news media
B-29 raids as dilemma for Japanese authorities, 528
FDR’s 1944 Pacific tour, 46
FDR’s relations with, 3–43
flood of war correspondent applicants after Pearl Harbor, 18–19
Iwo Jima coverage, 517–18
Japanese coverage of kamikazes, 371–76
Japanese coverage of Leyte Gulf, 371–76
Japanese coverage of peace negotiations, 729–30
Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 757–58
Ernest King’s hostility towards, 16
MacArthur’s candidacy in 1944 presidential race, 40–41
MacArthur’s relationship with, 12–14
Spruance and, 108–9
SWPA press section, 32–34
New York City, 746
New York Daily News, 5
New York Times, 5, 6, 21, 27, 421, 461, 711
NHK radio (Japan), 179–80, 185, 729–30
Nichi Ridge, 504
Nichols Field, Manila, 448
Nihon Steel Company, 662
Niigata, 682
Niland, George, 783
Nimitz, Chester, 17
and attacks on Kyushu and Shikoku airfields, 596
and B-29 airbase development on Guam, 536, 538–39
and B-29 dispute with Arnold, 315–16
and BaitDiv 1 plans, 173
and BARNEY, 657
and CAUSEWAY, 57, 91, 92
Christmas 1944 visit with Task Force 38 at Ulithi, 401–2
as CINCPOA, 22–23
and command setup at time of Leyte Gulf battles, 305
and command turnover at Okinawa, 626
debate on invasion of Japanese home islands, 644
discussions on replacing Halsey, 307
disputes with LeMay over use of Marianas, 537–38
and DOWNFALL, 647, 648
and FDR’s 1944 Pacific tour, 60
and FDR’s Hawaii visit, 57, 80
and FDR’s Oahu inspection tour, 65
and Formosa, 169
on Franklin damage, 562
and Halsey’s actions in typhoon, 402, 403
and Halsey’s approach to operations plans, 242
and Halsey’s attempts to revise STALEMATE plans, 121
and Halsey’s estimates of Japanese troop strength, 93
and Halsey’s Leyte Gulf orders, 302
and Halsey’s Leyte strike proposal, 126
and Halsey’s message about Third Fleet fatigue after Leyte, 369–70
and Halsey’s request to take alternate route from South China Sea, 428
and Halsey’s Third Fleet staff, 114
at Holmes villa (Waikiki), 69, 74–75
and Honolulu conference, 85
at Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 757, 760, 761
and JCS cable to MacArthur, 89
Joint Chiefs March 1944 orders, 50
lack of direct criticism of Halsey in action report, 306
“Lessons of Damage in Typhoon” memorandum, 403
and Leyte, 92
and Leyte chain of command, 205
and MacArthur’s departure after Honolulu conference, 77
MacArthur’s relationship with, 647
message to Halsey asking for location of Task Force 34, 277–80
need for more fighter planes in Philippines, 379–80
and news coverage of Santa Cruz Islands, 28
and OLYMPIC, 646, 839n57
and Peleliu invasion decision, 128–29
and photo shoot with MacArthur at Honolulu conference, 64
and photos of radar picket vessels damaged by kamikazes, 596
and the press, 21–23
press conference at end of Honolulu conference, 82
rescue mission for POWs near Tokyo, 751
response to Halsey’s leaving San Bernardino Strait unguarded, 276–77
at Saipan, 54–58
and South Dakota, 751
and Spruance, 106–7
and STALEMATE plans, 121
and Task Force 38 leadership transition, 116
and torpedo malfunctions, 322
and Twentieth Air Force attacks on Japanese airfields, 597
and two-theater command setup as election issue, 369
and V-J Day ceasefire orders, 747
and “Zoo plan,” 314–15
Nimitz, Chester, Jr., 333
96th Infantry Division, 592, 602, 603, 624
nisei, 632, 633, 665
Nishibaru Ridge, 602
Nishihara, Takamaro, 469
Nishimura, Shoji, 188, 291
approach to Surigao Strait, 246
and Leyte Gulf attack itinerary, 212, 213
