and Manhattan Project, 668, 671–72
and negotiations over Japanese conditions of surrender, 727, 728
and news of successful atomic bomb test, 679–80
Oval Office meeting on strategy late in war, 673
and OWI, 24
and Potsdam Conference, 674
and Potsdam Declaration, 682–84
and Quezon’s payments to MacArthur and Sutherland, 53
Stoltenberg, Fort, 440, 441
Stone, I.F., 41–42
Straight Flush (weather plane), 693
Strait of Formosa, 334–36
strategic bombing, 315–16
“Strategic Plan for the Defeat of Japan” (JCS document), 51
Struble, Arthur D., 391, 393
submarines; See also specific submarines, e.g.: Archerfish
commerce-destroying operations against Japan, 314–15
and dearth of Japanese ships in western Pacific in spring of 1945, 656–57
increase in U.S. numbers, 1943–1944, 334
news blackout of, 22
shift in American thinking about deployments, 330–31
as “Silent Service,” 315
and suicide attacks, 195
tonnage of Japanese shipping destroyed by, 331
and U.S. Leyte operations, 213, 215
Sugarloaf Hill, Okinawa, 623
Sugimoto, Goro, 195
suicide attacks, 192–203, 370–76
air-to-air ramming squadrons, 349
before Okinawa invasion, 567
early references in Japanese media, 192
Japanese cultural context, 195–96
Japanese navy preparations for U.S. invasion, 653
opposition in Japanese military, 373
overestimation of effects of April 6 Okinawa attack, 593
as propaganda expedient, 201–03
special purpose-built weapons and craft, 193, 195, 353, 372, 484, 567, 593
and Surigao Strait, 247–48
against 21st Bomber Command, 524
in Ulithi Atoll lagoon, 392, 558
against Yontan airfield, 615
Yamato’s last sortie, 582–89
sulfur, 473
Sullivan, Dennis J., 265
Sumatra, 188, 312
Sumida Telephone Exchange (Tokyo), 550–51
Sun-Tzu, 217–18
supply routes, 312
supreme commander for the Allied powers (SCAP), 727–28, 748
Supreme War Direction Council (SWDC), 182–83, 649
attempts as consensus on ending of war, 649–56
Hirohito’s advocacy for peace negotiations, 655
and Japanese reaction to Potsdam Declaration, 686–87
meeting after Hiroshima attack, 704
and Potsdam Declaration, 687
Potsdam Declaration discussions, 709, 720–24
replacement of five of six members, 601
and U.S. reply to Japanese conditions of surrender, 729
Suribachi, Mt., 473, 478, 487, 493–97
Surigao Strait, 207, 220, 376
Surigao Strait, Battle of, 243–60, 256m
surrender, Japanese; See also Imperial Rescript on Surrender; Potsdam Declaration
broadcast of announcement in Japan, 736–39
coup attempt in response to, 725–26
debate in U.S. over accepting Japanese conditions, 727–28
final acceptance of terms of surrender, 732–33
formal signing of Instrument of Surrender, 756–62
need for countersignatures of all cabinet ministers, 731–32
public celebration in U.S., 745–47
questions surrounding Hirohito’s role in, 85–86
U.S. reaction to Japanese announcement, 738
“Survey of National Resources as of 1–10 June 1945” (SWDC report), 650–51
Sutherland, Richard
at Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 758, 761, 762
and Leyte troop landing, 210
on Luzon, 443
Pacific command reorganization proposal, 647
and Pacific strategy disputes, 52
paid by Quezon, 53
and revision of Mindoro and Luzon invasion plans, 386
Suwa-Jinja Shinto shrine (Nagasaki), 718
Suwanee, USS, 288–89
Suzuki, Kantaro, and administration
appointment as prime minister, 601
and Hirohito, 648–49
and Kyu¯jo¯ Incident, 734
“one-condition” response to Potsdam Declaration, 720–21, 724
