by James Gleick
Shuttle Criticality Review Hazard Analysis Audit Committee. 1988. Post-Challenger Evaluation of Space Shuttle Risk Assessment and Management. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences Press.
Silberman, Charles E. 1985. A Certain People: American Jews and Their Lives Today. New York: Summit.
Simonton, Dean Keith. 1984. Genius, Creativity, and Leadership: Historiometric Inquiries. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
——. 1989. Scientific Genius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sitwell, Edith. 1943. Street Songs. London: Macmillan.
——. 1987. Façade. London: Duckworth.
Sklar, Lawrence. 1974. Space, Time, and Spacetime. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Slater, John C. 1955. Modern Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
——. 1963. Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids. Vol. 1. New York: McGraw-Hill.
——. 1975. Solid-State and Molecular Theory: A Scientific Biography. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Slater, John C, and Frank, Nathaniel H. 1933. Introduction to Theoretical Physics. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Smith, Alice Kimball. 1965. A Peril and a Hope: The Scientists’ Movement in America 1945–47. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Smith, Alice Kimball, and Weiner, Charles. 1980. Robert Oppenheimer: Letters and Reflections. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Smith, Cyril Stanley. 1981. A Search for Structure. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Smith, F. B. 1988. The Retreat of Tuberculosis 1850–1950. London: Croom Helm.
Smyth, H. D. 1945. Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Smyth, H. D., and Wilson, Robert R. 1942. “The Isotron Method.” Isotron Report no. 18, 20 August. SMY.
Snow, C. P. 1981. The Physicists. Boston: Little, Brown.
Solomon, Saul. 1952. Tuberculosis. New York: Coward-McCann.
Sopka, Katherine Russell. 1980. Quantum Physics in America: 1920–1935. New York: Arno Press.
Stabler, Howard P. 1967. “Teaching from Feynman.” Physics Today, March, 47.
Starr, Kevin. 1985. Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Steinberg, Stephen. 1971. “How Jewish Quotas Began.” Commentary, September.
Stigler, George. 1985. “Sex and the Single Physicist.” Wall Street Journal, 3 May, 21.
Storch, Sylvia. 1966. “A Nobel-Prize Winner Comes Home.” Highpoints (Board of Education of the City of New York), June, 5.
Stückelberg, E. C. G. 1941. “Remarque à propos de la Création de Paires de Particules en Théorie de Relativité.” Helvetica Physica Acta 14:588.
Stuewer, Roger H. 1975. “G. N. Lewis on Detailed Balancing, the Symmetry of Time, and the Nature of Light.” Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 6:469.
Stuewer, Roger H., ed. 1979. Nuclear Physics in Retrospect: Proceedings of a Symposium on the 1930s. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Sudarshan, E. C. G. 1983. “Midcentury Adventures in Particle Physics.” In Brown et al. 1989, 40.
Sudarshan, E. C. G, and Marshak, Robert E. 1984. “Origin of the V-A Theory.” Talk at International Conference on Fifty Years of Weak Interactions, Racine, Wis., 29 May–1 June.
Sudarshan, E. C. G., and Ne’eman, Yuval, eds. 1973. The Past Decade in Particle Theory. London: Gordon and Breach.
Sudarshan, E. C. G.; Tinlot, J. H.; and Melissinos, A. C., eds. 1960. Proceedings of the 1960 Annual International Conference on High Energy Physics at Rochester. 25 August–1 September. New York: Interscience.
Taylor, Calvin, and Barron, Frank, eds. 1963. Scientific Creativity: Its Recognition and Development. New York: Wiley and Sons.
Taylor, J. C. 1976. Gauge Theories of Weak Interactions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Teich, Malvin C. 1986. “An Incessant Search for New Approaches.” Physics Today, September, 61.
Telegdi, Valentine L. 1972. “Crucial Experiments on Discrete Symmetries.” In Mehra 1973, 457.
Teller, Michael E. 1988. The Tuberculosis Movement: A Public Health Campaign in the Progressive Era. New York: Greenwood Press.
Tobey, Ronald C. 1971. The American Ideology of National Science 1919–1930. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Tomonaga, Shin’ichiro. 1966. “Development of Quantum Electrodynamics: Personal Recollections.” In Nobel Lectures: Physics 1963–1970. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Torretti, Roberto. 1990. Creative Understanding: Philosophical Reflections on Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Toulmin, Stephen. 1953. The Philosophy of Science. New York: Harper and Row.
