Twilight of the Gods
Page 117
Groves, Leslie R.
and atomic bomb project, 668
and debates over use of atomic bomb, 681–82
and first atomic test, 677–79
and Manhattan Project, 671, 672
and news of successful atomic bomb test, 679
and orders to use atomic bomb, 688
GRS (Graves Registration Service), 778
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation, 416
Grumman F6F Hellcat fighter, 97, 99–100, 378–80
Grumman TBM Avenger, 380
Guadalcanal, 26–28, 31, 772
Guam, xvim, 50–51, 56, 70, 79, 81, 91, 106, 134, 159, 300, 343–45, 354, 361, 380, 391–92, 478–88, 497, 509, 511, 519, 520, 526m, 527, 535–38, 545–46, 553–54, 563, 594, 596, 627, 647, 657, 660, 665, 714m, 751, 772, 773, 780, 790
guerillas, 72, 123, 125, 200, 363, 439, 441, 444, 447–48, 451, 456, 459, 469, 470, 479, 635, 727, 740, 779,
Guitarro, USS, 218
gyokusai (“smashed jewels”), 178, 197, 451, 460, 721, 735
Hachiya, Michihiko, 697, 698, 739
Hackett, Shirley, 784
Hagen, Bob, 268, 269, 285
Haguro (Japanese heavy cruiser), 267, 283–84
Hagushi Anchorage, 728
Hagushi Bay, Okinawa, 568
Hahne, Dellie, 784–85
Hailey, Foster, 21
HAILSTONE, Operation, 106, 332–33
Halligan, USS, 566
Halsey, William “Bull,” 17, 31
absence from carrier-versus-carrier battles, 300–301
assumption of Task Force 38 command, 112
and “Bull” nickname, 113, 301, 309
and Canberra, 169
and command structure in Pacific, 305–6
and command turnover at Okinawa, 626
court of inquiry on conduct during 1944 typhoon, 402–3
court of inquiry on conduct during 1945 typhoon, 629–30
and crippled cruisers Canberra and Houston, 170–71
doubts about Japanese fleet’s contesting of Leyte invasion, 218
estimates of Japanese troop strength in fall 1944, 93
estimation of Center Force strength after Sibuyan Sea battle, 236, 294, 303–4
and fatigue among Third Fleet after Leyte Gulf battle, 368–70
fatigue at time of Leyte Gulf battles, 242
and Formosa, 164
at Holmes villa (Waikiki), 69–70
housekeeping order on Task Force 34, 237
and Japanese approach to Leyte, 219, 220
Japanese home island operations, 661
on Japanese response to Cebu airfield bombing, 125
at Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 757, 760
kamikaze defense dispute, 377
Kinkaid’s demands for continued air protection after Leyte Gulf battle, 369
and Kinkaid’s messages about San Bernardino Strait situation, 275, 276
Kyushu strikes, 628–29
leafleting of Japan, 665
Leyte command, 205
Leyte operation orders, 207
Leyte operation timing, 206
Leyte strike proposed by, 126
at Lingayen Gulf, 425
and Lingayen Gulf kamikaze attacks, 433
and Luzon airstrikes, 393
and message about Samar, 274
message to 1st Marine Division at Peleliu, 157
message to Nimitz on air situation in Philippines, 382
and Mindanao, 122–23
and New Jersey as command center, 119–20
and Nimitz’s Christmas visit at Ulithi, 401, 402
and Nimitz’s request for location of Task Force 34, 277–80
and Northern Force, 236–38, 241, 270–71
obsession with destroying Japanese carriers, 242, 301
off Miura Peninsula after Japanese surrender, 750
orders for air search for Ozawa’s carrier force, 236–37
personality and leadership style, 113–14
and pilot fatigue among Third Fleet prior to Leyte operation, 206
postwar celebrity of, 308
press coverage of anti-Japanese tirades, 662–64
pursuit of Kurita, 290
rationalizations for taking Third Fleet north, 293–94, 300–309
and reaction of Yorktown crew to Japanese peace offer, 728–29
reaction to Sprague’s Battle of the Philippine Sea decisions, 301–2