and Sho plans, 298
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 220–21
and Southern Force approach to Leyte, 220
and Surigao Strait, 247–55
Nishina, Yoshio, 704
Nishino, Shigeru, 251–53, 255, 257
Nishizawa, Hiroyoshi, 289–90
Nitu Maru (Japanese freighter), 319
Nomura, Kichisaburo, 185, 202, 771, 806n30
“nonbattle” casualties, 639
Norden bombsight, 521, 694, 713–14
North American SNJ “Texan,” 421
North Borneo, 212
Northern Force (Japan), 213n, 238, 240, 280, 298, 300–309
North Field, Guam, 536, 545
North Field, Tinian, 539, 720
Noshiro (Japanese cruiser), 291
“no surrender” ethos, 197
Novaliches, Luzon, 445
Novitiate of the Society of Jesus (Nagatsuke), 698, 700–701
Nowaki (Japanese destroyer), 290
NTS (Naval Torpedo Station, Newport, Rhode Island), 322–25
nukapan, 177
Oahu, Hawaii, 65–70, 68m
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 669, 670
OCTAGON conference, 92–93
O’Donnell, Emmett “Rosie,” 348, 543
Oerlikon 20 mm cannon, 101
Office of Censorship, 10–11
Office of Public Relations, 29
Office of Special Services (OSS), 543–44, 654n
Office of War Information (OWI), 24–25, 28, 664–65
Ogasawara Army Corps, 472
Oikawa, Koshiro, 194
oil, 72, 105, 186, 188–92, 311–12, 334, 578, 644
oilers, 105, 122
oil supply, 72, 186, 188–92, 311–12, 344, 578, 644, 650, 654, 768
oil tankers, 189, 331, 334
Oka (“cherry blossom”) guided suicide missiles, 195, 353, 484, 567
Okamura, Yasuji, 730
O’Kane, Richard, 317–19, 321, 325, 330, 332–36
Okinawa, 563–80, 589–97, 602–40
airfield development difficulties, 615
American casualties, 639
American graves on, 778
Bockscar’s emergency landing on, 711
bombardment before U.S. landing, 568–69
Buckner’s plans for ground offensive, 602
casualties on day of U.S. landing, 573
and CAUSEWAY, 55–56, 92
civilian casualties, 640
civilian migration on, 590–91, 633–35
early days of invasion, 589–91
engagements in south, 591–92
estimated Japanese troop strength at time of U.S. invasion, 564
geography of, 564
invasion plans, 589
Japanese air strike against Task Force 58, 579–81
Japanese casualties in last days of battle, 636
Japanese defense strategy, 573–75
Japanese fortification of southern region, 575–76
Japanese retreat to southern region, 624–27
Japanese treatment of civilian population, 576–77
JCS directive for invasion, 94
last phase of battle (April–June 1945), 631m
leafleting of surrender inducements, 632
Ma
y 4 Japanese counterattack, 606–7
net population (1945), 565
Operation ICEBERG, 571m
photo reconnaissance of, 425
planning for U.S. invasion, 563–66
preparations for U.S. landing, 566–70
refugees on, 633–35
regular Japanese troop strength, 574–75
return trip after Nagasaki bombing, 718–20
revision to Japanese operational plans, 575
ship losses and casualties, 639–40
skirmishes during week before invasion, 567–68
strategic importance, 565
submarines’ roles in campaign, 657
Twentieth Air Force attacks on Japanese airfields, 596–97
typhoon (June 5, 1945), 627–29
U.S. Army casualties (5/4–5/5/1945), 607
U.S. casualties from Japanese aerial sorties, 593
U.S. landing on, 569–70, 572–73
V-E Day on, 619
warship crew conditions, 612
and Yamato’s last sortie, 582–89
Okinawa (Japanese frigate), 658
Okinawa Shinpo, 576
Okubo, Michiko, 549
Okumiya, Masatake, 124–25
Okuno, Tadashi, 286–87
“Old Breed,” See 1st Marine Division
Oldendorf, Jesse
and bombardment of Luzon, 434
fire support prior to Leyte landing, 208
kamikaze attacks against fire support group, 431–33
