by Mary Grabar
60. “Nine Alabama Men Saved from Lynchers,” Chicago Defender, April 4, 1931, 1.
61. “10,000 Hear Boy Rapists Sentenced,” Pittsburgh Courier, April 18, 1931, 4; “Eight Boys Sentenced to Chair in Alabama,” Chicago Defender, April 18, 1931, 11; “Sentence of Octet to Electric Chair in One Day is Nation’s Record,” Afro-American, April 18, 1931, 4.
62. “N.A.A.C.P. Defends 9 Ala. Youths, To Appeal Case,” Afro-American, May 2, 1931, 7; George D. Tyler, “Reds Tie Up Harlem Cops; Parade in Protest Against Ala. Outrage,” Afro-American, May 2, 1931, 7.
63. “I.L.D. Says It Represents All Eight Alabama Boys,” Afro-American, May 16, 1931, 7.
64. “Darrow May Defend Ala. Boys,” Pittsburgh Courier, May 16, 1931, 1.
65. “Lawyers Busy in Scottsboro,” Pittsburgh Courier, May 23, 1931, 1.
66. “Negro Pastors Assail Labor Defense Body,” New York Times, May 24, 1931, N6.
67. “Reds Threaten DePriest,” Chicago Defender, June 20, 1931, 1.
68. George B. Murphy, Jr. “Pickens Heckled by Communist Leaders in New York and Boston,” Afro-American, July 4, 1931, 1.
69. “ ‘Red’ Speakers Heckled NAACP Pa. Conference,” Afro-American, July 11, 1931, 16.
70. “Blames ‘Black Laws’ in Scottsboro Case,” New York Times, July 4, 1931, 19.
71. “Fight for Doomed Negroes,” New York Times, July 1, 1931, 9.
72. “The Week,” The New Republic, July 29, 193, 270–1.
73. Walter White, “The Negro and the Communists,” Harper’s Magazine, December 1931, reprinted in Philip S. Foner and Herbert Shapiro, eds., American Communism and Black Americans: A Documentary History, 1930–1934 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), 285–86.
74. James Goodman, Stories of Scottsboro (New York: Random House, 1994), 394.
75. Ibid., 202.
76. Ibid., 203–4.
77. George Schuyler, Views and Reviews, Pittsburgh Courier, August 15, 1931, 10.
78. George Schuyler, Views and Reviews, Pittsburgh Courier, August 29, 1931.
79. George Schuyler, Views and Reviews, Pittsburgh Courier, May 6, 1933.
80. George Schuyler, Black and Conservative (New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1966), 218–19.
81. “Another Communist ‘Victory,’ ” Pittsburgh Courier, June 23, 1934, 10.
82. Zinn, A People’s History, 448.
83. Ibid., 448–49.
84. Ibid., 449-450.
85. Howard Zinn, “A Fate Worse Than Integration,” Harper’s Monthly 219: 1311 (August 1959), 53–56.
86. Howard Zinn, “A Case of Quiet Social Change,” Crisis 66: 8 (October 1959), 471–76.
87. Zinn, A People’s History, 450.
88. Walter G. Hooke to Howard Zinn, July 21, 1995, Howard Zinn Papers, Tammament Library, New York University, Box 10.
89. Zinn, A People’s History, 451.
90. Trezzvant W. Anderson, “How Has Dramatic Bus Boycott Affected Negroes?” Pittsburgh Courier, November 9, 1957, B1.
91. Zinn, A People’s History, 465.
92. Ibid., 454.
93. Ibid., 455.
94. Ibid., 456–57.
95. Ibid., 457.
96. Lauren Feeney, “Two Versions of John Lewis’ Speech,” Bill Moyers & Company, July 24, 2013, http://billmoyers.com/content/two-versions-of-john-lewis-speech/.
97. Gene Roberts, “The Story of Snick: From ‘Freedom High’ to ‘Black Power,’ ” New York Times Magazine, September 25, 1966, 27.
98. David Lawrence, “Root of the Riots: Provocative Speeches,” Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, August 1, 1967, 10A.
99. Michael Javen Fortner, Black Silent Majority: The Rockefeller Drug Laws and the Politics of Punishment (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2015), 165–66.
100. Ibid., 184–85.
101. Zinn, A People’s History, 458.
102. Ibid., 454.
103. Cohen, Howard Zinn’s Southern Diary, 143.
104. Zinn, A People’s History, 464.
105. Howard Zinn, “Conclusion: Fighting Back,” in Justice in Everyday Life: The Way It Really Works (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1974), 355.
