Twilight of the Gods

by Twilight of the Gods (retail) (epub)

  112. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 103.

  113. Ibid., p. 105.

  114. Third Fleet War Diary, December 28, 1944, p. 42.

  115. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 104.

  116. Nimitz, “Pacific Fleet Confidential Letter 14CL–45,” February 13, 1945, “Damage in Typhoon, Lessons of,” CINCPAC File A2-11 L11-1.

  Chapter Nine

  1. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, September 16, 1944, Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 74.

  2. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 266.

  3. Willard Waller, “Why Veterans Are Bitter,” American Mercury, August 1945, p. 147.

  4. Ibid.

  5. “Boos” for the flag are recalled by Walter R. Evans. He also describes the attitudes of his shipmates on the repair ship Vestal toward “Hollywood phonyism.” Evans, Wartime Sea Stories, p. 38.

  6. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 21.

  7. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Chapter F, “National Income and Wealth,” Series F 1–5. In current prices, $99.7 billion in 1940, rising to $210.1 billion in 1944; in 1958 prices, $227.2 billion in 1940, rising to $361.3 billion in 1944.

  8. The latter figure comes to $31.66 billion in 1940 terms. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Series F 540–551, “National Saving, by Major Saver Groups, in Current Prices, 1897 to 1945.”

  9. Blum, V Was For Victory, p. 98.

  10. John Kenneth Galbraith, oral history; Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 323.

  11. Winkler, Home Front U.S.A., p. 45.

  12. Marjorie Cartwright, oral history, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, pp. 190–91.

  13. U.S. Commerce Department, Historical Statistics of the United States, Series N1–29, “Value of New Private and Public Construction Put in Place: 1915 to 1970.”

  14. Lerner, Public Journal, pp. 28–29.

  15. Baime, The Arsenal of Democracy, p. 247.

  16. Don McFadden, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 148.

  17. Perret, Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph, p. 315.

  18. Reid, The Brazen Age, p. 8.

  19. “Navy Officer Says Teamsters Hit Him,” New York Times, October 3, 1944, p. 15.

  20. Ibid.

  21. “Dickins v. International Brotherhood, Etc., 171 F.2d 21 (D.C. Cir. 1948),” October 18, 1948, United States Court of Appeals District of Columbia Circuit.

  22. Blum, V Was For Victory, p. 297.

  23. The “Mead Report” quoted in Cooke, The American Home Front, p. 300.

  24. Perret, Days of Sadness, Years of Triumph, p. 399.

  25. Peggy Terry, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 112.

  26. Eisenhower to FDR, March 31, 1945, FDR Library.

  27. King/Marshall letter to FDR, January 1945, excerpted in “Letters on the Pressing Manpower Problem,” New York Times, January 18, 1945.

  28. “Curfew Used to Teach ‘War Awareness’ Lesson,” New York Times, February 25, 1945, p. 67.

  29. Yoder, There’s No Front Like Home, p. 115.

  30. Hunt, Coral Comes High, p. 21.

  31. Elliot Johnson account, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 198.

  32. Marjorie Cartwright account, in Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, pp. 190–91.

  33. U.S. Navy Department, “Annual Report, Fiscal Year 1944, Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal to the President of the United States,” p. 15, Hopkins Papers, Group 24, FDR Library.

  34. Reynolds, The Fast Carriers, p. 324.

  35. Delaney, “Corpus Christi: University of the Air,” Naval History 27, no. 3, June 2013, p. 37.

  36. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 42.

  37. Smyth, Sea Stories, p. 39.

  38. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 26.

  39. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 72.

  40. Portz, “Aviation Training and Expansion,” Naval Aviation News, July–August 1990, p. 24.

  41. Baker, Growing Up, p. 216.

  42. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 61.

  43. Ibid., p. 67.

  44. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 69.

  45. Smyth, Sea Stories, p. 48.

  46. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 39

  47. MacWhorter and Stout, The First Hellcat Ace, p. 134.

  48. Vernon, Hostile Sky, p. 99.

  49. Davis, Sinking the Rising Sun, p. 44.

  50. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 60.

  51. Lieutenant William A. Bell, “Under the Nips’ Nose,” pp. 12–13.

  52. Third Fleet War Diary, January 7, 1945, p. 8.

  53. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 195.

  54. Third Fleet War Diary, January 11, 1945, p. 11.

  55. William A. Bell Diary, January 12, 1945, p. 7.

  56. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 198.

  57. Lieutenant William A. Bell, “Under the Nips’ Nose,” p. 24.

  58. Ibid., p. 23.

  59. Sherman, Combat Command, p. 279; Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 196.

  60. Third Fleet War Diary, January 19, 1945, p. 18.

  61. Ibid., p. 21.

  62. William A. Bell Diary, January 21, 1945, pp. 17–18.

  Chapter Ten

  1. A 30 percent loss rate is estimated by Rikihei Inoguchi in The Divine Wind, p. 87.

  2. Ibid., p. 88.

  3. Marsden, Attack Transport, p. 153.

  4. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 240.

