by Daniel Bell
organization man
organized complexity, in intellectual technology
ownership, as legal fiction
Panel on Social Indicators
Pareto optimality
parliament of science
participation, in polity
participatory democracy
Phillips Curve
physics, exponential growth of
planning, single-purpose vs. social
political forecasting
politics, and economic autonomy
executive vs. legislative power
foreign policy
interest groups
normative theory of
participatory
proportional representation
vs. rationality
representative government
as social control system
social planning
technical decision making
voting paradoxes
polity, social
pollution
population: exponential growth of
first census
rural vs. urban
populism
vs. elitism
postbourgeois society
post-capitalist society
post-civilized era
post-collectivist politics
post-economic society
post-historic man
post-ideological society
post-industrial society
as analytical construct
axial principles of
birth years
bureaucratiza-tion
collective regulation
as communal
coordination
cybernation revolution
decision theory
economic competition
education
and equality of opportunity
government
government, as employer
health
vs. industrial society
information mass
inflation
innovation
as knowledge society
knowledge, theoretical
labor issue
as meritocracy
multi-national corporations
natural resources limits
non-market welfare economics
non-profit sector
origin and use of term
participation, costs of
personal freedom vs. economic regulation
personal interaction costs
planning costs
political ethos
political issues
as post-scarcity society
vs. pre-in-dustrial and industrial societies
productivity
professionalism vs. populism
professional-technical class
property rights
R & D
schooling
science
science and technology
service economy
social control system
social structure of (schema)
technological planning
technical vs. political decisions
third-world countries
time, costs of
transaction costs
university and establishment culture
Utopianism
values
world income levels
zero growth
see also knowledge society
post-liberafera
post-literature culture
post-market society
post-Marxists
post-materialistic value system
post-maturity economy
post-modern society
post-organization society
post-Puritan, post-Protestant, and post-Christian era
post-scarcity society
post-socialist society
post-traditional societies
post-tribal society
post-welfare society
poverty
prediction, vs. forecasting
pre-industrial societies, vs. post-industrial
President’s Research Committee on Social Trends
President’s Science Advisory Committee
probability theory
productivity, goods vs. services
and industrial society
scientific
professionalism
professionalization
of the corporation
professional-technical class
alienation
credentialism
employment
estates of
in R & D
statuses vs. situses
union organization of
workers, as new working class
Progressive Labor Party
Project East River
project grants, in U.S., R & D support
Project Lincoln
Project Vista
proletariat
dictatorship of
external
vs. industrialization
and scientific-technological revolution
white-collar
Protestant ethic
public-interest law
public-opinion polling
quotas, and preferential hiring
Rand Corporation
rationality
vs. politics
rationalization
representation, proportional
research and development (R & D)
civilian oriented
federal budget percentage
revolution, cause of
of rising expectations
Ricardo-Marx-Solow model
Russell Sage Foundation
savings bank life insurance
scarcity, and dismal view of society
see also post-scarcity society
science: autonomy of
Big Science
bureaucratiza-tion of
and capitalism
as a career
as charismatic community
communalism
disestablishment of
disinterestedness
ethos of
exponential growth of
Gememschaft vs. Gesellschaft,
generalization
and government
and invention
messianic role
as occupational society
as organized skepticism
planning of
in post-industrial society
and public policy
research and development (R & D)
scientific establishment
spokesmen for
vs. technology
universalism
and war
science politics: ABM debate
A-bomb debate
Baruch plan
H-bomb debate
international control of atomic energy
Lysenko affair
massive retaliation
Oppenheimer case
organizational forms
R & D funds
Scientific City
scientific management
scientific-technological revolution
and proletariat, uo
Seminaron Technology and Social Change, Columbia University
service occupations
costs of
domestic
educational
health workers
inflation
non-profit sector
productivity
types of
unit enterprise size
women
Sherman Antitrust Act
sigmoid curve
situses, of professional-technical class
social accounting
crime index
economic opportunity and social mobility
health index
history of idea
life expectancy
lifetime-e
arn-ing-power index
mobility index
performance budget
pollution indexes
social costs and net returns
social ills measurement
social indicators
social planning
social attention cycle
social contract
Social Democratic Party (Germany)
social development: Henry Adams on
Aron on industrial society
Bruno R. case
bureaucracy
Clark on industrial society
convergence
Czechoslovakian studies
diffusion
Durkheim on industrial society
economic maturity
epidemic process
exponential growth
law of acceleration
law of social change
limits of growth
managerial revolution
Marxian theory of
population growth
rising expectations
Soviet bureaucracy
Soviet new class
Soviet views on
specialization of functions
Saint-Simon on industrial society
science-based industry
stationary state
structural differentiation
technocracy
technological imperatives
technetronic society
Weber on industrial society
social forecasting
social indicators
see also social accounting
socialism
class conflict
division of labor
scientific-technical revolution
secular
socialist ethic
as Utopia
socialist humanism
social mobility
and luck
social physics
social planning
social srratification
Marxian view
and meritocracy
property and inheritance
social structure
in bourgeois society
under capitalism
and culture
and political order
production vs. consumption
roles
and science-technology
social welfare function
sociologizing mode
corporations
individual vs. social goods
single-purpose vs. social planning
sociology
Czechoslovakian
of knowledge
political
rationality
Russian
social development, social planning
structural-functionalism
soviet of technicians
Soviet Union
Academy of Science, loon
atomic bomb
bureaucracy
as consumption society
convergence with U.S.