and Surigao Strait, 249, 253, 257–60
and Task Group 77.2, 207
OLYMPIC, Operation, 626, 638, 645, 646, 646m, 673
Omagari, Satoru, 509
Ommaney Bay, USS, 431
Omori 8 Camp, 751
“one-condition” response to Potsdam Declaration, 720–22, 726
109th Davison (Japan), 472
129th Infantry, 452, 462
133rd Naval Construction Battalion, 505
145th Infantry (Japan), 514–15
145th Infantry (U.S.), 462
147th General Hospital (Honolulu), 79
147th Infantry Division (U.S.), 515
148th Infantry (U.S.), 452
184th Infantry (7th Division), 607
184th Regiment (U.S.), 606
Onishi, Takijiro¯, 199–200
coup attempt, 733
and kamikaze program, 201–2, 287–90
and Kyu¯jo¯ Incident, 735
reinforcement of Clark Field defensive lines, 440–41
battle off Samar, 287–88
and suicide attacks, 289, 373
suicide of, 741–42
Opa Locka Field (Florida), 422–23
operational strategies, 310–11
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 668, 671, 677, 678
Orange Beach (Peleliu), 136–39, 142–43
Ormoc, Philippines, 387–91
Ormoc Bay, 389
Osaka, Japan, 555
Oshiage Station (Tokyo), 552
Osmeña, Sergio, 210, 211, 463–64
OSS (Office of Special Services), 543–44, 654n
Ota, Masahide, 636
Otani, Tonosuke, 231, 261, 297
Owen, Dwight H., 249
OWI (Office of War Information), 24–25, 28, 664–65
Ozawa, Jisaburo, 218, 806n30
Battle off Cape Engano, 271, 272, 274
carrier force in Philippine Sea, 236, 238
on fleet’s survivors of Leyte Gulf, 293
on kamikazes, 194
and Kurita’s decision not to attack U.S. transport fleet at Leyte Gulf, 296
and Leyte Gulf attack itinerary, 213
and Leyte operation planning, 206
off Cape Engano, 290
and Sho plans, 188–90, 192, 298
and U.S. command controversies after end of WWII, 307
ozone, 695, 697
P-38 Lightning fighters, 35, 376
P-51 Mustang fighter, 503–5, 516, 522, 660–61
P-61 Black Widow fighter, 505
Pacific Fleet, 22, 96, 112, 20
and divided command controversies, 305–6
and MacArthur, 50, 89, 93–94, 306
Pacific Fleet logistics command, 104
Pacific Ocean, xvi–xviim
Paco Railroad Station, 452
Palau Islands, 50, 106, 118, 119, 120–22, 123, 126, 128, 133, 158, 159, 324, 570, 627, 777
Palawan Island, 212, 213, 217, 469
Palawan Passage, Battle of the, 212–13, 215–17
Palawan POW camp, 442
pan-pan girls, 766
Parkin, Glenn, 283
Parsons, William S. “Deak,” 693, 694, 696
Pasig River, 445, 447–53, 455, 456, 462, 464
Patterson, Eleanor “Cissy,” 5–6
Patterson, Joseph M., 5, 6
Pavuvu Island, 130–32
Pawnee, USS, 173–74
PBM seaplanes, 581, 583–84
PBY “Black Cat” float plane, 389
Peabody, Eddie, 392
peace negotiations, 649–56
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, xviim, 7–12, 16, 18, 21, 22, 23, 30, 32, 33, 54, 58, 60, 61, 66, 68m, 71, 80, 81, 85,87, 91, 94, 104, 106, 109, 111,112, 114, 115, 119, 121, 159, 169, 172, 184,187, 199, 207, 236, 237, 242, 243, 259, 272, 276, 277, 291, 300, 301, 312, 313, 316, 318, 322, 324, 325, 328, 329, 332, 334, 337, 350, 369, 361, 369, 381, 384, 392, 401, 406, 410, 414, 429, 432, 478, 485, 486, 502, 523, 562, 568, 613, 657, 658, 663, 666, 688, 708, 743, 769, 772,
Pearl Harbor attack, 7–9, 410–11, 769
Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard, 79–80, 315
Pearson, Drew, 4
Peleliu, 126–27, 130–59, 137m
casualties (D-Day), 140
casualties (total), 158–59
casualties during first eight days of battle, 149–50
decision to invade, 128–29
1st Marine Division casualties, 157
1st Marine Division landing, 132–39
Japanese garrison on, 144–46
Pensacola, Florida, training complex, 418, 420
