Twilight of the Gods

by Twilight of the Gods (retail) (epub)

  3. “War History of the 5th Air Fleet,” February 10, 1945, to August 19, 1945, Library of Congress, Japanese Monograph Series, No. 86.

  4. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 264.

  5. John Ciardi, oral history, Terkel, ed., “The Good War,” pp. 201–2.

  6. Ibid., p. 201.

  7. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 152.

  8. Hansell, The Strategic Air War Against Germany and Japan, p. 217.

  9. Ibid., p. 215.

  10. Matsuo Kato quoted in Time-Life Books, Japan at War, p. 157.

  11. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 100.

  12. Michio Takeyama essay in Minear, ed., The Scars of War, p. 62.

  13. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, January 2, 1945, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 300.

  14. “Let There Be a People of 100 Million Heroes,” Mainichi Shinbun, January 2, 1945, quoted in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 300.

  15. Asahi Shinbun headlines on January 15 & 16, 1945, quoted in Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 307.

  16. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 243.

  17. Kiyoshi Kiyosawa diary, March 29, 1945, Kiyosawa, A Diary of Darkness, p. 339.

  18. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 1.

  19. Ibid., p. 26.

  20. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 158.

  21. Quoted in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 337.

  22. Quoted in Time-Life Books, Japan at War, p. 44.

  23. Statement, Cabinet Board of Information, December 22, 1943, quoted in USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 73n1.

  24. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 162; “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 6, 1944, p. 2.

  25. Havens, Valley of Darkness, p. 165.

  26. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 122.

  27. Koiso address to Japanese National Diet, quoted in “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” September 8, 1944, p. 4.

  28. Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 173.

  29. Hideo Sato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 236.

  30. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” October 4, 1944 memo cited in broadcast of October 11, 1944, p. 3.

  31. Mihoko Nakane, diary entries, April–June 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, pp. 268–305.

  32. Naokata Sasaki, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 468.

  33. Hideo Sato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 237.

  34. Mihoko Nakane diary, June 17, 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 289.

  35. War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945 summary, pp. 5–9, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.

  36. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 19.

  37. Welfare Office Monthly Report, pp. 2–6, in War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.

  38. Dos Passos, Tour of Duty, p. 73.

  39. Ibid.

  40. War Diary, Guam Island Commander, March 1945, p. 4, NARA, RG-38: Records of the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, World War II War Diaries, Box 53.

  41. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, pp. 340–42.

  42. Truman J. Hedding, oral history, p. 108; Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 12.

  43. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 110.

  44. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 342.

  45. Ibid., pp. 341–42.

  46. Message 221837, Arnold (signed Marshall) to Richardson, Harmon, and Nimitz, December 22, 1944, in CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 5, p. 2471.

  47. CINCPOA PEARL to COMGENPOA, COMGENAAFPOA, DEPCOM20THAF, etc., March 28, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2808.

  48. Edwards to King, November 14, 1944; NARA, RG 38, “CNO Zero-Zero Files,” Box 60, Folder 21, labeled “General Spaatz.”

  49. Straubel, Air Force Diary, p. 450.

  50. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 177.

  51. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 349.

  52. Selden, “A Forgotten Holocaust,” Asia–Pacific Journal, Vol. 5, Issue 5, May 2, 2007.

  53. Ralph, “Improvised Destruction,” War in History, Vol. 13, No. 4, October 2006, p. 498.

  54. Tanaka, Tanaka, and Young, Bombing Civilians: A Twentieth-Century History, p. 81.

  55. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History, p. 170.

  56. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 125.

  57. Ibid., p. 122.

  58. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 185.

  59. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 312.

  60. Ibid., pp. 351–52.

  61. Ibid., p. 349.

  62. Fedman and Karacas, “A Cartographic Fade to Black,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 38, Issue 3, July 2012, pp. 306–28.

  63. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 75.

  64. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 37.

  65. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 29.

  66. LeMay and Yenne, Superfortress, p. 122.

  67. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 48.

  68. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 192.

  69. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 41.

  70. Ibid., p. 42.

  71. Ibid., p. 37.

  72. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 120.

  73. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 44.

  74. “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”

  75. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 111.

  76. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, pp. 196–97.

  77. Kazuyo Funato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 346.

  78. Michiko Okubo letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, pp. 207–8.

  79. Isamu Kase quoted in “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”

  80. Hiroyasu Kobayashi, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 351.

  81. Ibid., p. 352.

  82. Kazuyo Funato, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 347.

  83. Tomoko Shinoda letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 205.

  84. Ibid.

  85. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 141.

