11. “Chapter 25 – Eyewitness Account,” Hiroshima, August 6, 1945, by Father John A. Siemes, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, http://avalon.law.yale.edu.
12. Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 2.
13. Michiko Yamaoka, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 385.
14. Eiko Taoka, “Testimony of Hatchobori Streetcar Survivors,” The Atomic Archive, http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/Hibakusha/Hatchobori.shtml.
15. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 19.
16. Futaba Kitayama quoted in Robert Guillain, “I Thought My Last Hour Had Come,” The Atlantic, August 1980.
17. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 19.
18. Ibid., p. 31.
19. Michiko Yamaoka, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 385.
20. Yoshido Matsushige, oral history, Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 392.
21. Ibid., p. 393.
22. Futaba Kitayama quoted in Robert Guillain, “I Thought My Last Hour Had Come,” The Atlantic, August 1980.
23. Frank, Downfall, p. 265.
24. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 50.
25. Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 8.
26. Hersey, Hiroshima, p. 89.
27. Lieutenant William M. Rigdon, USN, “Log: President’s Trip to the Berlin Conference,” August 6, 1945, p. 50, Leahy, I Was There, pp. 432–33.
28. Ibid.
29. Truman’s Statement on the Bombing of Hiroshima, August 6, 1945, Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 230.
30. Ibid.
31. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 184.
32. The Pacific War Research Society, The Day Man Lost, p. 270.
33. Frank, Downfall, p. 269.
34. Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 26.
35. Frank, Downfall, p. 270.
36. The Pacific War Research Society, The Day Man Lost, p. 293.
37. USSBS Interrogation No. 609, Hisatsune Sakomizu, December 11, 1945, Kort, The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 361.
38. “Soviet Declaration of War on Japan,” August 8, 1945, Avalon Project, Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/s4.asp.
39. Lieutenant Colonel David M. Glantz, August Storm: The Soviet 1945 Strategic Offensive in Manchuria, pp. 1–2, Leavenworth Papers, Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, February 1983.
40. Glantz, August Storm, p. xiv.
41. Document G9, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 52608: Lieutenant General Torashirō Kawabe, November 21, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 382.
42. Document G7, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 54479: Statement of Sumihisa Ikeda, December 23, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 379.
43. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 197.
44. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 201.
45. Merle and Spitzer, We Dropped the A-Bomb, p. 123.
46. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 204; Paul Tibbets, oral history, accessed November 7, 2018, https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/general-paul-tibbets.
47. William L. Laurence, “Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member,” New York Times, September 9, 1945.
48. According to Ellen Bradbury, “What happened does not seem to have appeared in any official histories, but Ashworth swore to me it was true,” in Bradbury and Blakeslee, “The Harrowing Story of the Nagasaki Bombing Mission,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, August 4, 2015.
49. Alex Wellerstein, “Nagasaki: The Last Bomb,” New Yorker, August 7, 2015.
50. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 215.
51. Ibid., p. 216.
52. William L. Laurence, “Atomic Bombing of Nagasaki Told by Flight Member,” New York Times, September 9, 1945.
53. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 219.
54. Bradbury and Blakeslee, “The Harrowing Story of the Nagasaki Bombing Mission.”
55. William L. Leary and Michie Hattori Bernstein, “Eyewitness to the Nagasaki Atomic Bomb,” World War II magazine, July/August 2005, http://www.historynet.com/michie-hattori-eyewitness-to-the-nagasaki-atomic-bomb-blast.htm.
56. Shizuko Nagae eyewitness account, as told to her daughter, Masako Waba, “A Survivor’s Harrowing Account of Nagasaki Bombing,” CBC News, May 26, 2016, https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/nagasaki-atomic-bomb-survivor-transcript-1.3601606.
57. “The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” p. 11, Report by the Manhattan Engineer District, June 29, 1946, http://www.atomicarchive.com/Docs/MED/med_chp9.shtml.
58. “The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki,” p. 11.
59. Sweeney, War’s End, p. 225.
60. Ibid.
61. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 253.
62. Document D14, diary entries of Marquis Koichi Kido, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 307.
63. Here Kase paraphrases. In the account given by Sakomizu to the USSBS, Suzuki’s wording is slightly different, but the meaning is identical. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 234; USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 8.
64. Document E1, Emperor Hirohito’s Surrender Decision, August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 323.
65. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 9.
66. Document 412, “The Secretary of State to the Swiss Chargé (Grässli), Washington, August 11, 1945,” in U.S. Department of State, Foreign Relations of the United States: The British Commonwealth, Vol. 6, p. 627.
67. Document G11, Miscellaneous Statements of Japanese Officials, Document No. 50025A, Lieutenant Colonel Masahiko Takeshita, June 11, 1949, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 383–84.
68. Emperor’s “Monologue,” quoted in Irokawa, The Age of Hirohito, p. 125.
69. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 201.
70. Torashirō Kawabe diary, August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 313.
71. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 217.
