173
Sasanian Empire, 324
satrapies, 79
Saudi Arabia, 402
Sayyid Muhammad Tuwalli, 114
Scotland, 373
seafaring, 214