  86. Sumi Ogawa letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 204.

  87. “Deadly WWII U.S. firebombing raids on Japanese cities largely ignored.”

  88. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 143.

  89. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 195.

  90. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 37.

  91. Asahi Shinbun quoted in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, pp. 340–42.

  92. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 190.

  93. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 78.

  94. McKelway and Gopnik, Reporting at Wit’s End, p. 194.

  95. Phillips, Rain of Fire, p. 45.

  96. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 354.

  97. Caidin, A Torch to the Enemy, p. 154.

  98. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 368.

  99. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 123.

  100. Naruo Shirai letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 206.

  Chapter Thirteen

  1. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 213; USS Randolph, CV-15, “Action Report, Attack by Enemy Plane at Ulithi, 11–12 March 1945,” CV-15 A6-3 Serial: 004; Fifth Fleet War Diary, March 11, 1945, p. 10; CO Randolph to Com5thFlt, March 14, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2793.

  2. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated March 11, 1945, p. 18.

  3. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, pp. 213–14.

  4. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 1
4 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.

  5. Combined Fleet Telegram Order No. 564-B, reproduced in Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 553.

  6. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, dated March 1, 1945, p. 157, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.

  7. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86) entry dated March 18, 1945, p. 23; Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 527.

  8. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, “Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in Support of Landings at Okinawa, 14 March through 28 May, 1945,” A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.

  9. Ibid.

  10. Commander Joe Taylor, Executive Officer, “Narrative of Action 19 March 1945,” Enclosure C, USS Franklin (CV-13) Action Report, Serial 00212, 11 April 1945, FDR Library Map Room, Box 191.

  11. Radford and Jurika, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 46.

  12. J. Bryan III diary, March 19, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 78.

  13. Commander Fifth Fleet War Diary, March 19, 1945, p. 18.

  14. Potter and Nimitz, The Great Sea War, p. 449.

  15. COM5THFLT to CINCPAC, March 21, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2797.

  16. J. Bryan III diary, April 2, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 105.

  17. Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 1078.

  18. CTF 58 to CTF 51, March 25, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2801.

  19. Charles F. Barber, oral history, p. 6, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, U.S. Naval War College Archives.

  20. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, U.S. Naval Institute, 1988, p. 192.

  21. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 223.

  22. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 179.

  23. Ibid., p. 185.

  24. Dyer, The Amphibians Came to Conquer, p. 1094.

  25. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 149.

  26. U.S. Department of Defense, Department of the Army, Center of Military History, Ryukyus: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II, p. 11.

  27. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 187.

  28. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.

  29. CTF 51 [Turner] to COM5THFLT [Spruance], April 1, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, pp. 2810–11.

  30. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. xi.

  31. Ibid., p. 8.

  32. Ibid., p. 46.

  33. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 12.

  34. Okinawa Shinpo, January 27, 1945, quoted in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 163.

  35. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, March 1, 1945, p. 143. NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.

  36. “Outline of Army and Navy Operations,” January 19, 1945, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.

  37. IGHQ Navy Directive No. 510, dated March 1, 1945, p. 157, NARA, RG 38, Imperial Gen. HQ Navy Directives, in “Records of Japanese Navy & Related Documents,” Vol. 2, No. 316, Box 42.

  38. 5th Air Fleet War Diary, Japanese Monograph No. 86, entry dated March 17, 1945, p. 22.

  39. Matome Ugaki diary, March 21, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 559–60.

  40. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated March 22, 1945, p. 28.

  41. Ibid., entry dated April 4, 1945, p. 42.

  42. Matome Ugaki diary, March 11, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 550.

  43. J. Bryan III diary, April 4, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 110.

  44. Michael Bak Jr., oral history, pp. 193–94.

  45. Walker, Ninety Day Wonder, pp. 109–10.

  46. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 224.

  47. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 292.

  48. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945. A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945.

  49. CTF 58 to ATFC5THFLT Info CINCPAC, April 7, 1945, CINCPAC Gray Book, Book 6, green pages, p. 2823.

  50. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 413.

  51. Admiral Keizo Komura, commander of the fleet’s destroyer squadron, quoted in Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 261.

  52. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 262.

  53. Yoshida and Minear, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, p. 8.

  54. Ibid., p. 24.

  55. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 482.

  56. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 484.

  57. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 402.

  58. J. Bryan III diary, April 7, 1945, Bryan, Aircraft Carrier, p. 118.

  59. Astor, Wings of Gold, p. 405.

  60. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 485.

  61. Ibid.

  62. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 278.

  63. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 486.

  64. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 280.

  65. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 492.

  66. Ibid., p. 488.

  67. Ibid., p. 492.

  68. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, p. 282.

