reshuffling of cabinet, 649
suicides after surrender, 749
U.S. occupation zones in, 762
weather problems and precision bombardment, 522
Japanese–Soviet Neutrality Pact, 184
JCS, See Joint Chiefs of Staff
Jim Crow laws, 410
Jo, Eiichiro, 194
Johnson, Elliot, 416
Johnson, Lyndon B., 418
Johnson, Roy L., 628
Johnston, Stanley, 25
Johnston, USS, 268–70, 281, 285–87, 293
Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS)
cable to MacArthur on Formosa plans, 88–89
and CAUSEWAY problems, 91
and command structure in Pacific, 647
and DOWNFALL, 645, 648
Formosa plans, 50–52, 88–90, 91–94
and Halsey’s estimates of Japanese troop strength in fall 1944, 93
Leahy and, 58, 59
Leyte strike authorization, 127–28
planning arm of, 51–52, 89–90
policy made by consensus rather than majority vote, 59
and Potsdam Declaration wording, 683
“Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan,” 51
Joint Strategic Survey Committee (JSSC), 51–52, 683
Jones, George, 461–62
Jones, Harry D., 584
journalism, See news media
jushin (senior statesmen), 721
Kadena Airfield, Okinawa, 572, 592, 615, 638
Kaiser, Henry, 261–62
kaiten (suicide submarines), 195, 392
Kakazu Ridge, 592–93, 602–3
Kalinin Bay, USS, 283, 284, 289
Kamaishi, Japan, 662
kamikaze, 192–203; See also “floating chrysanthemums” attacks; suicide attacks
air strategy for Ryukyus/East China Sea, 577
approach/attack methods, 374–75
attack on Task Force 58 at Ulithi, 558
Battle off Samar, 287–90
Bunker Hill, 616–18
as compensation for aviators’ deficiencies, 198
Desposito attack, 391
expansion/institutionalization of corps, 372–73
for final battles against U.S. fleet, 652–53
inauguration of corps, 199
on Iwo Jima, 502
and Japanese tactical ingenuity, 774
at Kanoya Air Base, 608–9
at Kerama Retto, 613
and Ketsu-go, 651
at Lingayen Gulf, 425, 428–29, 432–33
and Mindoro landing, 393
at Okinawa, 567–68, 608, 613
picket destroyers as decoy force, 595
pilot indoctrination program, 374–75
and Radar Picket Station No. 10, 614
religious justification, 195–96
as tactical/propaganda expedient, 372
Twentieth Air Force response to Okinawa attacks, 596–97
and younger airmen, 373–74
kamikaze corps, 609–11
Kanoya Air Base, 523, 558–59, 608–9, 611
Kanto Plain, 645, 652, 653
Kanto region, Japan, 523
Kase, Isamu, 550, 760–62
Kase, Toshikazu, 726, 759
Kasumi (Japanese destroyer), 586
Kato, Kenkichi, 235
Kawabe, Torashiro¯, 202, 707, 709, 725, 730, 750
Kawanishi N1K2-J Shinden-Kai (“George”), 523, 561
Kawanishi reconnaissance seaplanes, 774
Kawasaki, 659
K Company, 3rd Battalion, 1st Marines, 132, 135, 138, 140
K (King) Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 150
Keise Shima, 567
Kempetai (military police), 185
Kenney, George C., 122
and Battle of the Bismarck Sea, 35, 36
at Leyte, 210, 365
at Luzon, 433
on MacArthur’s refusal to carry sidearm in Japan, 754
and Manila, 394
and Okinawa air defense, 629
and revision of Mindoro and Luzon invasion plans, 386
and “three K’s,” 205
Kerama Islands, 566–67
Kerama Retto, 613
Kerama Roadstead, 566–67
Ketcham, William, 499
Ketsu-go, 651–52
Kharagpur, 341
Kido, Koichi
and aftermath of Hiroshima attack, 704
and coup attempt, 726
and Kyu¯jo¯ Incident, 734
and SWDC, 649, 721, 722
Kikusui attacks, See “floating chrysanthemums” attacks
Kikusui No. 2, 593–94
Kimberly, USS, 567–68
Kimmel, Husband E., 11
King, Ernest J.