Traweek, Sharon. 1988. Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Tricker, R. A. R. 1966. The Contributions of Faraday and Maxwell to Electrical Science. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Trigg, George L. 1975. Landmark Experiments in Twentieth Century Physics. New York: Crane, Russak.
Ulam, Stanislaw M. 1976. Adventures of a Mathematician. New York: Scribner.
Underwood, E. Ashworth. 1937. Manual of Tuberculosis for Nurses and Public Health Workers. Second edition. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone.
Von Neumann, John. 1955. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Waksman, Selman A. 1964. The Conquest of Tuberculosis. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Watson, James D. 1968. The Double Helix. New York: Atheneum.
Weart, Spencer R. 1988. Nuclear Fear: A History of Images. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Weaver, Jefferson Hane, ed. 1987. The World of Physics. 3 volumes. New York: Simon and Schuster.
Weinberg, Steven. 1977a. “The Search for Unity: Notes for a History of Quantum Field Theory.” Daedalus 106:17.
——. 1977b. The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe. New York: Basic Books.
——. 1981. “Einstein and Spacetime: Then and Now.” Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 125:20.
——. 1987. “Towards the Final Laws of Physics.” In Feynman and Weinberg 1987, 61.
Weisskopf, Victor F. 1947. “Foundations of Quantum Mechanics: Outline of Topics for Discussion.” Typescript. OPP.
——.1980. “Growing Up with Field Theory: The Development of Quantum Electrodynamics.” In Brown and Hoddeson 1983, 56.
——. 1991. The Joy of Insight: Passions of a Physicist. New York: Basic Books.
Welton, T. A. 1983. “Memories.” Manuscript. CIT.
Weyl, Hermann. 1922. Space—Time—Matter. Translated by Henry L. Brose. New York: Dover.
——. 1949. Philosophy of Mathematics and Natural Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
——. 1952. Symmetry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Wheeler, John Archibald. 1948. “Conference on Physics: Pocono Manor, Pennsylvania, 30 March–1 April, 1948.” Mimeographed notes.
——. 1979a. “Some Men and Moments in the History of Nuclear Physics.” In Stuewer 1979, 217.
——. 1979b. “Beyond the Black Hole.” In Woolf 1980, 341.
——. 1985 “Not Consciousness, but the Distinction between the Probe and the Probed, as Central to the Elemental Quantum Act of Observation.” Lecture at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, 8 January.
——. 1989. “The Young Feynman.” Physics Today, February, 24.
Wheeler, John Archibald, and Ruffini, Remo. 1971. “Introducing the Black Hole.” Physics Today, 24.
Wheeler, John Archibald, and Wigner, Eugene P. 1942. Report of the Readers of Richard P. Feynman’s Thesis on “The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics.” Typescript, PUL.
Wheeler, John Archibald, and Zurek, Wojciech Hibert. 1983. Quantum Theory and Measurement. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
White, D. Hywel; Sullivan, Daniel; and Bar
boni, Edward J. 1979. “The Interdependence of Theory and Experiment in Revolutionary Science: The Case of Parity Violation.” Social Studies of Science 9:303.
Whitrow, G. J. 1980. The Natural Philosophy of Time. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Wiener, Norbert. 1956. I Am a Mathematician: The Later Life of a Prodigy. Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday.
Wigner, Eugene P., ed. 1947. Physical Science and Human Values. Princeton Bicentennial Conference on the Future of Nuclear Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Williams, L. Pearce. 1966. The Origins of Field Theory. New York: Random House.
Williams, Michael R. 1985. A History of Computing Technology. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.
Williams, Robert Chadwell. 1987. Klaus Fuchs, Atom Spy. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Wilson, Jane, ed. 1975. All in Our Time: The Reminiscences of Twelve Nuclear Pioneers. Chicago: Educational Foundation for Nuclear Sciences.
Wilson, Robert R. 1942. “Isotope Separator: General Description.” Isotron Report no. 1. SMY.
——. 1958. Review of Brighter Than a Thousand Suns. In Scientific American, December, 145.
——. 1972. “My Fight Against Team Research.” In Holton 1972, 468.
——. 1974. “A Recruit for Los Alamos.” In J. Wilson 1975, 142.