72. Document D9, Army Minister Korechika Anami Broadcast: “Instruction to the Troops,” August 10, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 300.
73. Document D10, Army General Staff Telegram, August 11, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 301.
74. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 240.
75. Stimson diary, August 10, 1945, quoted in Alperovitz and Tree, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb, p. 489.
76. Stimson diary, August 10, 1945, quoted in Janssens, ‘What Future for Japan?’: U.S. Wartime Planning for the Postwar Era, 1942–1945, p. 318.
77. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 220.
78. Leahy, I Was There, p. 434.
79. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 220.
80. Forrestal diary, August 10, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, p. 83.
81. Foreign Relations of the United States, The British Commonwealth, Vol. 6, pp. 631–32.
82. Forrestal diary, August 10, 1945, Millis, ed., The Forrestal Diaries, pp. 83–84.
83. James J. Fahey diary, August 10, 1945, Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942–1945, p. 375.
84. Hynes, Flights of Passage, p. 254.
85. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 54.
86. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 64.
87. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 447.
88. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, pp. 243–44.
89. Documents C-17, C-18, C-19, Magic Diplomatic Intercept Numbers 1236–1238, August 13–15, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 289–90.
90. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 228.
91. Ibid., p. 237.
93. Hasegawa, Racing the Enemy, p. 229.
94. Document D12, Toyoda and Umezu Report to the Emperor, August 12, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, pp. 302–3.
95. USSBS, Japan’s Struggle to End the War, p. 9.
96. Wray et al., Bridging the Atomic Divide, p. 159.
97. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” August 14, 1945, pp. 2–3.
98. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 175.
99. Takeyama and Minear, eds., The Scars of War, p. 50.
100. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech Released in Digital Form,” The Japan Times, August 1, 2015 (includes English translation of the surrender rescript as it appeared in the newspaper on August 15, 1945).
101. Morita, Reingold, and Shimomura, Made in Japan, p. 34.
102. Takeshi Maeda account in Werneth, ed., Beyond Pearl Harbor, p. 126.
103. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech.”
104. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 256.
105. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 177.
106. Ibid., p. 179.
107. Iwamoto Akira letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 258.
108. Irokawa, The Age of Hirohito, p. 35.
109. Dr. Michihiko Hachiya diary, August 15, 1945, in Hachiya and Wells, Hiroshima Diary, p. 83.
110. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 179.
111. Hisako Yoskizawa diary, August 15, 1945, Yamashita, ed., Leaves from an Autumn of Emergencies, p. 217.
112. Sadao Mogami, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 456.
113. Haruyoshi Kagawa letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 50.
114. Michi Fukuda letter to the Asahi Shinbun, Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 42.
115. Yamashita, Daily Life in Wartime Japan, p. 187.
116. Ibid., p. 186.
117. Ibid., p. 184.
118. “Master Recording of Hirohito’s War-End Speech.”
119. Hideo Yamaguchi letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 273.
120. “Digest of Japanese Broadcasts,” August 15, 1945, p. 16.
121. Matome Ugaki diary, August 11, 1945, Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 659.
122. Ibid., p. 664.
123. Ibid.
124. Ugaki, Fading Victory, p. 666.
125. Ibid.
Epilogue
1. William D. Leahy diary, August 14, 1945, Leahy Papers, LCMD.
2. Buell, Dauntless Helldivers, p. 307.
3. Sylvia Summers, oral history, Richardson and Stillwell, Reflections of Pearl Harbor, p. 98.
4. Barbara De Nike, oral history, Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 213.
5. Patricia Livermore, oral history, Harris, Mitchell, and Schechter, eds., The Homefront, p. 212.
6. Stanton Delaplane, “Victory Riot,” San Francisco Chronicle Reader, p. 198.
7. Carl Nolte, “The Dark Side of V-J Day,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 15, 2005.
8. Third Fleet War Diary, August 15, 1945; CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
9. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 272.
10. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 449.
11. Sakai, Caidin, and Saito, Samurai!, p. 269.
12. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 262; USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 90, USSBS No. 429, Admiral Kichisaburo Nomura, IJN.
13. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
14. Imperial Rescript of August 17, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 334.
15. “Speech of Prince Higashi-Kuni to the Japanese People Upon Becoming Premier,” August 17, 1945, accessed June 4, 2019, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/1945-8-17c.html.
16. “Exchange of Messages Between General MacArthur and Japanese General Headquarters on Manila Meeting,” August 15–19, 1945, United States Department of State Bulletin, accessed June 7, 2019, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1945/1945-8-15b.html.
17. “General MacArthur’s Instructions to Japanese on Occupation Landings,” reprinted in New York Times, August 23, 1945.
18. Radford, From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, p. 67.
19. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, p. 451.
20. Wallace, From Dam Neck to Okinawa, p. 55.
21. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
22. Hoover Institution Archives, U.S. Office of War Information, Psychological Warfare Division, “Leaflets,” Box 2.
23. Wheeler, Dragon in the Dust, p. xxiv.
24. Roland Smoot, oral history, p. 192.
25. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 452–53.