and BARNEY, 657
Nelie Bull and, 28–32
and CAUSEWAY, 57, 91, 94–95
censorship of Guadalcanal naval losses, 26–27
and command structure in Pacific, 305
and command turnover at Okinawa, 626
court of inquiry on Halsey’s and McCain’s conduct during typhoon, 629
and discharge priority system, 779
discussions on replacing Halsey, 307
and DOWNFALL command structure, 648
and FDR’s Hawaii visit, 57
and fighter planes at Philippines, 379–80
and Formosa occupation plans, 50, 54
and Halsey’s actions in typhoon, 402, 403
and Halsey’s estimates of Japanese troop strength in fall 1944, 93
and MacArthur’s pledge to return to Philippines, 76
and Nimitz’s message to Halsey asking for location of Task Force 34, 277
and OLYMPIC, 645
order limiting number of planes in service, 416–17
Oval Office meeting on strategy late in war, 673
and OWI, 24–25
and Pacific strategy disputes, 53–54
and personnel assignments, 115
and the press, 16–18, 24–26
response to Halsey’s leaving San Bernardino Strait unguarded, 276
at Saipan, 54–58
secret press briefings at Nelie Bull’s house, 29–32
and torpedo malfunctions, 322, 323
and two-theater command setup as 1944 election issue, 369
U.S. debate over USSR’s involvement in East Asian war, 674
warnings about manpower shortages in military, 415
King Company, 3rd Battalion, 5th Marines, 150
Kinkaid, Thomas
and command setup at time of Leyte Gulf battles, 305
on coordination of transport ships to Leyte, 205
dispatches on San Bernardino Strait situation, 290
and Halsey’s Leyte battle plan, 237
kamikaze attacks on Seventh Fleet, 375–76
lack of direct criticism of Halsey in action report, 306
and Leyte operation planning, 207
and losses from kamikaze attacks, 377
at Luzon, 433
messages to Halsey about San Bernardino Strait situation, 271, 274–76, 814n71
and Nimitz’s message to Halsey asking for location of Task Force 34, 277
and revision of Mindoro and Luzon invasion plans, 385, 386
and Third Fleet fatigue after Leyte Gulf battle, 368
and “three K’s,” 205
unloading of supplies at Leyte, 364
Kirishima (Japanese battleship), 451
Kishinami (Japanese destroyer), 216, 217
Kistiakowsky, George, 670, 678
Kitano Point, Iwo Jima, 513–15
Kitayama, Futaba, 698–700
Kitkun Bay, USS, 267, 283, 289
Kiyan Peninsula, 624–25, 630–33
Kiyosawa, Kiyoshi, 529
Knox, Frank
and King’s secret press briefings, 32
and merger of War and Navy Departments, 18
and news coverage of Santa Cruz, 28
and Nimi
tz’s first formal press conference, 21
and Office of Public Relations, 29
and OWI, 24
on Pearl Harbor, 11
Kobayashi, Hiroyasu, 550–51
Kobe, Japan, 555
Koiso, Kuniaki, 179
“Arm the 100 Million” policy, 534
fabricated reports of victories, 180–82, 185
kamikaze program, 372
mobilization of Japanese population, 532
ouster of, 601
selection as prime minister, 182
warnings of possible U.S. landing on Japanese homeland, 186
Kojima, Kiyofumi, 469–70
Kokuba Hills, 624
Kokura, Japan, 682, 710, 713–15
Kokura Arsenal, 713
kokutai, 724, 729
Kongo (Japanese battleship), 267, 269n, 285
Konoike Airfield, 484
Konoye, Fumimaro, 655
Konron Maru (Japanese passenger ship), 329
Korea, 707, 727
Koyanagi, Tomiji, 263, 287, 297, 299–300
Kozu, Naoji, 193
Krock, Arthur, 6
Krueger, Walter
and Breakneck Ridge stalemate, 387
Clark Field attack, 440–41
and Leyte Island, 365
on Luzon, 433, 436, 438, 439, 442–43
and OLYMPIC, 645
and “three K’s,” 205
Kumano (Japanese cruiser), 268–69, 291
Kure, Japan, 191, 234, 352–53, 561, 581–82, 659, 663, 694, 703