  5. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, January 15, 1945, Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 204.

  6. Marsden, Attack Transport, p. 155.

  7. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 241.

  8. Herman, Douglas MacArthur: American Warrior, p. 570.

  9. Krueger, From Down Under to Nippon, p. 228.

  10. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, pp. 30–31.

  11. GHQ, SWPA, Communique No. 1027, January 29, 1945, quoted in Reports of General MacArthur, vol. 1, p. 270.

  12. Smith, United States Army in WWII, The War in the Pacific, p. 219.

  13. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 279.

  14. Carl Mydans, “My God, It’s Carl Mydans!,” Life, February 19, 1945, in Reporting World War II, Part Two, p. 607.

  15. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 293.

  16. Robin Prising quoted in Scott, Rampage, p. 188.

  17. Carl Mydans, “My God, It’s Carl Mydans!,” Life, February 19, 1945, in Reporting World War II, Part Two, p. 616.

  18. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.

  19. Bill Dunn’s CBS Radio Broadcast, February 4, 1945, quoted in Scott, Rampage, p. 170.

  20. Scott, Rampage, p. 198.

  21. Sworn Affidavit of Hobert D. Mason of the 112th Medical Battalion, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  22. Sworn affidavit, Major David V. Binkley, U.S. Army, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  23. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 248.

  24. Borneman, MacArthur At War, p. 467.

  25. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 176.

  26. Scott, Rampage, p. 205.

  27. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, “Battle of Manila, First Phase,” p. 12.

  28. “Directions Concerning Combat by Shimbu Group Headquarters,” in “Documents and Orders Captured in the Field,” accessed October 11, 2018, http://battleofmanila.org.

  29. “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” p. 1, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Mi
litary Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  30. Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, p. 15.

  31. Scott, Rampage, p. 248.

  32. H. O. Eaton Jr., “Assault Tactics Employed as Exemplified by the Battle of Manila, A Report by XIV Corps.”

  33. Scott, Rampage, p. 317.

  34. Ibid., p. 350.

  35. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 313.

  36. Captured diary, unknown soldier of Ninth Shipping Engineer Regiment, Japanese Army, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  37. Ibid., p. 4.

  38. Ibid., p. 3.

  39. Sworn affidavits of Father Francis J. Cosgrave and Major David V. Binkley, U.S. Army Forces, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” in ibid.

  40. Sworn affidavit, Dr. Walter K. Funkel, “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section. Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  41. Scott, Rampage, p. 25.

  42. Ibid., p. 263.

  43. Ibid., p. 309.

  44. Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi to Shimbu Group headquarters, Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, pp. 18–19.

  45. Admiral Sanji Iwabuchi to C-in-C, Southwest Area Fleet at Baguio, Japanese Monograph 114, “Philippine Area Naval Operations, Part IV,” January–August 1945, p. 18.

  46. McEnery, The XIV Corps Battle for Manila, February 1945, p. 98.

  47. “Intramuros a City of Utter Horror,” George E. Jones, New York Times, February 25, 1945, p. 25.

  48. Quoted in Friend, The Blue-Eyed Enemy, p. 205.

  49. H. O. Eaton Jr., “Assault Tactics Employed as Exemplified by the Battle of Manila, A Report by XIV Corps.”

  50. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 247.

  51. Ibid., p. 252.

  52. Ibid., pp. 251–52, and newsreel footage, “Ceremony at Malacañang Palace,” February 27, 1945, accessed July 20, 2018, http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675037789_Sergio-Osmena_General-MacArthur_Commonwealth-Government_legislature.

  53. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 250.

  54. Romulo, I See the Philippines Rise, p. 223.

  55. “Report on Destruction of Manila and Japanese Atrocities, February 1945,” p. 1, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, Military Intelligence Section, Bonner Fellers Papers, Box 2, Hoover Institution Archives.

  56. “Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors (1882),” p. 227, in Allinson, ed., The Columbia Guide to Modern Japanese History.

  57. Scott, Rampage, p. 265.

  58. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” March 9, 1945, p. 2.

  59. Takamaro Nishihara letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 157.

  60. Kiyofumi Kojima, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 376.

  61. Ibid., p. 378.

  62. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 261.

  63. Reported in 1964 by the Japan Ministry of Health and Welfare, cited by Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 373.

  Chapter Eleven

  1. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 18.

  2. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 235.

  3. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 66.

  4. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6, p. 78.

  5. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6, p. 63.

  6. Private Shuji Ishii quoted in Kakehashi, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 66.

  7. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 30.

  8. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 68.

  9. Letters quoted in Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 93.

  10. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: Box 6, p. 78.

