Schulenburg, Count Fritz-Dietlof von der
Schuler, Alfred
Schulze-Boysen, Harro
Schumacher, Kurt
Schumpeter, Joseph
Schuschnigg, Kurt von
Schwarz, Franz Xaver
Schwerin-Krosigk, Count Lutz
Schwerin von Schwanenfeld
Schreck, Julius
Schweyer, Franz
Schwind, Moritz von
Sebottendorf, Rudolf Freiherr von
Seeckt, General Hans von
Seghers, Anna
Seisser, Hans von
Sekira, Frau,
Seldte, Franz
Severing, Carl (Prussian Minister of Interior) f.
Seydlitz, General Walter
Seyss-Inquart, Arthur
Sforza, Count Carlo
Shirer, William L.
Simon, Sir John
Sogemeyer, Martin
Soloviëv, Vladimir
Sombart, Werner
Sorel, Albert
Sorel, Georges
Specht, General Karl-Wilhelm
Speer, Albert
Speidel, General Hans
Spengler, Oswald
Spitzweg, Karl
Sponeck, General Count Hans von
Stadtler, Eduard
Stalin
Stauffenberg brothers
Stauffenberg, Claus Count Schenk von
Stauss, Emil Georg von
Stefanie
Steiner, Felix
Steltzer, Theodor
Stempfle, Father Bernhard
Stennes, Captain Walter
Stieff, General Helmuth
Stinnes, Hugo
Stöhr, Franz
Strasser, Gregor
Strasser, Otto
Strauss, Richard
Streibel, Otto
Streicher, Julius
Stresemann, Gustav
Stuck, Franz von
Stiilpnagel, General Karl Heinrich von
Stumpfegger, Dr. Ludwig
Stutzel, Karl
Sucharski, Major
Sulla
Sztójay, Döme (Hungarian Foreign Minister)
Taaffe, Count Eduard von
Terboven, Josef
Thälmann, Ernst
Thomas, General Georg
Thyssen, Fritz
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista
Tiso, Josef
Titian
Tito, Josip Broz
Tobias, Fritz
Toller, Ernst
Torgler, Ernst
Tornow, Sergeant
Toynbee, Arnold J.
Treitschke, Heinrich von
Tresckow, Henning von
Trevor-Roper, Hugh
Troost, Paul Ludwig
Trotsky, Lev Davidovich
Trott zu Solz, Adam von
Trummelschlager, Johann
Tucholsky, Kurt
Turner, H. A.
Unamuno, Miguel de
Vacher de Lapuge, Georges
Vahlen, Theodor
Valéry, Paul
Vansittart, Sir Robert
Varus, P. Quinctilius
Veblen, Thorstein
Vermeer van Delft, Jan
Vermeil, Edmond
Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy
Virgil
Vishinsky, Andrei
Vögler, Albert
Von der Pfordten, Theodor
Voroshilov, Marshal Kliment Jefremovich
Wagner, Adolf (gauleiter of Bavaria)
Wagner, Otto
Wagner, Richard
Flying Dutchman, The
Götterdämmerung
Lohengrin
Meistersinger
Parsifal
Rienzi
Tristan
Wagner, Robert Heinrich (Quartermaster General)
Wagner, Walter
Wagner, Winifred
Waldmüller, Ferdinand
Walter, Fritz. See Hanisch, Reinhold Ward Price, G.
Weber, Christian
Weber, Friedrich
Weber, Max
Webern, Anton von
Wedekind, Frank
Weiss (deputy police commissioner)
Weiss, Ferdl
Weiss, Wilhelm
Weizsäcker, Ernst Freiherr von
Welles, Sumner
Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, Duke of
Wels, Otto
Wenck, General Walther
Wessel, Horst
Wessel, Horst, song
Weygand, General Maxime
Wheeler-Bennett, John W.
Wilhelm I, Emperor
Wilhelm II, Emperor
Wilson, Sir Horace
Wilson, Woodrow
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim
Winter, Anny (Hitler’s housekeeper)
Winterfeld, von
Wirth, Josef
Wittelsbach dynasty
Witzleben, General Erwin von
Wolf (Free Corps)
Wolf, General Karl
Woyrsch, Udo von
Wrangel, Baron Petr Nikolaevich
Yorck von Wartenburg, Count Peter
Young, Owen D. (Young Plan)
Zahnschirm (parish priest in Döllers-heim)
Zakreys, Maria
Zauner (constable in Linz)
Zauritz (policeman)
Zeitzler, General Kurt
Zetkin, Clara
Zhukov, Marshal Georgi Konstantinovich
Zuckmayer, Carl
Zweig, Stefan
About the Author
JOACHIM C. FEST is a highly acclaimed historian and journalist, and the author of several widely respected books on Nazi Germany, including The Face of the Third Reich, Plotting Hitler’s Death, and Speer. He worked closely with Albert Speer as the editor of Inside the Third Reich and Spandau: The Secret Diaries. He lives near Frankfurt.