Percival, A.E., 755, 758, 761
Perry, Glen, 29, 30
Perry, Matthew, 759, 776
Philippine General Hospital, 458
Philippines, 806n30; See also specific islands, e.g.: Leyte
and 1944 U.S. presidential election, 77
Cebu airfield bombing, 123–25
estimates of Japanese troop strength in fall 1944, 93
in FDR’s letter to MacArthur after Honolulu conference, 87–88
Holmes villa debate, 76–77
Japanese invasion of, 11–12
Japanese strategy debates, 366–68
Japanese troop strength in July 1944, 73
and kamikaze missions, 199–201
and MacArthur’s relation with War Department, 37
and MacArthur’s response to JCS cable on Formosa, 88–89
military quandary for Allies in 1942, 14–16
in press conference at end of Honolulu conference, 82
and Sho-1, 188, 191–92
Task Force 38 and, 118
typhoon (December 17, 1944), 394–408
Philippine Sea, Battle of the, 51, 189, 773
Philippine Sea, Second Battle of the, 292; See also Leyte Gulf, Battles of
Phillips, Charles L., Jr, 546–47, 555, 660
Phoenix, USS, 254
picket destroyers, 594–96
picket lines, 597–98
Pierce, Bill, 783–84
pikadon, 700
pilot fatigue, 424, 525, 594, 616
pilot training, 417–23
Piper Cub, 418
Pittsburgh, USS, 562, 628
Plan Ketsu, 653
“Plan Victory,” 299–300; See also Sho plans
plutonium, 669–70
plutonium bomb, 670, 691; See also “Fat Man”
Pope, Everett P., 147
Porterfield, USS, 227
Portland, Or
egon, 746
Portland, USS, 255
Portugal, 428
Portz, Matt, 420
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 785–87
Potsdam Conference, 655, 672, 674–75, 679–81
Potsdam Declaration; See also surrender, Japanese
debate over wording, 682–85
deliberations over, 673
Japanese acceptance of terms, 729–30
Japanese reaction to, 686–88
“one-condition” vs. “four-condition” Japanese response, 720–24
release to press, 685–86
on ridding Japan of “irresponsible militarism,” 767
SWDC meeting on response to, 720–24
U.S. analysis of Japanese response to, 687–88
and White House statement on atomic bomb, 703
Potter, E.B., 308–9
POW (prisoner of war) camps, 751
Power, Thomas S., 543, 553
POWs, See prisoners of war
precision bombardment, 521–22, 525–26
preflight school, 419
press conferences, 7–9, 81–85
press corps, 46
press coverage of war, See news media
press liaison officers, 19–20
pressure mine, 659
Price, Byron, 11
“Price, The” (Tom Lea painting), 139
Prince of Wales, HMS, 11, 425–26
Princeton, USS, 225–28, 238–39
prisoners of war (POWs), 441, 448, 467, 633; See also POW camps
propaganda
B-29 raids and, 528
kamikaze program and, 201, 202, 372
OWI statement on morale, 664–65
as part of cumulative strategy, 310
success of, 665–667
prostitution, 766
Provisor Island, 452
proximity fuse, 101, 598
psychological operations/warfare, 310, 632, 665–67, 689; See also propaganda
psychotic breaks, 604
PT-127, 249
PT-130, 248–49
PT-131, 248, 249
PT-132, 249
PT-134, 249
PT-137, 249, 258
PT-146, 249
PT-151, 249
PT-152, 248
PT-194, 259
PT-490, 250
PT-491, 250
PT-493, 250
PT-523, 250
PT-524, 250
PT-526, 250
PT-boats, 248–50, 259
PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), 785–87
PT-Squadron 12, 249
public opinion polls, 726
public relations, 16–18, 24–25
public relations officers, 21
Puller, Lewis Burwell “Chesty,” 147, 149–50
Purdy, USS, 599
Pyle, Ernie, 535, 591, 604–5
Quezon, Manuel, 53, 76, 87
Quezon Bridge, 447, 448
Rabaul, New Britain Island, 75, 106
racial violence, 408–10
racism, 408–10, 787–88
radar, 100, 102, 657, 660
Radar Picket Station No. 1, 599
Twilight of the Gods Page 120
