54 K. Marx, “Toward a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction,” Early Texts, 115.
55 For overviews of Marx’s views on religion, see D. McLellan, Marxism and Religion: A Description and Assessment of the Marxist Critique of Christianity (New York: Harper & Row, 1987) and W. Post, Kritik der Religion bei Karl Marx (Munich: Kösel, 1969).
56 K. Marx, “Toward a Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right: Introduction,” Early Texts, 115.
57 F. Engels, Ludwig Feuerbach and the Outcome of Classical German Philosophy (New York: International Publishers, 1941), 18.
58 On this point, see A. W. Wood, Karl Marx, 2nd ed. (New York and London: Routledge, 2004), 3–15.
59 In this connection, I concur with McLellan’s observation that “The paradigmatic use that Marx made of the criticism of religion is shown by the number of times he introduces an economic point with a religious parallel.” D. McLellan, David, The Young Hegelians and Karl Marx (New York: F.A. Praeger, 1969), 80–1.
60 Cf. M. Stirner, The Ego and Its Own, ed. D. Leopold (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), which includes an editorial introduction and bibliography (xi–xl).
61 In a recent essay Frederick Beiser presents Stirner as “the Thrasymachus of modern political thought.” F. Beiser, “Max Stirner and the End of Classical German Philosophy,” in Moggach ed., Politics, Religion and Art, 282. The aptness of the comparison is mainly due to their common refusal to adopt what is sometimes called “the moral point of view.”
62 Cf. T. Gooch, “Max Stirner and the Apotheosis of the Corporeal Ego,” The Owl of Minerva: Journal of the Hegel Society of America 37:2 (2006), 159–90.
63 Cf. L. Stepelevich, “Max Stirner as Hegelian,” Journal of the History of Ideas 46:4 (1985), 597–614.
64 For recent assessments of Nietzsche’s thinking about religion, see B. E. Benson, Pious Nietzsche: Decadence and Dionysian Faith (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008), T. T. Roberts, Contesting Spirit: Nietzsche, Affirmation, Religion (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), and J. Young, Nietzsche’s Philosophy of Religion (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
65 A. Schopenhauer, On the Fourfold Root of the Principle of Sufficient Reason, tr. E. F. J. Payne (La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 1974), 181–2.
66 Cf. I. Soll, “Schopenhauer and the Inevitability of Unhappiness,” in B. Vandenabeele, Companion to Schopenhauer (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) 300–13.
67 Schopenhauer discusses this need in §17 of Part II of The World as Will and as Representation.
68 Cf. ch. 15 (§174–82, “On Religion”) of the second volume of Schopenhauer’s Parerga and Paralipomena: Short Philosophical Essays, tr. E. F. J. Payne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974), vol. 2, 324–94.
69 Schopenhauer, On the Fourfold Root, 188.
70 Cf. B. Reginster, “Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Wagner,” in Vandenabeele, Companion to Schopenhauer, 349–66.
71 Cf. K. Gemes and C. Janaway, “Life-Denial versus Life-Affirmation: Schopenhauer and Nietzsche on Pessimism and Asceticism,” in Vandenabeele, Companion to Schopenhauer, 280–99.
72 Mauthner, Der Atheismus und seine Geschichte im Abendlande, v. 4, 171.
73 Nietzsche, Daybreak, §95. The works of Nietzsche are cited here according to section number, and quotations are from the editions included in the Cambridge Texts in the History of Philosophy series (Daybreak, tr. R. J. Hollingdale, Human, All too Human, tr. R. J. Hollingdale, Beyond Good and Evil, tr. J. Norman, The Anti-Christ, Ecce Homo, Twilight of the Idols, and Other Writings, tr. J. Norman).
74 Nietzsche, Human, All too Human, I, §1.
75 Cf. F. A. Lange, The History of Materialism and Criticism of Its Present Importance, 3rd ed., 3 vols., tr. E. C. Thomas (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1925), esp. vol. 2, 297–397, and vol. 3, 81–230; also F. Gregory, Scientific Materialism in Nineteenth Century Germany (Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel, 1977). Nietzsche was an admirer of Lange’s book.
76 C. Taylor, A Secular Age (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 322–51.
77 See Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, §229, and the second essay in Genealogy of Morals, esp. §16.
78 How Nietzsche’s genealogy of morals is related both to his critique of morality and to his call for a “revaluation of values” are issues addressed in several of the essays included in S. May, Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality: A Critical Guide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).