and peace talks, 654, 655
and Potsdam Declaration, 687
and Soviet invasion of Manchuria, 708, 709
surrender terms accepted by, 730, 732
SWDC debate over Potsdam Declaration, 721–23
SWDC meeting after Hiroshima, 705
SWDC report on Japanese economy/strategic position, 650
and U.S. reply to Japanese conditions of surrender, 729
Suzuki, So¯saku, 389, 394
Suzutsuki (Japanese destroyer), 585
Suzuya (Japanese heavy cruiser), 267
Swanson, Chandler W., 584
SWDC, See Supreme War Direction Council
Sweeney, Charles, 694, 695, 709–16, 719, 720
Swift, Innis P., 433, 435
SWPA (Southwest Pacific Area), 32–34
Tabberer, USS, 401
Tablas Strait, 220, 291
Tachikawa aircraft engine plant, 481, 483, 484
Tacloban Air Base, Philippines (U.S.), 364–65, 376–77
Tacloban Airfield, Philippines (Japan), 206, 210, 267, 364–65
Tacloban Anchorage, 247
Taffy 1 (Task Unit 77.4.1), 207, 261, 267, 288
Taffy 2 (Task Unit 77.4.2), 207, 261, 263, 264
Taffy 3 (Task Unit 77.4.3), 207, 261–70, 277–84, 287, 289
Taft, Robert A., 410
Takachiho paratroopers, 390
Takahashi, Toshiharu, 479–80
Takamatsu (prince of Japan), 183, 721, 749
Takao (Japanese cruiser), 215–17
Takao Air Base, Formosa, 174
Takata, Toshitane, 191, 233
Takeshita, Masahiko, 730
Takeyama, Michio, 176, 527–28, 736–37, 774
Tales of the South Pacific (Michener), 791
Tama (Japanese cruiser), 291–92
Tamura, Tsunejiro, 178
TAN, Operation, 558–59
Tanabaru Escarpment, 602, 603
Tanaka, Shizuichi, 735, 742
Tanaka, Tomoo, 247
Tang, USS, 325, 332–36
Taoka, Eiko, 698
Tarawa Atoll, 74, 106
Target Committee, 682
Task Force 16, 106
Task Force 34
Battle off Cape Engano, 271, 272
Halsey and, 237
at Luzon, 394
message to Halsey about San Bernardino Strait, 271
Nimitz’s request for location of, 277–80
pursuit of Northern Force, 270–71
Task Force 38, 115–22, 223
Atsugi airlift, 753
attacks on air bases north of Manila, 377
fatigue after Leyte Gulf battle, 368
and Formosa, 163–64, 168
and Japanese attack on Third Fleet, 166–67
at Japanese surrender ceremony on Missouri, 762
Mitscher’s purging of weak performers, 114
need for more fighters, 378–79
Okinawa command turnover, 626–27
operations against Japanese home islands, 662–63
at Ormoc Bay, 388
pilot fatigue prior to Leyte operation, 205–6
reconnaissance in force at Leyte, 218–19
refueling and resupplying, 662–63
Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, 228–29
sorties after Japanese surrender, 751
in South China Sea, 426
tactics to counter sui
cide attacks, 380–81
Task Force 58 and, 112
and typhoon off of Luzon, 394–408
at Ulithi Atoll, 162
V-J Day actions, 747
Task Force 51, 565
Task Force 53, 485
Task Force 54, 598, 599
Task Force 57 (British Pacific Fleet), 566
Task Force 58, 96–115, 429; See also Task Force 38
antiaircraft fire from, 100–101
command turnover at Okinawa, 626
cruise formation, 102
expansion during 1943–1944, 105
Iwo Jima airstrikes, 473–74
Iwo Jima command lineup, 486
Japanese air strikes off Okinawa, 579–81, 615–16
Japanese counterattack at Kyushu, 560–61
kamikaze attack off Okinawa, 589
Okinawa invasion preparations, 563–66
Okinawa patrols, 614–15
and Battle of the Philippine Sea, 110–11
and Battle of the Philippine Sea aftermath, 301
skirmishes during week before Okinawa invasion, 567
speed, 101
Spruance’s leadership style, 106–12
strain of Okinawa battles, 593–94
strikes off southern Japan (March 18–19, 1945), 559–62
supplying/resupplying, 103–4
task groups, 103
