113. Ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Interrogator’s notes in ibid.
116. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 9, USSBS No. 47, Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita.
117. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 35, USSBS No. 149, Rear Admiral Tomiji Koyanagi, IJN.
118. Ibid.; Nav No. 41, USSBS No. 170, Commander Tonosuke Otani, IJN; Matome Ugaki diary, October 25, 1944, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 496–97.
119. Hara, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 256.
120. Ito, The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy, p. 100.
121. Koyanagi, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 377.
122. Radford later served as chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1953–1957. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 30.
123. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 128.
124. Charles J. Moore, oral history, p. 1032.
125. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 12, Leyte, p. 58.
126. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, p. 5; Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
127. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 101.
128. Third Fleet action report, Serial 0088, October 23–26, 1944, pp. 4–5, Halsey Papers, Box 35, “Action Reports, Third Fleet, October 23–26, 1944,” LCMD.
129. Ibid.
130. MacArthur, Reminiscences, pp. 227–28.
131. Halsey to Nimitz, November 4, 1944, LCMD, Halsey Papers, Box 15.
132. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC Info etc., October 25, 1944 (251226), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2256.
133. Merrill, A Sailor’s Admiral, p. 169.
134. “Admiral Halsey Reports,” British Pathé newsreel archive, URN: 74239, Film ID: 2121.
135. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 55, USSBS No. 227, Vice Admiral Jisaburo Ozawa, IJN.
136. Halsey, “The Battle for Leyte Gulf,” Naval Institute Proceedings, May 1952, Vol. 78/5/591.
137. “Statement to the author, April 9, 1953,” in Taylor, The Magnificent Mitscher, p. 265.
138. Letters between Halsey and Morison, and Halsey and Ralph E. Wilson, January–February 1951, in Halsey Papers, “Correspondence Files.”
139. Halsey to officers, November 14, 1958, “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
140. Carney to Halsey, November 14, 1958, “Leyte, correspondence regarding, 1958–1959,” Halsey Papers.
141. Halsey to Prof. E. B. Potter, July 27, 1959, “The Battle of Leyte Gulf, Halsey’s comments,” Halsey Papers.
142. Halsey and Bryant, Admiral Halsey’s Story, Author’s Foreword, p. 1.
143. Halsey to Charlie Belknap, March 24, 1949, Halsey Papers, Box 7.
Chapter Seven
1. Wylie, “Reflections on the War in the Pacific,” Naval Institute Proceedings.
2. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, pp. 32–33.
3. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, p. 2.
4. USSBS, Summary Report, Pacific War, p. 11; USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japan’s War Economy, p. 176, Table C-G9.
5. USSBS, Summary Report, Pacific War, p. 13.
6. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 386.
7. Halsey to Nimitz, September 28, 1944, Halsey Papers.
8. Nimitz to Halsey, October 8, 1944, Halsey Papers.
9. MacArthur radiogram to Marshall, February 2, 1944, p. 1; RG-4, Records of Headquarters, U.S. Army Forces Pacific (USAFPAC), 1942–1947, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
10. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan, p. 173.
11. John W. Clary, “Wartime Diary,” accessed January 3, 2018, http://www.warfish.com/gaz_clary.html.
12. Beach, Submarine!, p. 59.
13. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
14. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 17, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 69.
15. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
16. John W. Clary MoMM1c, “Wartime Diary.”
17. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 25, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 75.
18. Ibid.
19. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38, World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
20. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor, and Wahoo patrol report, March 22, 1943. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
21. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of Fourth War Patrol,” entry for March 25, 1943, U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 76.
22. Beach, “Culpable Negligence,” in Sears, Eyewitness to World War II (first published December 1980 in American Heritage), p. 74.
23. Blair, Silent Victory, p. 402.
24. Ibid., p. 403.
25. “U.S.S. Wahoo, Report of War Patrol Number Six,” Item (O): “Health and Habitability,” U.S.S. Wahoo (SS-238), American Submarine Patrol Reports, p. 138.
26. “Recorded interview, Commander Dudley W. Morton,” September 9, 1943, SubPac headquarters, Pearl Harbor. NARA, RG 38: World War II Oral Histories, Interviews and Statements, Box 20.
27. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, Appendix A, p. 114.
28. CINCPAC to COMINCH, 7 November 1944, “Operations in Pacific Ocean Areas, June 1944: Part VI, Pacific Fleet Submarines,” p. 18, Map Room Files, USN Action Reports, Box 183, FDR Library.