79 J.-P. Sartre, “Existentialism,” in G. Marino ed., Basic Writings of Existentialism (New York: The Modern Library, 2004), 349.
80 See, for example, the section of Twilight of the Idols entitled “The Four Great Errors,” esp. §6, where Nietzsche observes that “Morality and religion can be exhaustively accounted for by the psychology of error.”
81 Cf. Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, §202.
82 For Nietzsche’s assessment of “the first Christian,” see Daybreak, I, §68, and The Antichrist, §42. For a penetrating analysis of Nietzsche’s conception of nihilism and his strategy for overcoming it, see B. Reginster, The Affirmation of Life: Nietzsche on Overcoming Nihilism (Cambridge, MA/London: Harvard University Press, 2006); also Roberts, Contesting Spirit.
83 Cf. Benson, Pious Nietzsche.
84 I would like to thank Rob Sica and Erik Liddell for their comments on an earlier draft of this chapter.
INDEX
Adickes, Erich 283
Adorno, Theodor W. 278, 433, 501, 822, 822 n.69, 823, 823 n.70
and Bildung 695, 696
Aeschylus 509, 840
aesthetics 496–513
Dilthey’s threefold synthesis of 511–13
and empathy: the projection of emotion into art 510–11
Hegel 63–5, 496, 502, 504–5, 506–7
Kant 63, 496–9, 500, 501, 502–3, 505, 507–8, 509, 512
Nietzsche 198–202, 504, 508–10
Rosenkranz 506–7
Schelling: art as the organon of philosophy 503, 599–501
Schiller 706–7, 757, 761–3
Schleiermacher 40, 506
Schopenhauer: art as cognitive therapy 501, 502–4
Vischer 507–8
Winkelmann 753–9
algebra of logic 407–9
alienation 4, 842 see also estrangement
altruism 689
American Revolution (1775–83) 517
Anaxagoras 437, 439
Andronikos of Rhodes 570
Anquetil Duperron, A. H. 720, 725, 726
antiquity, the burden of 751–76
freedom, and the Greeks 752–3, 756–8, 759
freedom, after Winckelmann 759–69
Gesner 769–70
Goethe 770
Hegel and the System Program 766–9, 767 n.67, 768 n.76
Herder 754, 755, 759, 770
Hölderlin 753, 766–9, 771
Kant’s centrality of ‘freedom’ 759–61
New Humanist Phase, Göttingen 769–70
Nietzsche and the Greeks 4, 188–9, 682, 714, 772–6
and ‘the Oldest System Program of German Idealism’ 766–9
overcoming of Greece 771–6
and the rise of classical philology 769–71
Schiller 761–3, 770–1
Schlegel 753, 763, 765–6
Schleiermacher 763–5
tyranny of Greece over Germany 751–3
Winckelmann, and the dream of freedom 753–9
see also Greece, ancient
Apelt, Ernst 340, 346–8
Aristotle 3, 48–9, 56, 399, 417, 496–7, 503, 570, 572, 589, 802, 824
on barbarians 824
conception of the soul 60
dialectics 653
ethics 156, 160
logic 57, 58, 398–404
syllogism 401–2
on women 825
Arnim, Achim von 467
Arnoldt, Emil 283
Arrhenius, Svante 616
Asher, D
avid 685
Ast, Friedrich 418–19, 427
atheism 3, 829–49
Bauer 810, 837–40, 842
Feuerbach 829–30, 832, 833–7, 841, 842
Hegel’s account of ‘unhappy consciousness’ 807–8, 835–6
Hegel’s system 829–30
marginalization of Hegelianism 832–3
Marx 807–11, 840–2, 843
Nietzsche 844–9
from pantheism to atheist humanism 833–7
Schopenhauer 844–5, 847
Stirner 842–4
Strauss 831–2
Athenaeum, journal 26, 68, 262
Athens 756
Auerbach, Erich 469
Autenrieth, J. H. F. 275
axioms 220–1, 412–13
Ayer, A. J. 574
Bacon, Francis 346
Baer, Karl Ernst von 344
Bahnsen, Julius, and Realdialektik 131–4
Barthes, Roland 670–1
Basel University 187