106. Howard Zinn, “The New Radicalism,” originally published as “Marxism and the New Left,” in The New Left (Boston: Porter Sargent, 1969), republished in The Zinn Reader (New York: Seven Stories Press, 1997), 620–32.
107. Zinn, A People’s History, 458.
108. Schuyler, Black and Conservative, 345.
109. Zinn, A People’s History 459.
110. Ibid., 460.
111. George Schuyler, “Anatomy of Black Insurrection,” typescript, August 18, 1965, George Schuyler Papers, Special Collections Research Center, Syracuse University Libraries.
112. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (New York: The New York Times Company, 1968), 251.
113. Zinn, A People’s History, 460–1.
114. Manning Marable, Malcolm X: A Life of Reinvention (New York: Viking, 2011), 432–36.
115. Zinn, A People’s History, 461.
116. Elizabeth Harrington, “Park Service Cancels Funding for Project ‘Honoring Legacy’ of Black Panther Party,” Washington Free Beacon, October 24, 2017, http://freebeacon.com/issues/park-service-cancels-funding-project-honoring-legacy-black-panther-party/.
117. Michael Moynihan, “Whitewashing the Black Panthers,” The Daily Beast, July 15, 2015.
118. David Horowitz, The Black Book of the American Left (New York: Encounter Books, 2013), 27, 44–55.
119. Zinn, A People’s History, 461.
120. Ibid., 463.
121. Ibid., 462.
122. George Schuyler, Jay Parker, Myrna Bain, Thomas Matthews, “The Right Wing Negro,” Pacifica Radio, WBAI, March 26, 1967, moderated and produced by Charles Childs and Charles Hobson.
123. Fortner, Black Silent Majority, 80–1.
124. Zinn, A People’s History, 464–65.
125. Ibid., 468.
126. Ibid., 518.
Chapter Eight: Ho, Ho, Ho Chi Minh! Howard Zinn and the Commies Win!
1. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 469.
2. Anne Applebaum, Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe, 1944–1956 (New York: Doubleday, 2012), 436; John Lewis Gaddis, The Cold War: A History (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), 33. Gaddis states that it had “never been established” whether Jan Masaryk “jumped or was pushed.”
3. Zinn, A People’s History, 429–30.
4. Ibid., 469.
5. Ibid., 470.
6. Fredrik Logevall, Embers of War: The Fall of an Empire and the Making of America’s Vietnam (New York: Random House, 2012), 10–14.
7. Ibid., 16–17.
8. Stephen J. Morris, “The Bad War,” Weekly Standard, October 13, 2017, http://www.weeklystandard.com/the-bad-war/article/2010065; It should be noted that Fredrik Logevall, who, unlike Zinn, does fully acknowledge Ho Chi Minh’s dedication to international communism and Stalinism, sees, however, no contradiction between Ho’s “emphasis on patriotism and national unity, and the internationalism of the Commintern,” because “the Comintern did not deny colonized peoples the right to celebrate their past or to try to throw off their oppressors.” Logevall, Embers of War, 36.
9. Ron Radosh, “The Vietnam War Documentary: How Burns and Novick Fail to Portray Ho Chi Minh Accurately,” PJ Media, October 10, 2017. https://pjmedia.com/ronradosh/2017/10/10/vietnam-war-documentary-burns-novick-fail-portray-ho-chi-minh-accurately/.
10. Logevall, Embers of War, 18–19.
11. Morris, “The Bad War.”
12. Logevall, Embers of War, 19.
13. Ibid., 34–43.
14. Ibid., 48–49.
15. Ibid., 53–58.
16. Ibid., 78.
17. Milton J. Bates, et al., eds., Reporting Vietnam Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975 (New York: The Library of America, 1998), 772.
19. Bates, et al., eds., Reporting Vietnam, 772.
20. Mark Moyar, Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 16–19.
21. Logevall, Embers, 82-85, 100-101; R. Harris Smith, OSS: The Secret History of America’s First Intelligence Agency (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1972), 334.
22. Logevall, Embers of War, 104.
23. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, 17.