Woolf, Harry, ed. 1980. Some Strangeness in the Proportion: A Centennial Symposium to Celebrate the Achievements of Albert Einstein. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley.
Wright, Kenneth W.; Monroe, James; and Beck, Frederick. 1990. “A History of the Ray Brook State Tuberculosis Hospital.” New York State Journal of Medicine 90, 406.
Yang, Chen Ning. 1957. “The Law of Parity Conservation and Other Symmetry Laws in Physics.” Nobel lecture, 11 December 1957. In Nobel Lectures: Physics. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1964.
——. 1962. Elementary Particles: A Short History of Some Discoveries in Atomic Physics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
——. 1983. “Particle Physics in the Early 1950s.” In Brown et al. 1989, 40.
Yang, Chen Ning.; Cole, J. A.; Good, M.; Hwa, R.; and Lee-Franzini, J., eds. 1969. High Energy Collisions: Third International Conference. London: Gordon and Breach.
Yukawa, Hideki. 1973. Creativity and Intuition: A Physicist Looks East and West. Translated by John Bester. Tokyo: Kodansha.
Zeman, Jin, ed. 1971. Time in Science and Philosophy. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Ziman, John. 1978. Reliable Knowledge: An Exploration of the Grounds for Belief in Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
——. 1992. “Unknotting Epistemology.” Nature 355:408.
Zuckerman, Harriet. 1977. Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States. New York: The Free Press.
Zurek, Wojciech Hubert; van der Merwe, Alwyn; and Miller, Warner Allen, eds. 1988. Between Quantum and Cosmos: Studies and Essays in Honor of John Archibald Wheeler. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zweig, George. 1981. “Origins of the Quark Model.” In Baryon ’80: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Baryon Resonances. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
INDEX
Aberdeen Proving Ground (Md.), 182
absorber theory, see Wheeler-Feynman electrodynamics
action, 59–61, 131–32, 226, 229, 247–48. See also least action, principle of Planck’s constant and, 71
action at a distance, 101–2, 128
Aldrich, Arnold, 419–20
algebra, 29–30, 33–34, 36, 183, 362, 401
Alice in Wonderland (Carroll), 124
Alpert, Richard, 406
American Broadcasting Corporation, 378
American Museum of Natural History (New York), 25
American Physical Society, 53
meetings, 40, 117, 252, 270, 301, 354–55, 411–12
Ampère, Andrè-Marie, 320
analogy, 404
Anderson, Carl, 81, 253
anthropology, 287, 290
antigravity, 295, 407
antimatter, 7, 122, 253–54, 305, 334, 407
and time reversal, 82, 123, 258, 272–73
anti-Semitism, 23, 49, 53, 62, 84–85, 167, 233
Archimedes, 315
Aristotle, 359
Armstrong, Neil, 417, 423
Army, United States, 137, 182, 414–15
Feynman as consultant, 295
Los Alamos and, 161, 187, 192–93, 198–99
Oppenheimer and, 158–59
secrecy and, 166, 169
Ashkin, Julius, 192
Associated Press, 378
astrology, 373–74
athletics, 327–28
atom, 36–39, 58–59, 114. See also hydrogen; uranium
models of, 5, 71–72, 95, 99, 241–43
nucleus, 9, 79–80, 89–90, 130, 264, 307, 392
atomic bomb. See also Los Alamos
Bethe-Feynman formula, 6, 168
chain reaction, 161–63, 172–73, 197
computation, 175–82, 201
dragon experiment, 196
effect on physics, 4, 203, 207–11, 216, 232, 294–95, 376, 431
guilt over, 3, 156, 203, 207–9, 213, 263–64
Hiroshima, 156, 203–4, 210, 218, 237, 263
isotron project, 139–45
Nagasaki, 156, 203, 210
official history, 164
origins of, 95, 136, 139