Bauer, Bruno 150–1, 156, 157, 258, 832, 808, 810–11, 837–40, 842
Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb 387, 496, 623
Becker-Cantorino, Barbara 536, 546
Beethoven, Ludwig 198, 200, 201
Beiser, Frederick 68, 599, 601, 763, 781, 784–5, 788, 790–1, 801–3
Beißner, Friedrich 270
Beneke, Friedrich Eduard 284–7, 290, 467, 597
Benjamin, Walter 269
Bergmann, Carl 344
Bergson, Henri 333
Berkeley, Bishop Georg 48, 231
Berlin Academy 27, 458–61
Berlin Annals 832
Berlin Physical Society 596
Berlin, salon culture (1790s) 535–7
Berlin University 20, 27, 47, 60, 283, 454, 460–1, 467, 595–6, 704–5, 709, 786–7
Bernasconi, Robert 738, 745
Bhagavad Gitā 720, 722–4, 726, 729–30
Bildung 6–7, 457–61, 695–716
as education to freedom 702–5
Enlightenment prelude 697–8
Fichte 699, 700–1
Goethe 458
Hegel 709–11
Herder 702–3
Humboldt 6–7, 459–61, 704–5
Kant 699–700
Mann 695–6
new ideal of humanity 698–701
Nietzsche 713–15
Pestalozzi 703–4, 705
Schelling 710
Schiller 706–7, 757
Schopenhauer 711–13
transcending subjective idealism 706–11
see also education
Bismarck, Otto von 530, 798
Bizet, Georges 509
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich 677, 680, 737, 789 n.54
Boeckh, August 422, 429–30
Boltzmann, Ludwig 351
Bolzano, Bernard 373, 424–6, 589
logic 405–7
philosophy of language 386–91, 397
Bonn University 467
Boole, George 407–8, 410
Boolean algebra 407
Bopp, Franz 466–7
Bradley, Francis Herbert 584
Brandom, R. B. 92, 580–1 n.13
Brentano, Clemens 467
Brentano, Franz 407
Brudney, Daniel 810 n.21, 821
Buchanan, Allen E. 167
Büchner, Ludwig 189, 289, 293, 349, 362–3, 365, 367, 481–2, 598, 607, 610, 612, 617, 846
Buckle, Henry Thomas 599, 800–1
Buddhism 723, 725–6, 726–7, 731–3
Buhle, Johann Gottlieb 723
Burckhardt, Jacob 792, 798–9
Burke, Edmund 528, 781
Butler, E. M. 751
Calvin, John 235
Camus, Albert 300, 306, 310–11, 588
Cantor, Georg 224, 409, 410
capitalism 153–5, 163–7, 484, 527, 816
Carlsbad Decrees (1819) 782
Carnap, Rudolf 224, 573–4, 594, 604, 619
Cartesian dualism 358–9
Cartesian skepticism 557, 560–2, 567
Carus, Carl Gustav 366, 681
Cassirer, Ernst 282, 285, 296
Caucasian supremacy 691
Chakrabarty, Dipesh 779, 790
Chamberlain, Houston S. 530–1
Chinese thought, classical 720
Chladenius, Johann Martin 418, 623–5
Chomsky, Noam 359, 378, 381, 383, 824
Christ, Johann Friedrich 770
Christianity 150, 451, 608, 728, 731, 741, 769, 776, 830–1, 839, 848
as bedrock of European civilization 829–30
compared with Greek paganism 759
and cultural development 679
Fichte and 739–40
Hegel’s critique of 807–8, 810–11 n.24, 813–14, 830–1, 833, 839
Kierkegaard and belief 140–4
Marx’s critique of 807, 808–11
moral values 4, 6
rationality and ethics 739–41
religious art 64
Cieszkowski, August von 150
Clark, Maudemarie 203, 204
Cohen, Hermann 282, 289, 291–3, 295–6, 564, 566
Colebrooke, Henry Thomas 720, 723
Comenius 456
commodity exchange 163–6
communist society 527
Comte, Auguste 172, 175, 177–8, 595, 799, 801
Confucianism 720, 727, 729
and Hegel 724–5
Confucius 723, 728
Congress of Vienna (1814–15) 782
consciousness 50
Dilthey’s condition of 173
Fichte’s model of 354–8
Hartmann’s philosophy of 130–1
Hegel 50–3, 55–6, 64, 355–8
Marx 161–2
Nietzsche 192–3
Schlegel’s history of 76–7
Coppet Circle 467
Cotta, Johann Friedrich 70–1
Creuzer, Friedrich 64