24. Ibid., 1–2.
25. Logevall, Embers of War, 102.
26. Howard Zinn, Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal (Boston: Beacon Press, 1967), 81, 101.
27. “Ho Sees Vietnam Aided,” New York Times, August 24, 1949, 15; “Aid by China’s Reds to Vietminh Bared,” New York Times, August 13, 1950, 1; “Vietminh Getting Arms, French Say,” New York Times, December 19, 1954, 7.
28. Bates, et al., eds., Reporting Vietnam, 774-45.
29. Jonathan Leaf, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties (Washington, D.C.: Regnery, 2009), 186.
30. Zinn, Vietnam, 89, 101.
31. Lewis Sorley, A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Years in Vietnam (New York: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1999), 275.
32. Zinn, A People’s History, 471.
33. Ibid.
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower, The President’s News Conference, April 7, 1954, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=10202.
35. “250,000 Vietnamese Flee Reds, Far Exceeding Expected Exodus,” New York Times, September 18, 1954, 1; Nguyen Duc Thanh, “To Aid the Vietnamese,” letters to the Times, October 10, 1954, E10; “479,000 Quit North Vietnam,” New York Times, November 7, 1954, 14.
36. Milton J. Bates, et al., eds., Reporting Vietnam Part One: American Journalism 1959–1969 (New York: The Library of America, 1998), 780.
37. Norman Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 55.
38. Zinn, A People’s History, 472.
39. Ibid.
40. Oscar Handlin, “Arawaks” (review of A People’s History of the United States by Howard Zinn), American Scholar 49: 4 (autumn 1980), 546, 548, 550.
41. Howard Zinn and Oscar Handlin, “Arawaks,” American Scholar, 50: 3 (summer 1981), 431–32.
42. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 41.
43. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, 30–31.
44. Logevall, Embers of War, 612–13.
45. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 42.
46. Zinn, A People’s History, 472.
47. Ibid.
48. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, 64–66.
49. Ibid., 231–32.
50. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 198.
51. James L. Tyson, “Land Reform in Vietnam: A Progress Report,” Asian Affairs: An American Review 1: 1(1973), 32–41.
52. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, xiv–xv.
53. Morris, “The Bad War.”
54. Logevall, Embers of War, 107.
55. Ibid., 172.
56. Morris, “The Bad War.”
57. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, xiv.
58. Zinn, A People’s History, 473.
59. Ibid.
60. Douglas Pike, Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press, 1967), viii, 110.
61. Ibid., 110.
62. Zinn, A People’s History, 473.
63. Pike, Viet Cong, 111.
64. Ibid., 120–22.
65. Ibid., 111.
66. Ibid., 130.
67. Ibid., 247.
68. Ibid., 248.
69. Ibid., xi–xii.
70. Mary Susannah Robbins, Against the War: Writings by Activists (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999), 4–37.
71. Zinn, A People’s History, 474.
72. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, xvi.
73. Ibid., 216–17. See note 53 on page 216 and notes 54–55 on page 217.
74. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 203.
75. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, 254–56.
76. Zinn, A People’s History, 471.
77. Ibid.
78. “Statement of Policy by the National Security Council on United States Objectives and Courses of Action with Respect to Southeast Asia,” Office of the Historian, Department of State, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v12p1/d36.
79. Zinn, A People’s History, 472.
80. The Pentagon Papers, the Senator Gravel Edition, ed. by Howard Zinn and Noam Chomsky, vol. 1 (Beacon Press: Boston, 1971), 85.
81. Ibid.
82. Zinn, A People’s History, 475.
83. U. Alexis Johnson, “The United States and Southeast Asia,” Address Made Before the Economic Club of Detroit, April 8, 1963, Department of State Bulletin, April 29, 1963, 636. Reprinted in The Pentagon Papers, 817–18.
84. Zinn, A People’s History, 475.
85. Lyndon B. Johnson, “Radio and Television Report to the American People Following Renewed Aggression in the Gulf of Tonkin,” American Presidency Project, August 4, 1964, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=26418.
86. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 71.
87. Moyar, Triumph Forsaken, 321.
88. Ibid., 322. See note 61.
89. Zinn, A People’s History, 479.
90. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam 187–88.
91. Ibid., 118–19.
92. Ibid., 184.
93. Zinn, A People’s History, 480.
94. Handlin, “Arawaks.”
95. Zinn and Handlin, “Arawaks.”.
96. Morris, “The Bad War.”
97. Ibid.; Sorley, A Better War, 14.
98. Larry Schweikart and Michael Allen, A Patriot’s History of the United States: From Columbus’s Great Discovery to the War on Terror (New York: Penguin, 2004), 694; Morris, “The Bad War”.