postwar consequences of, 156, 207–11, 213, 218, 233, 278, 294–95, 340, 431
practical difficulties, 163–65, 170–73, 181
predetonation, 6, 168–69
radioactivity, 197–99
Russian, 278, 297–98
space travel and, 218–19
theorists’ role, 155, 163–65, 173–74, 181
Trinity test, 6, 65–66, 153–57, 203
atomic energy, 218, 339
Atomic Energy Commission, 209, 211, 277, 295–96
AT&T Bell Laboratories, see Bell Telephone Laboratories
Auden, W. H., 7–8
aurora borealis, 27, 436, 437
Baade, Walter, 293
Baba Ram Das, see Alpert, Richard
Babbage, Charles, 180
Bacher, Robert F., 210–11, 277–78, 338
Bacon, Francis, 429
Bacon, Roger, 68, 314
bacteria, 349–51
Bader, Abram, 60–61, 362
Bainbridge, Kenneth, 155
Barber, Edwin, 411 n
Bardeen, John, 303
Barschall, Heinz, 96
Bartkey, Walter, 293
Baudelaire, Charles-Pierre, 318
Bayside Cemetery (New York), 26, 220–21
Beethoven, Ludwig van, 318
Beggs, James, 421, 427
Bell, Alexander Graham, 40, 319
Bell, Mary Louise (second wife), 287, 291–94
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 85, 137–38, 182, 354
Bergman, Ingrid, 223
Bernal, J. D., 315–16
Bernoulli, Daniel, 39
Bernstein, Jeremy, 277
Besicovitch, A. S., 236
beta decay, 272, 309, 330–39
Bethe, Hans, 53, 176–78, 216, 233, 255–59, 287, 386
background, 166–67, 289
consulting, 223
at Cornell, 204–5, 226–28, 269–70, 277, 278, 293–94
and Dyson, 235, 238–39, 266–67
and Feynman, 165–66, 169, 184, 212, 241, 249, 262, 296
as genius, 322
Lamb shift calculation, 239–40, 251–52
at Los Alamos, 165–69, 171, 173, 180, 198, 202–3
mental arithmetic, 14–15, 175–77
Nobel Prize, 377
nuclear physics, 80, 167
physical intuition, 166–67, 305
prewar research, 138
renormalization, 239–40, 252
Schwinger and, 216
Bethe, Henry, 241
Bethe, Rose, 202, 289
Bethe-Feynman formula, 6, 168
&nbs
p; Bhagavad Gita, 155
Bhopal chemical disaster, 416
bikini, 339
bird watching, 28–29, 308, 388
Birge, Raymond T., 85, 184, 204
Bjorken, James D., 393–94
black hole, 93, 353
Blake, William, 318
Block, Martin, 333, 335
Bohr, Aage, 258
Bohr, Niels, 5, 10, 15, 41, 130, 243–44, 279–80, 292
atomic model, 38, 71–72, 99, 242
complementarity, 40, 54, 247
criticism of Feynman, 8, 226, 258
as genius, 322
liquid-drop model, 95, 139
at Los Alamos, 8, 257
Nobel Prize, 376
at Pocono, 5, 8, 255–58
Wheeler and, 93–95
Bondi, Hermann, 125–26
bootstrap model, 369–70
Boscovich, Ruggiero, 39
Boyle, Robert, 38–39
Braun, Wernher von, 414
Brazil
appeal to Americans, 278
Feynman in, 278, 282–87, 337, 341
physics in, 278, 283–84
Brewster’s Law, 283
Bridgman, Percy, 101
Broglie, Louis de, 73
Bronk, Detlev W., 383–84
Brookhaven National Laboratory for Nuclear Research, 53, 209
Cahn, Judah, 219–21
calculating, mental, 9–10, 33–36, 175–78, 328–29
calculating machines, 83, 124, 138, 176, 179–82, 355
California Institute of Technology, 281–82
Atheneum, 388
cafeteria, 12, 388
cosmic ray research, 81, 253
Einstein at, 281
Engineering and Science, 355–56
Feynman at, 277–78, 282–83, 293–94, 311, 338, 340–41, 349, 357–63, 379, 398, 404, 406–7, 412, 435, 437
Gell-Mann at, 311, 338, 340–41, 407
genetics, 349–51
government financing, 386, 406
growth of, 277, 281–82
Kellogg Radiation Laboratory, 282
liquid helium experiments, 302
nuclear physics, 281
physics colloquium, 404
physics teaching, 12, 277, 295, 357–63, 404–405
Physics X, 12, 398, 417
women at, 412
California, University of, at Berkeley, 53, 85, 130, 136, 141, 143, 163, 166, 184, 204, 209, 210, 216, 255–56
Cambridge University, 53, 159, 166, 236, 238, 315, 317
Case, Kenneth, 270–72, 282