Copyright
Copyright © 1973 by Verlag Ullstein
English translation copyright © 1974 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company, 215 Park Avenue South, New York, New York 10003.
www.hmhbooks.com
Quotations throughout the book are from Mein Kampf by Adolf Hitler, translated by Ralph Manheim.
Copyright 1943 and © renewed 1971 by Houghton Mifflin Company.
Reprinted by permission of Houghton Mifflin Company.
All rights reserved.
The Library of Congress has cataloged the print edition as follows:
Fest, Joachim C. 1926–
Hitler.
“A Helen and Kurt Wolff book.”
1. Hitler, Adolf, 1889–1945.
DD247.H5F4713 943.086'092'4 [B] 73-18154
ISBN 978-0-15-141650-9
ISBN 978-0-15-602754-0 (pb.)
eISBN 978-0-544-19554-7
v1.0313
Footnotes
1
Mannesrechtler—a coinage based on Frauenrechtler. Its present-day equivalent might be “Men’s Lib.”—TRANS.
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2
We will build Germania’s cathedral without the Jews and without Rome. Heil!
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3
We gaze frank and freely, we gaze steadily, we gaze cheerfully across the border into the German Fatherland. Heil!
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4
Karl May, 1848–1912, author of adventure stories highly popular among young readers, many set in the American West or in the Orient.—trans.
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5
A famous quotation from Goethe’s Torquato Tasso.—TRANS.
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6
The original German even more drastically illustrates the point: “Indem ich neuerdings mich in die theoretische Literatur dieser neuen Welt vertiefte und mir deren mögliche Auswirkungen klarzumachen versuchte, verglich ich diese dann mit den tatsächlichen Erscheinungen und Ereignissen ihrer Wirksamkeit im politischen, kulturellen und wirtschaftlichen Leben… Allmählich erhielt ich dann eine für meine eigene Überzeugung allerdings geradezu granitene Grundlage, so dass ich seit dieser Zeit eine Umstellung meiner inneren Anschauung in dieser Frage niemals mehr vorzunehmen gezwungen wurde.”
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7
President of the Danzig Senate 1933–34. A former Nazi, Rauschning fled to England and then to the United States in 1940, where he later became a naturalized citizen. He wrote extensively about Germany and Nazism.
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8
An allusion to Schopenhauer’s The World as Will and Idea.—TRANS.
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9
Erfüllungspolitik, literally fulfillment [of the terms of the Versailles Treaty] policy.—TRANS.
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10
Quotation from Schiller’s drama, Die Piccolomini, I:1.—TRANS.
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11
Albert Grzesinski, police commissioner of Berlin; Otto Braun, Premier of Prussia; Carl Severing, Prussian Minister of the Interior; all Social Democrats.
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12
Thingspiele pretended to be dramatic re-creations of the ancient Teutonic judicial assembly, the Thing, which had met outdoors. In practice they were potpourris of Nazi propaganda, Germanic mythology, and borrowings from Wagner and the Brothers Grimm.—TRANS.
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13
Himmler enjoyed the unique and personal title of Reichsführer-SS. The Reichsführung was the central office of the SS, his personal headquarters.
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14
A typical Hitler formulation: mauschelnde Kaftanjuden. Mauscheln means “to talk with a Jewish accent” and also carries overtones of “to cheat.” The caftan, which some Jews in Vienna still wore, seemed to excite a peculiar horror in Hitler, and became in itself a term of abuse. By comparison, the last word of the passage, Judendreck, is relatively mild.—TRANS.
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15
The melodramatic translation “warlord” for Feldherr has already become traditional in books about Hitler. Strictly speaking, Feldherr means no more than “commanding general” or “supreme commander”; its slightly bombastic connotation is exaggerated by “warlord.” But a one-for-one translation of Feldherr is sometimes useful. We have therefore adopted “generalissimo,” although that word, too, has a misleading “Chinese” connotation.—TRANS.
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16
The main office for security, founded by Heydrich and after his death run by Ernst Kaltenbrunner; ultimately all the police forces of the Reich were made subordinate to it.
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