99. Podhoretz, Why We Were in Vietnam, 116–17, 125.
100. Morris, “The Bad War”; Schweikart and Allen, A Patriot’s History, 694–95.
101. Zinn, A People’s History, 478.
102. Andrew R. Finlayson, “A Retrospective on Counterinsurgency Operations,” Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol51no2/a-retrospective-on-counterinsurgency-operations.html#top.
103. Morris, “The Bad War.”
104. Lewis Sorley, A Better War: The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America’s Last Years in Vietnam (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1999), 217–18.
105. Leaf, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties, 186.
106. William E. Colby, Lost Victory: A Firsthand Account of America’s Sixteen-Year Involvement in Vietnam (New York: Contemporary Books, 1989), 320–25.
107. Robert Peter Hager, “Teaching Students about the Vietnam War: The Case for Balance,” Democracy and Security, Vol. 13, No. 4, 304–35.
108. Leaf, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties, 186.
109. Ibid., 188.
110. Schweikart and Allen, A Patriot’s History, 689–91.
111. Sorley, A Better War, 287–89.
112. Zinn, A People’s History, 469.
113. Ibid., 485, 483.
114. Ibid., 486.
115. Ibid. 488–89.
116. “Around the Nation,” New York Times, June 21, 1979, 14; Saundra Saperstein, “Viet Protester Surrenders,” Washington Post, June 21, 1979; “Carl Schoettler, “Death of an Idealist, Proud Catonsville Nine Member Remembered,” Baltimore Sun, July 14, 1995.
117. Zinn, A People’s History, 490.
118. Ibid., 490–92.
119. Ibid., 490.
120. Leaf, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties, 16–17.
121. Zinn, A People’s History, 492–93.
122. Michael S. Foley, Confronting the War Machine: Draft Resistance During the Vietnam War (Chapel Hill: The University of North Ca
rolina Press, 2003), 96, 100.
123. Zinn, A People’s History, 494–95.
124. Ibid., 495.
125. Swift Vets and POWs for Truth, “Swift Veterans Letter to John Kerry,” May 4, 2004, http://www.swiftvets.com/article.php?story=20040629220813790.
126. Howard Zinn, letter to Alice Walker, April 19, 1966 or 1967, Alice Walker Papers, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library, Emory University.
127. Zinn, A People’s History, 497–98.
128. Philip Caputo, “Running Again—the Last Retreat,” in Milton J. Bates, et al., eds., Reporting Vietnam Part Two: American Journalism 1969–1975 (New York: The Library of America, 1998), 527–30.
129. Colby, Lost Victory, 6.
130. Leaf, The Politically Incorrect Guide to the Sixties, 183.
131. Morris, “The Bad War.”
132. Sorley, A Better War, 383.
133. Zinn, A People’s History, 498.
134. Mark Moyar, “A Warped Mirror,” City Journal, October 20, 2017, https://www.city-journal.org/html/warped-mirror-15531.html.
135. Zinn, A People’s History, 501.
136. Sir! No Sir! Zinn Education Project, https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/sir-no-sir/; The Most Dangerous Man in America, Zinn Education Project; Howard Zinn, adapted by Rebecca Stefoff, A Young People’s History of the United States (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2009), 304.
137. John M. Dunn, The Vietnam War: A History of U.S. Involvement (San Diego: Lucent Books, 2001), 15.
Chapter Nine: Howard Zinn, the Founders, and Us
1. Howard Zinn, A People’s History of the United States (New York: HarperCollins, 2003), 77.
2. Ibid., 79.
3. Ibid., 83.
4. Ibid., 77.
5. Ibid., 81.
6. Ibid., 84.
7. Ibid., 80.
8. Ibid., 84.
9. Samuel H. Beer, ed. The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels (Harvard University Press, 1955), 26, 31.
10. Stanley Lebergott, The Americans: An Economic Record (New York: Norton & Company, 1984), 26–27.
11. Ibid.
12. Ibid., 11.
13. Ibid., 30.
14. Ibid., 45–46.
15. Ibid., 54.
16. Zinn, A People’s History, 90.
17. Ibid., 90–91.
18. Ibid., 98–99.
19. Forrest McDonald, Recovering the Past: A Historian’s Memoir (Lawrence: The University of Kansas Press, 2004), 68–74.