29. USSBS, The War Against Japanese Transportation, Appendix A, p. 114.
30. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
31. Tillman, Whirlwind, p. 34.
32. Phillips Jr., Rain of Fire, p. 17.
33. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 56.
34. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 321.
35. Ibid., p. 322.
36. Craven and Cate, eds., The Army Air Forces in World War II, Vol. 5, p. 546.
37. Hansell quoted in LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 96.
38. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan: A Memoir, p. 175.
39. Letter written by Charles L. Phillips Jr., quoted in Phillips Jr., Rain of Fire, p. 32.
40. November 4, 1944 entry, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2125.
41. Marshall Chester diary, November 18–26, 1944, in Brawley, Dixon, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 128.
42. NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 21 labeled “Gen. Spaatz,” entry dated November 23, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2149.
43. Hansell quoted in LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 101.
44. Submarine Division 102, “First Endorsement to CO Archerfish Conf. Ltr. SS311/16-3, Serial 013-44 dated December 15, 1944,” p. 1, Item 3, appended to “U.S.S. Archerfish, Report of Fifth War Patrol,” December 15, 1944. NARA, RG 38: U.S. Submarine War Patrol Reports, 1941–1945.
45. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 26, 1944, p. 7.
46. Enright and Ryan, Sea Assault, p. 46.
47. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 28, 1944, p. 8.
48. Oshima Morinari letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 49.
49. Enr
ight, Sea Assault, p. 95.
50. Ibid.
51. Ibid., p. 103.
52. Ibid., p. 114.
53. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 28, 1944, p. 9.
54. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 29, 1944, p. 9.
55. Enright, Sea Assault, p. 178.
56. Ibid., p. 183.
57. Ibid., p. 184.
58. Ibid., p. 185.
59. Ibid.
60. Ibid., pp. 186–87.
61. U.S.S. Archerfish, “Report of Fifth War Patrol,” SS311/16-3, Serial 013–44, December 15, 1944, enclosure (A), entry for November 29, 1944, p. 10.
62. Enright, Sea Assault, p. 201.
63. Ibid., pp. 245–46.
Chapter Eight
1. Evans, Wartime Sea Stories, p. 94.
2. St. John, Leyte Calling, p. 195.
3. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, December 4, 1944, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 156.
4. Commander Third Amphibious Force, CTF 79, “Report of Leyte Operation,” November 13, 1944, enclosure (E).
5. Commander Third Amphibious Force, CTF 79, “Report of Leyte Operation,” November 13, 1944, p. 4.
6. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 170.
7. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 6.
8. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
9. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 13.
10. Third Fleet War Diary, October 28, 1944.
11. COM3RDFLT to CTF 77, Info etc. (251230), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2256.
12. CTF 77 to COM3RDFLT, Info etc. (260316), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2258.
13. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 234.
14. COM3RDFLT to CINCSOWESPAC, Info etc. (261235), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2395.
15. CINCPAC to COM3RDFLT, Info COMINCH, COMSERVPAC (261812), CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2395.
16. Ibid.
17. James S. Russell, oral history, p. 44.
18. Ibid.
19. Radio Tokyo broadcast, October 26, 1944, in Tolischus, Through Japanese Eyes, p. 157.
20. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, November 14, 1944: “The army and navy competitively are loudly proclaiming special attack forces,” in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 281.
21. Imperial Japanese Navy Directive No. 482, 29 October 1944. NARA, RG 38: “Records of Japanese Navy and Related Documents,” Box 42.
22. Mainichi Shinbun, November 1, 1944, quoted in Shillony, Politics and Culture in Wartime Japan, p. 97.
23. Koiso quoted in Morris, The Nobility of Failure, p. 300.
24. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
25. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 58.
26. Lieutenant Commander Iyozo Fujita Account, in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 243.
27. Naoji Kozu, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 315.
28. Morris, The Nobility of Failure, p. 296.
29. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 71.
30. Ibid., p. 72.
31. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115, USSBS No. 503, Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome.
32. USSBS, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 12, USSBS No. 62, Captain Rikibei Inoguchi; Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 73.
33. Report of Captain Charlie Nelson, USNR, accessed February 16, 2018, http://destroyerhistory.org/fletcherclass.
34. Third Fleet War Diary, November 1, 1944, p. 1.
35. Third Fleet War Diary, October 27, 1944, p. 44.
36. Krueger, From Down Under to Nippon, p. 350.
37. CTF 77 to CINCSWPA, November 1, 1944, RS-4, MacArthur Memorial Archives, Third Fleet War Diary, November 1, 1944, p. 2.
38. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 5, p. 8; Third Fleet War Diary, November 1944, p. 5.
39. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, November 24, 1944, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 139.
40. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 290.
41. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 344.
42. John Thach account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 265.
43. COM2NDCARTASKFORPAC to COMINCH, etc., October 23, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2391.
44. Ibid.
45. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 245.
46. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 223.
47. Nimitz to Halsey, October 22, 1944, Halsey Papers, Box 15; Third Fleet War Diary, November 29, 1944, p. 27.
48. “COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC Info, etc.,” November 28, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2292.
49. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 7.
50. John Thach account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 266.
51. Ibid., p. 268.
52. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 232.
53. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 25, 1944, pp. 31–32.
54. James J. Fahey diary, November 27, 1944, in Fahey, Pacific War Diary 1942–1945, p. 229.
55. Ibid.
56. Ibid., p. 230.
57. Ibid., p. 234.
58. U.S.S. Maryland Cruise Book, U.S. Navy Library, Washington Navy Yard, Washington, DC, pp. 31–32.
59. Memorandum to MacArthur, “Our Present Situation—Leyte Gulf, Mindoro, Lingayen Gulf,” November 30, 1944, RS–4, MacArthur Memorial Archives.
60. Arthur H. McCollum, oral history, Vol. 1, pp. 527–29.
61. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 170.
62. Press Release, General Headquarters, Southwest Pacific Area, November 3, 1944.
63. Arthur H. McCollum, oral history, Vol. 1, pp. 527–29.
64. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 232.
65. Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 11, 1944, p. 16.
66. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 20.
67. Eugene George Anderson, “Nightmare in Ormoc Bay,” Sea Combat magazine, accessed October 14, 2018, http://www.dd-692.com/nightmare.htm.
68. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 40.
69. General Yoshiharu Tomochika, “The True Facts of the Leyte Operation,” John Toland Papers, Box 12, FDR Library, p. 25.
70. Ibid., p. 21.
71. Huie, From Omaha to Okinawa, p. 211.
72. CTF 77 to CINCSWPA, December 7, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2298.
73. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 233.
74. Third Fleet War Diary, December 1, 1944, p. 2.
75. Naval Debriefing, December 12, 1944: Captain Philip G. Beck, U.S. Naval Reserve, USS Mississinewa, NARA RG 38, Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War Oral Histories and Interviews,” 1942–1946, Box 2, p. 2; Task Group 38.3 War Diary, November 20, p. 27.
76. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 272.
77. Third Fleet War Diary, November 14, 1944, p. 14.
78. Steven Jurika Jr. account, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 251.
79. Third Fleet War Diary, December 11, 1944, p. 9.
80. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 236.
81. Third Fleet War Diary, December 14–16, 1944; CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 9.
82. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,”
June 25, 1945, p. 39.
83. J. Bryan III diary, February 24, 1945, in Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 39.
84. Third Fleet War Diary, December 17, 1944, p. 17.
85. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 32.
86. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 418.
87. Third Fleet War Diary, December 17, 1944, p. 23.
88. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 417.
89. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 13.
90. Third Fleet War Diary, December 18, 1944, p. 27.
91. Ibid., p. 30.
92. Ibid., p. 31; CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, p. 13.
93. Third Fleet War Diary, December 18, 1944, p. 31.
94. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 75.
95. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, p. 418.
96. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 34.
97. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 82.
98. Ibid.
99. Joseph Conrad, “Typhoon,” accessed December 14, 2017, http://www.gutenberg.org/files/1142/.
100. Olson, Tales from a Tin Can, pp. 226–27.
101. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 73.
102. Ibid., p. 75.
103. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 36.
104. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 73.
105. Third Fleet War Diary, December 20, 1944, p. 37.
106. Third Fleet War Diary, December 19, 1944, p. 36.
107. CINCPAC Report, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas During the Month of December 1944,” June 25, 1945, Annex B, “The December Typhoon,” p. 85.
108. COM3RDFLT to CINCPAC, December 19, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2462; ibid., p. 13.
109. Third Fleet War Diary, December 24, 1944, p. 41.
110. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 241.
111. Gerald F. Bogan, oral history, p. 126.
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