Croce, Benedetto 584
Curtius, Ernst Robert 468
Czolbe, Heinrich 289, 363, 404, 598
Damm, Christian Tobias 770
Danto, Arthur 631
Daoism 724
Darwin, Charles 95, 367, 587, 596, 616, 687, 756, 846
evolution theory 7, 95, 610–12, 614, 674–5, 685
and Romanticism 681–2
Daston, Lorraine 793
Davidson, Donald 378, 380–1, 387, 423–4, 824
de Staël, Madame 467
Dedekind, Richard 409–10
Deleuze, Gilles 670, 749
Democritus of Abdera 773
Descartes, René 393, 566–7, 825 see also Cartesian
Deussen, Paul 728, 730–2
dialectics 274, 651–71
Aristotle 653
Fichte 657–60
Hegel 54, 63, 131, 150–1, 254, 274, 402–4, 652, 657, 662–70
Kant 51–4, 58, 291, 378, 654–6, 662, 664
Marx 62, 668–70
not a method 670–1
Plato 644, 651–3, 660–1
Schlegel 36
Schleiermacher 34–8, 660–2
Diethe, Carol 548
Diez, Carl Immanuel 270
Diez, Friedrich 468
Dilthey, Wilhelm 6–7, 171–85, 277, 376, 594–5, 692, 781
‘acquired psychic nexus’ 178–9
aesthetics, threefold synthesis of 511–13
analysis of understanding 599–602
common objective contexts and productive systems 181–4
conditions of consciousness 173
‘cultural systems’ 176
delimiting explanation and understanding 175–9
hermeneutics 180–2, 377–81, 429–31, 571, 801–2
historical life 181–2
historicism 801–2
human science 172–5
idealism of freedom 184–5
institutional systems 176
Jena romanticism 269
‘life-moods’ 184
methodology of th
e sciences 603–5
and natural science 5
naturalism 184–5
objective idealism 184–5
psychology 172, 176
sociology 182
spirit of people (Volksgeist) 182
structural cognitive systems 178
theory of history 599–602
theory of knowledge 183–4
‘transcendental reflection’ 179–80
world-views 184–5
Dilthey-Windelband debate 594–5, 603
Diogenes Laertius 773
division of labour 162, 165
dogmatism 76, 93
Dohm, Hedwig 547–8
Droysen, Johann 5, 599
‘historical sense’ 792, 799, 800–1
dualism:
absolute 126
Cartesian 358–9
Du Bois-Reymond, Emil 365, 595–6, 691
Du Bos, Jean-Baptiste 497
Dummett, Michael 425
DuMont, Emerich 685
Dupré, Louis 301
Eastern thought 720–34
and early German Orientalists 721–2
Emerson 728–30
Hegel 722–5, 733
Nietzsche 728, 730–2
Schopenhauer 725–8
see also Bhagavad Gitā; Buddhism; Chinese thought, classical; Confucius;
Confucianism; Laws of Manu; Upaniṣads
Ebbinghaus, Hermann 179
education 6, 453–69
Bildung and freedom 702–5
citizenship and 458–9
eighteenth century German 454–7, 771
Fichte 460–3
Froebel 459, 463
Gymnasia 7, 460–2, 554
Herbart 463–4
Herder 6, 456–8, 463
Humboldt 453–4, 457–62, 465
modern philology and Weltliteratur 464–9
‘new humanism’ and the new university model 457–61
Pestalozzi 7, 454–5, 459, 463, 701
rise of psychology 462–4
Rousseau 453–4, 456, 462–3
school reforms, Prussia 461–2
Schiller 6, 457–8
university reforms 459–61
see also Bildung
Eichhorn, Karl Friedrich 788
Elster, Jon 818–19
Emden, Christian 785–6, 792, 796, 798–9
Emerson, Ralph Waldo 721
and Eastern thought 728–30
empathy 510–11
Engels, Friedrich 151, 403, 482, 610, 689, 819, 841, 843
Enlightenment 697–8, 784–5
Entwicklung and evolution 674–8, 681–5
epistemology 290–3, 327, 330, 821
Neo-Kantian 290–3
see also skepticism and epistemology
Erdmann, Benno 283
Erkenntniskritik 564–7
Erlangen University 454
estrangement 157, 165–6
The Oxford Handbook of German Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century Page 158