and reports of Japanese naval task force in Mindanao Sea, 376
request for F6Fs to counter suicide attacks, 380
request for “three Rs” period at Ulithi, 391–92
retaining command position after Leyte Gulf, 306–7
revision of Mindoro and Luzon invasion plans, 386
rotation of Task Force 58 leadership, 115
as “rough brush,” 301
San Bernardino Strait situation, 236–38, 275–80
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 221
South China Sea raid, 425–29
Spruance and, 106, 108, 112–13, 242, 307, 626
STALEMATE revisions proposed by, 120–21
on suicide attacks against Intrepid, 381
taunts in Japanese press, 171–72
Tokyo strike on day of Japanese surrender, 736
and “two-platoon” command, 112–13, 307, 626
and typhoon (October 4–6, 1944), 162
and typhoon (December 17, 1944), 395–97, 400–401
and typhoon (June 5, 1945), 627–29
at Ulithi, 162, 392, 429
use of Canberra as bait, 172–73
on V-J Day, 748
at Yokosuka, 753
and “Zoo plan,” 314–15, 316
Hamakaze (Japanese destroyer), 360, 585
Hancock, USS, 381, 398, 428–29, 589
Handy, Thomas T., 684–85
Hanford, Washington, 669–70
Hanford Engineer Works, 669–70
Hannegan, Robert, 47–48
Hansell, Haywood S. “Possum,” 315, 350
and B-29 dispute, 315–16
difficulties with B-29s in Marianas, 344–45, 519–20
and firebombing raids on Japan, 526
and first B-29 bombing mission over Tokyo, 348–50
and limited runway capacity in Marianas, 344, 521
meeting with Nimitz, 315–16
on pilot fatigue, 525
replaced by LeMay, 527
as skilled pilot, 344
and 21st Bomber Command, 344–46, 348
Hara, Tameichi, 297–98, 582, 585, 586, 588, 767
Harder, USS, 333
Haruna (Japanese battleship), 291
Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi, 731
Hatanaka, Kenji, 733–35, 768
Hatsuzuki (Japanese destroyer), 291
Hawaii, 747
Hawkins, Arthur R., 662
Hayashi, Ichizo, 610
Hayashi, Toshio, 445–46, 609–10
Hazard, William, 656
Hearst, William Randolph, 5, 6, 17, 39, 74, 517
Hearst Corporation newspapers, 5, 409–10
Hedding, Truman, 277, 303, 402, 403, 814n77
Heermann, USS, 285
Helfrich, C.E.L., 758
Helldiver (SB2C) dive-bomber, 99–100; See also Curtiss SB2C “Helldiver”
Herman, USS, 281
Hermle, Leo, 495–96
Hibiya Park, 181–82
Hickam Field, Hawaii, 61, 62, 77
Higashikuni, Naruhiko, 750
high-velocity aerial rocket (HVAR), 99
Hill 95, Okinawa, 632
Hill 362B, Iwo Jima, 504
Hill 362C, Iwo Jima, 507–8
Himalaya Mountains, 341
Hiranuma, Kiichiro¯, 722, 729, 735
Hirawa Bay, 515
Hirohito (emperor of Japan)
and aftermath of Hiroshima attack, 704
calculations behind acceptance of Potsdam terms, 724
and fabricated reports of For
mosa victory, 180, 181
final acceptance of terms of surrender, 732
Halsey’s attitude towards, 113
and hopes for USSR-mediated peace negotiations, 651, 680, 681
and Japanese surrender, 85–86
and leadership objections to surrender terms, 731
Okinawa briefing, 592
and peace initiatives, 183–84
in postwar Japan, 776
and prohibition against bombing of Imperial Palace, 664
reading of Imperial Rescript on Surrender, 734
response to Potsdam Declaration in U.S., 726
second Imperial Rescript on Surrender, 749–50
and Sho plans, 187
and suicide attacks, 373
and surrender announcement, 736
Suzuki and, 648, 649
and SWDC debate over Potsdam Declaration, 721, 723
Tojo and, 183
Tokyo inspection after firebombing, 557
and U.S. policy division on conditions of Japanese surrender, 672–73
and U.S. reaction to Japanese surrender announcement, 738
Hiroshima atomic bomb attack, 714m
attack orders, 685
fires after blast, 699–700
flight from Tinian to, 693–94