Tokyo raid (February 16–17, 1945), 480–85
“two-platoon” command, 112–13
typical strike day, 97–99
at Ulithi after Iwo Jima mission, 558–59
as unique in history, 96–97
underway replenishment, 105
and Yamato’s last sortie, 581–82
Task Group 2, 221, 280, 381
Task Group 3, 381
Task Group 4, 240
Task Group 38.1, 169, 370, 627–28
Task Group 38.2, 162, 172–73, 280, 370
Task Group 38.3, 162, 167–68, 172–73, 218, 370
kamikaze attacks against, 377
off Cape Engano, 290
at Okinawa, 627, 629
Task Group 38.4, 119, 123, 290, 370–71, 627
Task Group 58.1, 115, 118–19, 594
Task Group 58.2, 115, 561
Task Group 58.3, 107, 115, 559, 582
Task Group 58.5, 559
Task Group 77.2, 207
Task Group 77.4, 207, 261, 262
task groups (generally), 103
Task Unit 77.4.1 (Taffy 1), 207, 261, 267, 288
Task Unit 77.4.2 (Taffy 2), 207, 261, 263, 264
Task Unit 77.4.3 (Taffy 3), 207, 261–70, 277–84, 287, 289
“T” Attack Force (Japan), 168
Taylor, Joe, 562
Teamsters union, 411–13
“Ten-Go” Operation, 579
Tennessee, USS, 488, 568, 599
Tennessee Valley Authority, 669
Tenth Area Army (Japan), 592
Tenth Army (U.S.), 602
and Japanese retreat to south Okinawa, 630
at Okinawa, 597, 607, 619–20
Okinawa casualties, 639
and Okinawa command, 565–66
Tenth Army Psychological Warfare Office, 632
Terasaki, Gwen, 768
Terauchi, Hsaishi, 366, 367
Terry, Peggy, 415
Thach, Jimmy, 378–81
That 2000-Yard Stare (Tom Lea), 150–51
Third Amphibious Corps, 133
Third Army (Japan), 654
3rd Battalion, 5th Marines (King Company), 150
3rd Battalion, 9th Marines, 508
3rd Battalion, 25th Marines, 489–91
3rd Battalion, 28th Marines, 494
3rd Marine Division
as Guam reserve force, 790
and Hill 362C, 507–8
at Iwo Jima, 487, 504, 515
at Kitano Point, 514
at Motoyama Plateau, 498, 499
Third Fleet
and BaitDiv 1, 173
Cebu airfield bombing, 123–25
damage after Formosa, 181
off Cape Engano, 290
fatigue after Battle of Leyte Gulf, 368–70
Fifth Fleet and, 112
and Halsey’s pursuit of Northern Force, 241, 300–309
Japanese attack on, 166–67
journey to Lingayen Gulf, 425
journey to Okinawa, 162–63
and Leyte air support, 205
and Leyte operation plans, 206
at Okinawa, 627
Okinawa attack, 163
Okinawa command turnover, 626
operations against Japanese home islands, 661–67, 664m
Peleliu bombing attacks, 146
Philippines airstrikes, 93
pilot fatigue prior to Leyte operation, 205–6
preparations for Japan landing after surrender, 748–49
reaction to Japanese peace offer, 728–29
release to Leyte for repairs, 629
in Sagami Bay after Japanese surrender, 750
and San Bernardino Strait, 275, 290
Sho-1 plans and, 188
STALEMATE plans, 121
Tokyo strike on day of Japanese surrender, 736
at Ulithi, 161, 429
V-J Day actions, 747
Thirteenth Air Force, 433
31st Naval Construction Battalion, 498
Thirty-Second Army (Japan)
and FDR’s death, 601
final command cave, 635
at Okinawa, 574, 575
Okinawa strategy, 592
retreat to southern Okinawa, 625, 630, 631
at Shuri bunker, 606, 624
32nd Division, 389
Thirty-Second Regiment (Japan), 606
37th Division, 438, 441, 445
37th Infantry Division, 444, 460
Thirty-Six Strategies, 197
Thomas, Lewis, 634–35
Thomas, Ronald D., 485, 488, 495
308th Bomb Wing, Army Air Forces, 364–65
313th Bombardment Wing, 555, 659–60, 690–91
314th Bombardment Wing, 536, 544, 545
315th Bombardment Wing, 660
321st RCT, 151
343rd Kokutai, 523, 561
“three K’s,” 205
“Three-Party Statement,” 683, 686
Tibbets, Paul W., Jr., 691–96
and Bockscar’s emergency landing on Okinawa, 711