26. John C. Munn, oral history, p. 86.
27. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 280.
28. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 575.
29. Ibid.
30. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, p. 351.
31. Courtney Whitney, “Lifting Up a Beaten People,” Life magazine, August 22, 1955, p. 90.
32. Courtney Whitney’s recollections, quoted in MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 271.
33. Manchester, American Caesar, p. 447.
34. Whelton Rhoades diary, August 30, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 448.
35. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 272.
36. CINCPAC to CNO, “Operations in the Pacific Ocean Areas, August 1945,” Serial: 034296, December 10, 1945.
37. Whelton Rhoades diary, August 31, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 450.
38. Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, August 31, 1945.
39. Ibid.
40. Stuart S. Murray, oral history, “A Harried Host in the Missouri,” in Mason, ed., The Pacific War Remembered, p. 350.
41. Jonathan M. Wainwright, General Wainwright’s Story, pp. 279–80.
42. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, pp. 472–73.
43. Whelton Rhoades diary, September 2, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 452.
44. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, No. 539, Vol. 1, pp. 472–73.
45. Stuart S. Murray oral history, “A Harried Host in the Missouri,” in Mason, ed., The Pacific War Remembered, p. 355.
46. Lamar, “I Saw Stars,” p. 22; Manchester, American Caesar, p. 451.
47. Kase, Journey to the Missouri, p. 7.
48. Dunn, Pacific Microphone, pp. 360–61.
49. MacArthur, Reminiscences, p. 275.
50. Halsey and Richardson each separately noted that MacArthur’s hands shook. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 523; Robert C. Richardson Jr. diary, September 2, 1945.
51. Halsey, Admiral Halsey’s Story, p. 524.
52. Kenney, General Kenney Reports, p. 577.
53. Associated Press, “Tokyo Aides Weep as General Signs,” September 2, 1945.
54. Lilly, Nimitz at Ease, p. 303.
55. Whelton Rhoades diary, September 2, 1945, Rhoades, Flying MacArthur to Victory, p. 454.
56. Robert Bostwick Carney, oral history, CCOH Naval History Project, Vol. 1, No. 539, p. 472.
57. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, pp. 32–45.
58. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1, p. 452.
59. James J. Fahey diary, October 22, 1945, Fahey, Pacific War Diary, 1942–1945, p. 400.
60. Ibid.
61. Richard Leonard to Arlene Bahr, November 3, 1945, in Carroll, ed., War Letters, p. 318.
62. Ibid., pp. 318–19
.
63. For example, a USSBS survey conducted in late 1945 found that two-thirds of Japanese had expected “brutality, enslavement, tyranny, starvation, subservience.” USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 155n7.
64. Naokata Sasaki, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 469.
65. Radike, Across the Dark Islands, p. 258.
66. USSBS, The Effects of Strategic Bombing on Japanese Morale, p. 155.
67. Ibid.
68. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, p. 23.
69. Ibid., p. 49.
70. Terasaki, Bridge to the Sun, p. 200.
71. Charles F. Barber, Interview by Evelyn M. Cherpak, March 1, 1996, U.S. Naval War College Archives.
72. Eichelberger and MacKaye, Our Jungle Road to Tokyo, p. 255.
73. Hara, Saito, and Pineau, Japanese Destroyer Captain, Foreword, p. x.
74. Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II, Vol. 15, Supplement and General Index, p. 9.
75. Reports of General MacArthur, Vol. 1 Supplement, p. 47.
76. Document A45, “The Potsdam Declaration,” July 26, 1945, in Kort, ed., The Columbia Guide to Hiroshima and the Bomb, p. 227.
77. Shigeo Hatanaka, oral history, in Cook and Cook, eds., Japan at War, p. 227.
78. Junko Ozaki letter to the Asahi Shinbun, in Gibney, ed., Senso, p. 75.
79. Terasaki, Bridge to the Sun, p. 233.
80. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 76, USSBS No. 379, Admiral Mitsumasa Yonai, IJN.
81. Chihaya Masataka quoted in Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 292.
82. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 289.
83. Ibid.
84. USSBS Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 90, USSBS No. 429, Admiral Kichisaburo, Nomura, IJN.
85. Asada, From Mahan to Pearl Harbor, p. 292.
86. “Fire Scroll,” Book of Five Spheres, quoted in Cleary, The Japanese Art of War, p. 84.
87. Eizo Hori, statistics cited in Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 148.
88. According to the Japanese Health, Labor, and Welfare Ministry, 3.1 million Japanese were killed in the Asian and Pacific wars of 1937 to 1945. The figure included 2.3 million military deaths and 800,000 civilian deaths. Of the latter, an estimated 500,000 were killed in Japan, and 300,000 overseas. Auer, ed., From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor, p. 242.
Twilight of the Gods Page 110