Kure Naval Base, 663, 703
Kuribayashi, Tadamichi
arrival on Iwo Jima, 472–74
death of, 515
evacuation of Iwo Jima’s civilian population, 476
excavation of tunnels, 475
on fall of Suribachi, 495
and Kitano Point, 513–15
leadership, 476–77
and Motoyama Plateau, 498–99, 504, 506
six “courageous battle vows,” 479
and strategy for Iwo Jima battle, 479
Kurile Islands, 325, 707
Kurita, Takeo, 806n30
approach to San Bernardino Strait, 239–40
approach to Surigao Strait, 246
and Atago, 216–18
decision not to attack U.S. transport fleet at Leyte Gulf, 293–97
decision to retreat from Leyte Gulf, 304–6
at end of Leyte Gulf battle, 291
fatigue as factor in decisions at Leyte Gulf, 297–98
at final briefing before Leyte Gulf operation, 212
and Halsey’s pursuit of Northern Force, 304
and Leyte Gulf attack itinerary, 212
and Leyte operation planning, 206, 207
and Palawan Passage, 213
battle off Samar, 280, 281, 287
and San Bernardino Strait, 231–33, 280
and Sho plans, 188–92, 299
and Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 222, 228, 229
at Tablas Strait, 220
Kusaka, Ryu¯nosuke, 165, 166, 582–83
Kwantung Army, 708
Kyu¯jo¯ Incident, 733–36
Kyushu, Japan, 343, 349, 578, 611
airfield attacks, 611
attacks on Japanese airfields, 596–97
Japanese troop buildup, 681
and kamikaze attack on Task Force 58 at Ulithi, 558
and Ketsu-go, 652
and OLYMPIC, 638, 645, 646m
and Pacific strategy disputes, 53
and Spruance’s alternative to CAUSEWAY plan, 56
and Task Force 58, 559–61
“labor service maidens,” 609, 611
Laffey, USS, 595
Landing Ship, Tank (LST), 134–35
Langley, USS, 225, 428
Lansdowne, USS, 759
La Paz, Samar, 365
La Perouse Strait, 328–30, 657, 658
Lardner, John, 572, 600, 604
Laurel, José P., 451
Laurence, William, 711, 712, 715–16
Lawrence, Ernest O., 678
Lawton, Jack, 230
Layton, Edwin, 647, 666–67
Lea, Tom, 138–39, 143–44, 150–51
Leach, Douglas Edward, 790
leaflets, 665–66
Leahy, William
at beginning of FDR’s Pacific trip, 45
confusion in historical literature concerning, 59
debate over accepting Japanese conditions of surrender, 727
and FDR’s 1944 Pacific tour, 49, 58–61
and FDR’s Aiea Hospital visit, 81
and FDR’s Oahu inspection tour, 65
and FDR’s Statler Hotel speech, 412
Honolulu conference conclusions, 85
and MacArthur at Honolulu conference, 63, 64, 77
and Manhattan Project, 85
and Operation CAUSEWAY, 90
Oval Office strategy meeting late in war, 673–74
and Potsdam Conference, 674
and Potsdam Declaration wording, 683
and the press, 17
press conference at end of Honolulu conference, 82
on problem of command structure in Pacific, 647
on public celebration of Japanese surrender, 745–46
as senior military officer of WWII, 58–59
and Truman, 641–43
and two-theater command setup as election issue, 369
as White House chief of staff, 641, 643
leaks, 25
LeClerc, Jacques, 758
Lee, Kent, 167
Lee, Robert E., 82–83
Lee, Willis “Ching,” 114, 237, 240, 271
Leeson, Robert, 249
LeMay, Curtis
on B-29’s bugs, 340
on bombing’s effect on Japan, 689
disputes with Nimitz over use of Marianas, 537–38
expansion of firebombing, 556
firebombing immediately after Tokyo raid, 554–56
justifications for firebombing attacks, 542
and leadership changes on Marianas, 527
and Lifeguard League, 657
on MATTERHORN, 343
resumption of firebombing, 658–59
Charles Sweeney and, 710
Sweeney interrogation after Nagasaki, 720
Tokyo firebombing assessment, 553–54
transition from precision bombing to firebombing, 539–40