Japanese investigative team in, 704–5
preparation for flight, 692–93
release of atomic bomb over, 694–95
residents’ experience of atomic bomb attack, 696–702
Target Committee discussions, 682
Tokyo firebombing compared to, 553
U.S. carrier airstrikes, 561
White House statement on atomic bomb, 703
Hitler, Adolf, 7, 83, 180, 336, 541, 667, 708
Hiyoshi, Japan, 189
Hodge, John R., 566, 592
Hoel, USS, 281–83, 293
Hogaboom, Robert E., 790
Hokkaido, 188, 325, 329, 661–62, 664m, 707, 730, 762
Hokota Flight Training Center (Ibaragi Prefecture, Japan), 372
Hollandia, New Guinea, 106, 204
Holloway, James L., 260
Holmes, Chris, 64–65
Holmes villa (Oahu), 65, 69–70, 81–82
home front, 404–6
Homma, Masaharu, 435
Hong Kong, 427
Honolulu conference, 81–85
Honshu, Japan, 333, 645–46, 661–62
Hoover, J. Edgar, 8
Hoover, John, 629
Hopkins, Harry, 59
Horie, Yoshitaka, 473, 475, 515
Hornet, USS (CV-8), 28, 106
Hornet, USS (CV-12), 116, 125
Bonin Islands raids, 118
and kamikaze attack on Task Force 58 at Ulithi, 558
Kyushu strikes, 628–29
John A. Roosevelt and, 600
and Task Force 38 leadership transition, 116
typhoon (June 5, 1945), 627–28
Horseshoe Bowl, Peleliu, 143–44, 147, 149–51, 157
Hoskins, John, 226, 228
hospital ships, 488
HOTFOOT, Operation, 368
“Hot Rocks,” 493; See also Suribachi, Mt.
household wealth, 406
housing shortages, 406–7
Houston, USS, 170–74
Howorth, USS, 434, 501–2
Hull, USS, 400, 401
human rights, 666
Hunt, George P., 135, 138, 140, 152
Hutchins, USS, 255
Huxtable, Edward J., Jr., 266, 792
HVAR (high-velocity aerial rocket), 99
Hynes, Samuel
on celebrations of Japanese surrender, 728
on dangerous flights after Japanese surrender, 789
and elimination flying, 418
on flying at dusk, 424–25
and Japanese retreat to south Okinawa, 630
on priority for discharge, 779
on Simulated Aerial Combat Machine, 421–22
Hyuga (Japanese battleship), 426, 427
I-56 (Japanese submarine), 288
I-58 (Japanese submarine), 692
ICEBERG, Operation, 556, 559, 563, 571m; See also Okinawa
Ichigaya, 730
“Ichi-Go” (Plan One), 343
Ickes, Harold, 53
I Company, 3rd Battalion, 24th Marines, casualty rate, 512–13
I Corps, 433, 435, 469
Idaho, USS, 599–600
“Identification, friend or foe” (IFF), 100
Ie Shima, 589, 604–5, 744
IFD (Inter-Fighter Director), 594–95, 597
III Amphibious Corps, 566, 589, 619, 789–90
Ikeda, Sumihisa, 708, 709
“I’ll Be Home for Christmas,” 788
Imperial General Headquarters
air power deployment policy, 559–60
communications problems after Hiroshima, 703
and fabricated reports of Formosa victory, 180
Hiroshima report, 705
Okinawa strategy, 574, 592
overestimation of April 6 Okinawa attack, 593
overstatement of Allied ships sunk off Okinawa, 608
reaction to Red Army’s invasion of Manchuria, 707
and Yamato’s last sortie, 582
Imperial Guard, 472
Imperial Iron and Steel Works (Yawata, Kyushu), 342
Imperial Japanese Army, 652–54
Imperial Navy, 292–93, 772
Imperial Palace, 664, 733–34
Imperial Rescript on Surrender, 734, 749–50
Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors, 466–67, 741
incendiary bombing attacks
casualties from first Tokyo raid, 552–53
early disputes over policy, 540–42
flight to Tokyo for first raid, 545–46
LeMay’s advocacy of, 539–40
preparation for first raid, 544–45
reaction on ground in Tokyo, 547–53
risks of low-altitude attacks, 542–43
Toyko’s susceptibility to fire, 529–30
Independence, USS, 239–40
Independence-class light carriers (CVLs), 101, 398
Indiana, USS, 662
Indianapolis, USS
atomic bomb components transported by, 691–92