on effects of atomic bomb, 696
flight to Hiroshima, 693, 694
as leader of 509th Composite Group, 691
and Nagasaki bombing, 710, 711
as pilot for Hiroshima run, 692
reaction after dropping atomic bomb, 695
Sweeney interrogation after Nagasaki, 720
Ticonderoga, USS, 377, 397–98, 429
Tiller, Thomas C., 125–26
Time magazine, 13, 109
Times Square (New York), 746
Tinian
atomic bomb components at, 691–92
B-29 atomic bomb air group on, 684, 690–91
B-29 runways on, 538–39
battle for, 50–51
Bockscar’s return to, 720
description of, 690
preparation for Nagasaki attack, 709
Tinosa, USS, 324, 658
Tiny Tim rocket, 99
Tobin, Daniel J., 411, 413
Togo, Shigenori
appointment as foreign minister, 649
and coup attempt, 726
drafting of formal surrender note, 724
and Japanese hopes for Soviet involvement in peace negotiations, 680–81
and Japanese reaction to Potsdam Declaration, 686–87
meeting with Hirohito on peace negotiations, 704
“one-condition” response to Potsdam Declaration, 720–21
and peace talks, 654, 655
and Potsdam Declaration, 687, 721, 722
and U.S. reply to Japanese conditions of surrender, 729
Tojo,
Hideki
failed suicide attempt, 742
influence over Kempetai, 185
and kamikazes, 194
and Koiso’s selection as prime minister, 182
Kuribayashi and, 472
ouster of, 179
and reshuffling of cabinet, 649
tokko (special attack) operations, 192–93, 247, 372; See also kamikaze; suicide attacks
Tokugawa Shogunate, 776
Tokyo
Allied forces’ entry into region after Japanese surrender, 752m
civilian reaction to B-29 raids, 528–29
evacuation of civilians, 531
firebombing (4/13–5/26/1945), 658–59
firebombing of Shitamachi district, 543–44
home front conditions in later years of WWII, 176–77
July 10, 1945, airstrikes against, 661
preparation for arrival of occupation forces, 762–63
reaction on ground to firebombing, 547–53
susceptibility to fire, 529–30
and Truman’s Hiroshima announcement, 704
21st Bomber Command raid, 521
Tokyo Bay, 189, 347, 350, 352, 484, 543, 546–47, 661, 663, 748–51, 776
Tokyo firebombing attack (March 9–10, 1945), 544–54
Tokyo raid (February 16–17, 1945), 480–85
Tokyo Rose (F-13 photo reconnaissance plane), 347, 348
Tokyo War Crimes Trials, 775
Tominaga, Kyoji, 372
Tomochika, Yoshiharu, 367
Tone (Japanese heavy cruiser), 283–84
Topside, 468
Topsy-Turvy (B-29), 555
TORCH, Operation, 90
Torihama, Reiko, 612
torpedoes, 319–25, 328
torpex explosive, 319, 331, 358
Towers, John H., 56, 61, 91, 116, 417
Toyoda, Soemu, 165, 189
absence from Leyte Gulf operations, 212
appointment as chief of Naval General Staff, 649
and arrival of MacArthur’s invasion fleet and Leyte, 175
and BaitDiv 1, 174
final acceptance of terms of surrender, 732
on first kamikaze flights, 194
at Formosa, 168
and Hiroshima, 704
Kikusui No. 2 preparations, 593–94
and leadership objections to surrender terms, 731
Musashi sinking, 235
objections to surrender terms, 730–31
and resistance to Sho plans among fleet, 298
and San Bernardino Strait, 232–33
signing of “one-condition” response to Potsdam Declaration, 724
and Surigao Strait, 246, 258
and SWDC debate over Potsdam Declaration, 722
and SWDC report on Japanese economy/strategic position, 651
and Yamato’s last sortie, 582
Toyouke Shrine, 528
trade sanctions, 311, 770
training command, 417–23
Transbaikal Front, 706
TRINITY, Operation, 676–79
Tripartite Intervention of 1895, 723
troop trains, 782
trophy-taking, 154–55
Twilight of the Gods Page 122