and Twentieth Air Force attacks on Japanese airfields, 597
Leonard, Richard, 763, 764
Lerner, Max, 408
“Lessons of Damage in Typhoon” memorandum, 403
Lewis, Robert, 694, 695
Lewis, Sybil, 788
Lexington, USS (CV-16), 25, 167, 224–25
Battle off Cape Engano, 272
Coral Sea press coverage, 26
at Formosa, 168
Halsey’s arrival on, 121
Halsey’s pursuit of Northern Force, 240–41
kamikaze attacks against, 377
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 228, 229
Spruance and, 107
suicide attack damage, 382
Leyte (Morison), 308
Leyte Gulf, Battles of, 213–17, 214m, 246–309
aftermath of, 363
Battle off Cape Engano, 270–74, 291
Battle off Samar, 260–70, 280–87
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 219–28
Battle of Surigao Strait, 222–23, 228–235
casualties, 292–93
controversies after end of WWII, 301–9
Halsey takes Third Fleet north, 238–42, 274–78
historical debates about, 294–300
Imperial Navy losses, 292–93
Japanese plans, 188–92
kamikaze attacks on Seventh Fleet, 376
as largest naval battle in history, 292
submarine attacks in Palawan Passage, 212–18
task groups, 123
“unofficial” suicide attacks against Allied Fleet
, 288
See also Cape Engano, Battle off; Samar, Battle off; Sibuyan Sea, Battle of the; Surigao Strait, Battle of
Leyte Island, Philippines, 125, 204–45
arrival of MacArthur’s invasion fleet, 174–75
casualties, 394
end of reinforcements after capture of Mindoro, 394
Hirohito’s interest in defending, 184
Japanese reinforcements late in 1944, 387–88
Japanese strategy debates, 367
Japanese troop strength at time of U.S. landing, 367
JCS authorization of strike, 127–28
landing date revised, 93
October–December 1944, 388m
troop journey from Hollandia and Manus, 204–5
unloading of supplies onto, 363–64
U.S. troop landing, 208–12
Leyte Valley, 365
Liberty ships, 780–81
Liddle, USS, 391
Liebling, A.J., 20
Lifeguard League, 657
Life magazine, 138–39, 151, 185, 746
Lingayen Gulf
description, 430
Japanese air attacks, 428–29
kamikaze attacks, 425
Sixth Army landing on, 430–39
Third Fleet’s journey to, 425
Link Trainer, 422
Lippmann, Walter, 31
Little, USS, 614
“Little Boy” (uranium bomb), 691, 697, 712, 718
“Little White House,” 675, 684
Livermore, Patricia, 746–47
Liversedge, Harry B., 493
Lockwood, Charles A.
and BARNEY, 657, 658
on dearth of Japanese ships in western Pacific in spring of 1945, 656
Joseph Enright and, 351
and Lifeguard League, 657
shift in American thinking about deployments, 330–31
and sinking of Shinano, 361, 362
and STALEMATE plans, 121
and submarine warfare, 315
and torpedo malfunctions, 322–24
and Wahoo, 317, 318, 325, 328, 330
and wolfpacks, 331
LONGTOM, Operation, 644, 648
Los Alamos, New Mexico, 668–69
Los Angeles, California, 409–10, 746, 783
Louisville, USS, 254, 259, 432
“Love Day” (Okinawa landing), 569–70, 572–73
LST (Landing Ship, Tank), 134–35
Luce, Claire Booth, 39
Luce, Henry, 39
Lumsden, Herbert, 432
Lunga Point, USS, 502
Luzon, Philippines; See also Lingayen Gulf
American casualties, 471
American casualties misrepresented by Yamashita, 468
American POWs at, 75
casualties, 470–71
and CAUSEWAY, 57
command roster for U.S. invasion, 433–34
Japanese casualties, 470
Japanese invasion of, 11
Japanese strategy debates, 367
JCS directive for invasion, 94
and Leyte battle’s effect on Japanese strength, 394
MacArthur’s advance on Manila, 443m
MacArthur’s case for invading, 72–78
Twilight of the Gods Page 118