  11. Japanese soldier’s diary, entry dated February 18, 1945, in Dixon, Brawley, and Trefalt, eds., Competing Voices from the Pacific War, p. 140.

  12. Fields quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 31.

  13. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 39.

  14. Tsuruji Akikuisa quoted in King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 111.

  15. Toshiharu Takahashi quoted in Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, pp. 101–2.

  16. Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 30.

  17. Buell, The Quiet Warrior, p. 356.

  18. “Air Combat Notes for Pilots,” Enclosure (C) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, Operations of February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, pp. 2–3.

  19. Roy W. Bruce quoted in Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 35.

  20. “Areological Summary for Action Report,” Enclosure (G) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045.

  21. J. Bryan III diary, February 16, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 10.

  22. McWhorter, The First Hellcat Ace, p. 152.

  23. Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 52.

  24. Fifth Fleet War Diary, February 17, 1945, p. 2.

  25. Ensign John Morris quoted in Bruce and Leonard, Crommelin’s Thunderbirds, p. 51.

  26. Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 180.

  27. “Air Combat Notes for Pilots,” Enclosure (C) of Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, p. 3.

  28. Action Report, Commander Task Force 58, February 10 to March 1, 1945, Serial 0045, March 13, 1945, p. 25.

  29. William W. Buchanan, oral history, pp. 78–79.

  30. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 169.

  31. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive, Quantico, Virginia.

  32. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 214.

  33. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, p. 18, Naval War College Archives.

  34. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 154.

  35. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 15, U.S. Marine Corps Archive, Quantico, Virginia.

  36. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.

  37. Vernon E. Megee, oral history, p. 34.

  38. Corporal Edward Hartman quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 12.

  39. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 170.

  40. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 224.

  41. Lieutenant Colonel Justice M. Chambers quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 14.

  42. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 176.

  43. Smith, Coral and Brass, p. 225.

  44. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 122.

  45. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, February 22, 1945, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, p. 238.

  46. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 192.

  47. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Series 1: The Rising Sun, Box 6.

  48. Lieutenant Ronald D. Thomas, unpublished written account, PC # 2718, p. 18, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.

  49. Leo D. Hermle, oral history, p. 86.

  50. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 227.

  51. Ibid., p. 228.

  52. Forrestal diary, February 23, 1945, in Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 30.

  53. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 192.

  54. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 230.

  55. Joseph L. Stewart, oral history, pp. 39–40.

  56. John Lardner, “D-Day, Iwo Jima,” New Yorker, March 17, 1945, p. 48.

  57. Sherrod, On
to Westward, p. 196.

  58. Ted Allenby, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” p. 181.

  59. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.

  60. Edward A. Craig, oral history, p. 142.

  61. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 19, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.

  62. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 182.

  63. Bradley, Flags of Our Fathers, p. 268.

  64. James Orvill Raines to Ray Ellen Raines, February 22, 1945, in Raines and McBride, eds., Good Night Officially, pp. 239–40.

  65. Vernon E. Megee, oral history, p. 37.

  66. Ibid., p. 46.

  67. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 195.

  68. King and Ryan, A Tomb Called Iwo Jima, p. 131.

  69. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 156.

  70. Elton N. Shrode, unpublished written account, Coll. 3736, p. 16, U.S. Marine Corps Archive.

  71. Experiences in Battle of the Medical Department of the Navy, Navmed P-SOS1, U.S. Department of the Navy, 1953, p. 95.

  72. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 187.

  73. Ibid., p. 219.

  74. Experiences in Battle of the Medical Department of the Navy, 1953, p. 101.

  75. Griffin, Out of Carnage, p. 13.

  76. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 188.

  77. Ibid., p. 213.

  78. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 238.

  79. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. 165.

  80. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Box 6, p. 93.

  81. Kakehashi and Murray, So Sad to Fall in Battle, p. xviii.

  82. Ibid., p. xx.

  83. Major Yoshitaka Horie, unpublished manuscript, “Iwo Jima,” John Toland Papers, Box 6, p. 99.

  84. Bartley, Iwo Jima: Amphibious Epic, p. 192.

  85. Miller, It’s Tomorrow Out Here, p. 180.

  86. Galer quoted in Alexander, Closing In, p. 49.

  87. Alexander, Closing In, p. 49.

  88. Smith and Finch, Coral and Brass, p. 15.

  89. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 235.

  90. Quoted in San Bernardino Sun, Vol. 51, February 28, 1945, p. 1.

  91. William W. Buchanan, oral history, p. 79.

  Chapter Twelve

  1. Arnold signed Marshall COMGENAAFPOA to Richardson for Harmon Info CINCPOA, December 7, 1944, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2444.

  2. “Those Who Witnessed Series—How Civilians Viewed the War,” NHK television documentary, accessed January 4, 2019, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lHJH2UzYrLw; Okumiya, Horikoshi, and Caiden, Zero!, p. 257.