71. Robert S. Starobin, Industrial Slavery in the Old South (New York, 1970), 214–22; Eugene D. Genovese, The Political Economy of Slavery (New York: Pantheon, 1965), 222–23.
72. T. Stephen Whitman, “Industrial Slavery at the Margin: The Maryland Chemical Works,” Journal of Southern History 51 (February 1993): 31–62; “W. T. Smith et al., Marshall, to Texas Assembly, 1861,” January 17, 1861, in The Southern Debate over Slavery, vol. 1: Petitions to Southern Legislatures, 1776–1864, ed. Loren Schweninger (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 249.
73. Robert William Fogel, The Slavery Debates, 1952–1990: A Retrospective (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 63.
74. Leonidas W. Spratt, A Series of Articles on the Value of the Union to the South: Lately Published by the Charleston Standard (Charleston: James, Williams and Gitsinger, 1855), 22.
75. William Holcombe, “The Alternative: A Separate Nationality of the Africanization of the South,” Southern Literary Messenger (February 1861), 84; Simpson, A Good Southerner, 104; Leonard L. Richards, The California Gold Rush and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2007), 37.
76. Bowman, At the Precipice, 250–51; C. Duncan Rice, The Rise and Fall of Black Slavery (New York: Macmillan, 1975), 210–11; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, 132–35; Joanne Pope Melish, Disowning Slavery: Gradual Emancipation and Race in New England, 1780–1860 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1998), 7.
77. Lincoln, “Remarks and Resolution Introduced in United States House of Representatives Concerning Abolition of Slavery in the District of Columbia,” January 10, 1849, in Collected Works, 2:20–22.
78. Wainwright, in Episcopal Watchman 2 (September 13, 1828): 204.
79. Edward Raymond Turner, Slavery in Pennsylvania (Baltimore: Lord Baltimore Press, 1911), 11–12, 67; Billy G. Smith, The “Lower Sort”: Philadelphia’s Laboring People, 1750–1800 (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1990), 18–19; Gary B. Nash, The Urban Crucible: Social Change, Political Consciousness, and the Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1979), 108–10.
80. Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia’s Black Community, 1720–1840 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), 65; David Brion Davis, Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 150–51; Cassandra Pybus, Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 8–9.
81. William W. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story (Boston: Little, Brown, 1851), 1:340–41.
82. William Lincoln, ed., The Journals of Each Provincial Congress of Massachusetts in 1774 and 1775 (Boston: Dutton and Wentworth, 1838), 29; Arthur Zilversmit, The First Emancipation: The Abolition of Slavery in the North (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967), 190–91; Duncan J. McLeod, Slavery, Race, and the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974), 121–22; Benjamin Quarles, “The Revolutionary War as a Black Declaration of Independence,” in Slavery and Freedom: The Age of the American Revolution, ed. Ira Berlin and Ronald Hoffman (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 283–301; Arthur Zilversmit, “Quok Walker, Mumbet, and the Abolition of Slavery in Massachusetts,” William and Mary Quarterly 25 (October 1968): 614–16.
83. Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of American Evangelicalism (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1996), 142–43; The Memoirs of Charles G. Finney: The Complete Restored Text, ed. Garth A. Rosell and R. A. G. Dupuis (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1989), 362, 366.
84. Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia, 272; Willard Sterne Randall, Thomas Jefferson: A Life (New York: Henry Holt, 1993), 591.
85. Fox-Genovese and Genovese, Mind of the Master Class, 231; Benjamin Watkins Leigh, November 4, 1829, in Proceedings and Debates of the Virginia State Convention of 1829–30 (Richmond, VA: S. Shepherd, 1830), 173; Erik S. Root, All Honor to Jefferson? The Virginia Slavery Debates and the Positive Good Thesis (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2008), 90–91, 120.
86. Berrien, in R. Kent Newmyer, John Marshall and the Heroic Age of the Supreme Court (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 431–32.
87. Stephen B. Oates, The Fires of Jubilee: Nat Turner’s Fierce Rebellion (New York: Harper and Row, 1975), 105.
88. Lacy K. Ford, Deliver Us from Evil: The Slavery Question in the Old South (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 363–84.
89. David Walker’s Appeal, in Four Articles, ed. Charles M. Wiltse (New York: Hill and Wang, 1965), 70.
90. Garrison, “Introduction” and “The Great Crisis,” December 29, 1832, in Documents of Upheaval: Selections from William Lloyd Garrison’s The Liberator, 1831–1865, ed. Truman Nelson (New York: Hill and Wang, 1966), xiii–xiv, 57.