kamikaze attacks, 568, 613
and rotation of Task Force 58 leadership, 115
at Saipan, 55
sinking of, 692
Spruance and, 107–10
at Ulithi, 429
industrial base, Japanese, 313–14
inflation, 406
influence fuse, 598
Inland Sea, 70, 174, 188, 206, 213, 318, 329, 353, 561, 581, 654, 659–60, 661–63, 694, 702
Inoguchi, Rikibei, 198, 202, 374
Inoguchi, Toshihira, 231, 234–35
Inoue, Hitoshi, 774–75
Inouye, Isamu, 666–67
Instrument of Surrender, 756–62
integration, 408
Inter-Fighter Director (IFD), 594–95, 597
Interim Committee, 671–72, 681–82, 685
internal migration, U.S., 408, 788
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, 411–13
International Military Tribunal Far East, 775
International Red Cross, 13, 458–59, 464, 467, 536, 701
interservice rivalries
Japanese, 770–71
U.S., 638–39
Intramuros, 451–52, 461–62
Intrepid, USS
at Kyushu, 560
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 219, 221, 228, 229
suicide attacks against, 370, 381, 382
Iowa, USS, 290
Iowa-class fast battleships, 101, 397
“Iron Maiden,” 422
iron ore, 311
Irwin, USS, 226
Ise (Japanese battleship), 426, 427
Ise Shrine, 186, 724
Ishikawa Neck, 590
Island Command Daily Press News (Guam), 536
Isley Fi
eld, Saipan, 344, 345, 346, 350, 519–20, 526m, 539
Isokaze (Japanese destroyer), 355, 360, 585
isolationism, 5, 7, 337, 410
Ito, Masanori, 233, 247
Ito, Seiichi, 582, 585, 588
Iwabuchi, Sanji, 450, 451, 456–57, 460, 462, 467
Iwo Jima, 472–518
aftermath, 516–18
B-29 attack on, 346
as base for Japanese raids on Marianas, 118, 519–20
casualties (total Japanese), 516
casualties (total U.S.), 516
closing stages of battle, 513–16
February–March 1945, 489m
field hospitals, 510–11
geography of, 472–73
geology of, 499
home front reaction to casualties, 516–17
ineffectiveness of U.S. bombing raids, 478
JCS directive for invasion, 94
Kuribayashi’s arrival on, 472–73
living conditions, 477–78
“loading out” of marines, 515–16
MacArthur’s implied criticism of U.S. operation, 517, 518
medical casualties, 509–13
mortality rate of casualties evacuated from, 512
Motoyama Plateau casualties, 501
Nimitz’s preliminary plans for attack, 126–27
preparation for U.S. landing, 485–93
preparation of underground tunnels and bunkers, 475–76
Spruance’s advocacy of invasion, 119
Spruance’s alternative to CAUSEWAY plan, 55–56
submarines’ roles in campaign, 657
Mt. Suribachi, 493–97
Task Force 38 and, 118
U.S. attacks before invasion, 473–74
U.S. command lineup, 486–87
U.S. invasion force strength, 485–86
U.S. landing, 488–93
VAC casualties, 504
water supply, 474, 505
Jabit III (weather plane), 693
Jallao, USS, 291–92
Japan
air attacks on civilian populations, 541
air strategy for Ryukyus and East China Sea, 577–80
August 1, 1945 air raid, 688
civil defense preparations, 530–31
civilian death toll as of August 1, 1945, 688
civilian evacuations from cities, 556–57
civilians’ reaction to B-29 raids, 527–28
culture of silence/forgetting after war, 774–75
debate on possible Allied invasion of home islands, 644–48
domestic food production at time of surrender, 765–66
domestic reaction to surrender announcement, 738–40
economic conditions as factor in WWII, 311–12
evacuation of children from cities, 531–35
evacuation of civilians from cities, 531
home front conditions in later years of WWII, 176–87
hopes for diplomatic end to war, 183–85
kamikaze program as propaganda for home front, 202
leaders’ reflection on stupidity of war, 768–69
Philippines strategy debates, 366–68