differential wages
education
Einsteinian physics
group power struggle
higher education
H-bomb
intelligentsia
labor force
Lysenko affair
meritocracy
as mobilized society
new class
science in
scientific community
scientific and technological revolution
social forecasting
social planning
social stratification
Sputnik
as state capitalism
technocracy in
square-cube law
state capitalism
status groups
steel production
Strategic Air Command
student revolts
as revolutionary model
super-industrial society
supersonic transport (SST)
Sweden
systems analysis
central city problem
decision theory
military
taxes, as social costs
teachers, unionization of
technetronic society
technocracy
class divisions
defined
eudaemonism
and Marxism
as meritocracy
vs. politicians
rationality
revolutionary class
scientific management
technological imperatives
technology: assessment
automation
change, defined
control of
and democracy
effects on culture
intellectual
planning of
and productivity, 303n
and theoretical knowledge
time-savers, economics of
trade unions
government workers
membership
professionals
teachers
violence
white-collar workers
see also labor force
transindustrial society
unemployment
Union Theological Seminary
United Kingdom
engineering profession
first census
industrialization
meritocracy
multinational corporations
planning of science
R & D support
social disparities
steel production
United States
agricultural productivity
basic vs. applied research
civilian oriented R & D
class structure
as color society
convergence with Soviets
defense R & D
early industrialization
educational structure
engineering profession
field distribution of R & D funds
foreign economic competition
full-employment budget
GNP, R & D percentage
Great Depression
input-output matrix
insulating space
living standard
mass consumption
as mass society
meritocracy
militarism
military technology
mission-oriented R & D
as mobilized society
multinational corporations
non-profit sector
per capita income
pluralism
population
poverty
power structure
pre-industrial
presidency, power of
project grants, for R & D
real wages
reinvestment capital
R & D budget percentage
R & D scientists and engineers
R & D support
and revolution
revolutionary class
science policy
scientists-engineers employment
service sector
social mobility
steel production
telephones, mail, and broadcasting
universities in R & D
violence
white-vs. blue-collar employment
as world service economy
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Department of Agriculture
U.S. Department of Commerce
U.S. Department of Defense
U.S. Department of Health, Education
and Welfare
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
U.S. Office of Education
university
exponential growth
internal differentiation
as meritocracy
minority group quotas
R & D
and science
scientific personnel
see also education, higher
urbanization
utility theory
Utopia
variables, mathematical
veil of ignorance
voting paradoxes
Vietnam war
welfare economics
white- vs. blue-collar employment, U.S.
white-collar class
women, working
workmen’s compensation
youth movement
Yugoslavia
* An ILO survey for 1970 is due to be published later in the decade. In 1969, however, the OECD in Paris published a breakdown of the labor force in West Europe, by sectors, which provides for the comparisons in Table 2.
1 Of course I do not claim that these contexts “exhaust” the ways of understanding the basic social structures of the world. As Janos Kornai, the Hungarian/Harvard economist, points out, there are two systems that have dominated the twentieth century—the capitalist system of private property and markets and the socialist/communist system of state ownership and bureaucracy. And he comments: “The history of this century has not produced any third system of this kind.”
But the nature of industrial society cuts across these divisions even though industry is managed in different ways in the capitalist and communist systems. One of the key arguments of this hook, deriving from Marx, is that if we de-couple the mode of production along the contrasting axes of social relations and techne, we have a fourfold way to contrast the different systems. For an illustration of this grid, see Figure I in die 1976 foreword.
Professor Kornai was one of the first economists to point out the inherent structural impediments to the operation of the communist system, in particular the ways that bureaucracy overrides budget constraints and prices and produces chronic shortages. The pamphlet I cite is an effort to deal with the problems of transitions of collectivist systems to market economies. See Janos Kornai, From Socialism to Capitalism (Social Market Foundation, London, 1998), p. 2.
2 For Karl Jaspers’s seminal discussion of “axial periods,” see The Origin and Goal of History (London, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1953), the translation of Vom Ursprung und Teil der Geschichte (1949), especially sections I and 5.
I have published an essay, “The Second Axial Age,” in die Leonardo project, a cooperative venture of a number of European newspapers organized by the Spanish paper El País (November 1, 1991).
The theme of the second axial age is die framework of an unpublished manuscript on technology, which includes, as well, my lectures “The Break-up of Space and Time: Technology and Society in a Post-Industrial Age,” given as the plenary lecture at the American Sociological Association (August 20, 1992), and my lecture at the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (February 10, 1993) when I received the Talcott Parsons medal for the Social Sciences.
3 A first such grid of these changes appears in die book in chapter one. I have written a modified version of that grid, incorporating the contrasts I discuss here, in a schema that appears at die end of this new foreword.
4 The data in these two sections ate taken from tables 645, 649, and 693 of the Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1997.
5 Journal of Economic Literature, March 1998. De Long is Professor of Economics at the University of California at Berkeley and a former Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Treasury. De Long was answering on his Web site some of the extravagant claims about the new economy and trying to single out what he thought was distinctively new. It is an amusing exercise and can be found on his Web site: delong @econ.berkeley.edu.