91. Russel B. Nye, William Lloyd Garrison and the Humanitarian Reformers (Boston: Little, Brown, 1955), 72; Henry Mayer, All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery (New York: St. Martin’s, 1998), 112–13, 313.
92. Harold D. Woodman, King Cotton and His Retainers: Financing and Marketing the Cotton Crop of the South (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1990), 28–29.
93. Eric Foner, Politics and Ideology in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1980), 64–76; John Ashworth, Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic, vol. 1: Commerce and Compromise, 1820–1850 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 160–68; Michael Sandel, Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), 172–77.
94. Merton L. Dillon, Elijah P. Lovejoy, Abolitionist Editor (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 38–43; Paul Finkelman, “Slavery, the ‘More Perfect Union,’ and the Prairie State,” Illinois Historical Journal 80 (Winter 1987), 248–69.
95. Bertram Wyatt-Brown, Lewis Tappan and the Evangelical War Against Slavery (Cleveland, OH: Press of Case Western Reserve University, 1969), 190.
96. Dorothy Sterling, Ahead of Her Time: Abby Kelley and the Politics of Antislavery (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 104–5; Keith Melder, “Abby Kelley and the Process of Liberation,” in The Abolitionist Sisterhood: Women’s Political Culture in Antebellum America, ed. Jean Fagin Yellin and John C. Van Horne (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1994), 243–44.
97. John L. Thomas, The Liberator: William Lloyd Garrison (Boston: Little, Brown, 1963), 137; Nye, William Lloyd Garrison, 54, 98–100; Calhoun, “Incendiary Publications,” February 4, 1836, Congressional Globe, 24th Congress, 1st Session, 165.
98. Donald B. Cole, A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 200–201.
99. Stephen M. Feldman, Free Expression and Democracy in America: A History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2008), 126.
100. Fitzhugh, Cannibals All! or, Slaves Without Masters (Richmond, VA: A. Morris, 1857), 29–30.
101. William Edward Dodd, The Life of Nathaniel Macon (Raleigh, NC: Edwards and Broughton, 1903), 313.
102. Calhoun to Virgil Maxcy, September 11, 1830, in William Montgomery Meigs, The Life of John Caldwell Calhoun (New York: G. E. Stechert, 1917), 1:419.
103. Calhoun, “Speech on the Oregon Bill,” June 27, 1848, in Union and Liberty, 543; Garrison, “Massachusetts Resolutions,” May 3, 1844, in Documents of Upheaval, 201.
1. William Pitt Fessenden, “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 3, 1854, Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 323.
2. Leonard L. Richards, The Slave Power: The Free North and Southern Domination, 1780–1860 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 74–75.
3. Thomas W. Cobb, “Missouri State,” March 2, 1819, Annals of Congress, 24th Congress, 2nd session, 143.
4. Jefferson to John Holmes, April 22, 1820, in The Works of Thomas Jefferson: Correspondence and Papers, 1816–1826, ed. Paul Leicester Ford (N
ew York: G. P. Putnam, 1905), 12:158.
5. Robert V. Remini, Henry Clay: Statesman for the Union (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 184.
6. Frederic Logan Paxson, The Independence of the South American Republics: A Study in Recognition and Foreign Policy (Philadelphia: Ferris and Leach, 1916), 105–27; Teresa A. Meade, A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present (New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 70.
7. Randolph B. Campbell, An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas, 1821–1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 20–32.
8. Virgil Maxcy to Calhoun, December 10, 1843, Correspondence of John C. Calhoun, Volume 2, Part 2, ed. J. Franklin Jameson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1900), 903.
9. Clay to Thomas M. Peters and John M. Jackson, July 27, 1844, in The Papers of Henry Clay: Candidate, Compromiser, Elder Statesman, January 1, 1844–June 29, 1852, ed. M. P. Hay and Carol Reardon (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991), 10:91.
10. Allan Peskin, Winfield Scott and the Profession of Arms (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2003), 175, 191.
11. Ulrich Bonnell Phillips, The Life of Robert Toombs (New York: Macmillan, 1913), 68.
12. Speech of Mr. Stephens, of Georgia, On the War and Taxation, February 2, 1848 (Washington, DC: J. and G. S. Gideon, 1848), 14.
13. Ulysses S. Grant, “Personal Memoirs,” in Memoirs and Selected Letters, ed. M. D. McFeely and W. S. McFeely (New York: Library of America, 1990), 41, 83.
14. Douglass, “The War with Mexico,” January 21, 1848, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International, 1950), 1:293; John Pendleton Kennedy, “The Annexation of Texas,” in Political and Official Papers (New York: Putnam, 1872), 608.