  69. Yoshida, “The Sinking of the Yamato,” p. 494

  70. Yoshida and Minear, Requiem for Battleship Yamato, p. 118.

  71. Mace and Allen, Battleground Pacific, p. 235.

  72. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 197.

  73. Ibid., pp. 192–93.

  74. Pyle, Last Chapter, p. 89.

  75. Sherrod, On to Westward, p. 285.

  76. Reported in Admiral Ugaki’s diary on April 1, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 571.

  77. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 161.

  78. Matome Ugaki diary, Friday, April 6, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, pp. 572–73.

  79. 5th Air Fleet War Diary, April 6, 1945, pp. 45–46.

  80. Clark and Reynolds, Carrier Admiral, p. 227.

  81. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 36.

  82. Appendix 1, “Ships Damaged or Sunk on Radar Picket Duty,” in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, pp. 351–53.

  83. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, pp. 35–36.

  84. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay, p. 372.

  85. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 9.

  86. Rowland and Boyd, U.S. Navy Bureau of Ordnance in World War II, Bureau of Ordnance, Department of the Navy, Washington, DC, 1953, pp. 270–74.

  87. USS Purdy Serial 024 Action Report 20 April 1945, p. 28, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 134.

  88. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 38.

  89. Ibid., p. 40.

  90. Commander Task Force 58 to CINCPAC, Report of Operations of Task Force 58 in support of landings at Okinawa, 14 March Through 28 May, 1945, A16-3 Serial: 00222, 18 June 1945, p. 12.

  91. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 14, Victory in the Pacific, p. 231.

  92. Ibid.

  93. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.

  94. Reynolds, On the Warpath in the Pacific, p. 415.

  95. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 319.

  96. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 201.

  97. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 45.

  98. Quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 151.

  99. Matome Ugaki diary, Friday, April 13, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 584.

  Chapter Fourteen

  1. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 194.

  2. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 187.

/>   3. Lardner, “Suicides and Bushwhackers,” New Yorker, May 19, 1945, p. 32.

  4. Leckie, Okinawa, p. 125.

  5. Appleman, Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 163.

  6. Sledge, With the Old Breed, p. 205.

  7. Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness, p. 360.

  8. Huber, Japan’s Battle of Okinawa, April–June 1945, p. 83.

  9. Appleman et al., Okinawa: The Last Battle, p. 286.

  10. Yahara, The Battle for Okinawa, p. 42.

  11. “Tokyo, Domei, in English, to China and South Seas,” Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, April 14, 1945, p. 1.

  12. “Tokyo, Domei, in English, to America,” Digest of Japanese Broadcasts, April 20, 1945, p. 2.

  13. Toshiyuki Yokoi, “Kamikazes in the Okinawa Campaign,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 469.

  14. Matome Ugaki diary, April 9, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 578.

  15. 5th Air Fleet War Diary (Japanese Monograph No. 86), entry dated April 18, 1945, p. 59.

  16. Inoguchi et al., The Divine Wind, p. 141.

  17. Iwao Fukagawa quoted in Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 214.

  18. Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries, p. 88.

  19. Ibid., p. 69.

  20. Ibid., p. 175.

  21. Toshiyuki Yokoi, “Kamikazes in the Okinawa Campaign,” in Evans, ed., The Japanese Navy in World War II, p. 468.

  22. Letter from Takeo Kasuga to Shozo Umezawa, June 21, 1945, quoted in Ohnuki-Tierney, Kamikaze Diaries, p. 10.

  23. Matome Ugaki diary, April 13, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 584.

  24. Ibid., p. 595.

  25. Matome Ugaki diary, April 21, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 594.

  26. Matome Ugaki diary, April 29, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 600.

  27. Reiko Torihama quoted in Sheftall, Blossoms in the Wind, p. 287.

  28. Shigeko Araki, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 320.

  29. Chief Ship’s Clerk (W-2) C. S. King, oral history, in Wooldridge, ed., Carrier Warfare in the Pacific, p. 282.

  30. Dr. David Willcutts, “Reminiscences of Admiral Spruance,” p. 6, Manuscript Item 297, U.S. Naval War College Archives.

  31. H. D. Chickering, commanding officer of LCS(L) 51, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 346.

  32. Charles Thomas, crewman on the LCS(L) 35, quoted in Rielly, Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships, p. 10.

  33. “CO USS Aaron Ward comments,” in Secret Information Bulletin No. 24: “Battle Experience: Radar Pickets and Methods of Combating Suicide Attacks Off Okinawa, March–May 1945,” July 20, 1945, p. 81-41.