15. Chaplain W. Morrison, Democratic Politics and Sectionalism: The Wilmot Proviso Controversy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1967), 18.
16. Polk, diary entry for February 22, 1849, in The Diary of James K. Polk During His Presidency, 1845 to 1849, ed. Milo M. Quaife (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1910), 4:347.
17. William Dusinberre, Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003), 141–48; Robert W. Merry, A Country of Vast Designs: James K. Polk, the Mexican War, and the Conquest of the American Continent (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 453–60; Polk, Special Message to Congress, August 14, 1848, in A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 1789–1908, ed. J. D. Richardson (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 4:608.
18. Jefferson Davis, “Slavery in the Territories,” February 13, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 149; John Calhoun, “The Slavery Question,” February 19, 1847, Congressional Globe, 29th Congress, 2nd Session, 455.
19. Cass to A. O. P. Nicholson, December 24, 1847, in William T. Young, Sketch of the Life and Public Services of General Lewis Cass (Detroit: Markham and Elwood, 1852), 321, 323.
20. Michael F. Holt, Political Parties and American Political Development from the Age of Jackson to the Age of Lincoln (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992), 69.
21. Frederick J. Blue, The Free Soilers: Third Party Politics, 1848–54 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973), 296.
22. Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 368–70.
23. Holman Hamilton, Zachary Taylor: Soldier in the White House (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951), 45, 142–43, 168–70; K. Jack Bauer, Zachary Taylor: Soldier, Planter, Statesman of the Old Southwest (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1985), 291; Michael F. Holt, The Fate of Their Country: Politicians, Slavery Extension, and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 58–61.
24. Remini, Henry Clay, 688–90.
25. Holman Hamilton, Prologue to Conflict: The Crisis and Compromise of 1850 (1964; Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2005), 95.
26. John Calhoun, “The Compromise,” March 4, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 451, 455.
27. Daniel Webster, “The Compromise,” March 7, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 476; Irving Bartlett, Daniel Webster (New York: W. W. Norton, 1978), 116–21.
28. “Compromise Resolutions—Speech of Mr. Clay,” February 5–6, 1850, in Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 127; Remini, Henry Clay, 737.
29. William Gardner, Life of Stephen A. Douglas (Boston: Roxburgh Press, 1905), 12–13, 14, 15–17, 19–20, 25, 29, 48; Clark E. Carr, Stephen A. Douglas: His Life, Public Services, Speeches, and Patriotism (Chicago: A. C. McClurg, 1909), 7; Douglas, “Autobiographical Sketch,” in The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas, ed. Robert W. Johannsen (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1961), 62, 68; Robert W. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973), 30–31, 56, 68, 87, 97.
30. Douglas, “Slavery in the Territories,” February 12, 1850, Congressional Globe, 31st Congress, 1st Session, 343; Robert W. Johannsen, “Stephen A. Douglas, Popular Sovereignty and the Territories,” Historian 22 (August 1960): 384–85; Douglas to Charles Lanphier, August 3, 1850, in Letters of Stephen A. Douglas, 192.
31. Johannsen, Stephen A. Douglas, 296–98.
32. “An Act to Amend, and Supplementary to the Act, Respecting an Act Entitled ‘Fugitives from Justice’ …,” 31st Congress, 1st Session, The Statutes at Large and Treaties of the United States of America, from December 1, 1845 to March 3, 1851, ed. George Minot (Boston: Little and Brown, 1862), c. 60, 462.
33. Samuel May, The Fugitive Slave Law and Its Victims (New York: American Anti-Slavery Society, 1861), 12–15.
34. Thomas Slaughter, Bloody Dawn: The Christiana Riot and Racial Violence in the Antebellum North (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 78.
35. Richard H. Abbott, Cotton and Capital: Boston Businessmen and Antislavery Reform, 1854–1868 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1991), 26.
36. Larry Gara, The Liberty Line: The Legend of the Underground Railroad (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1999), 127–29.
37. Joan D. Hedrick, Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 193–223; Edmund Wilson, Patriotic Gore: Studies in the Literature of the American Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962), 31–32.
38. Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Annotated Uncle Tom’s Cabin, ed. Henry Louis Gates (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 97.
39. Charles Dudley Warner, “The Story of Uncle Tom’s Cabin,” Atlantic Monthly, September 1896, 315.
40. Stephen A. Douglas, Speeches of Senator S. A. Douglas, on the Occasion of His Public Receptions by the Citizens of New Orleans, Philadelphia and Baltimore (Washington, DC: Lemuel Towers, 1859), 5.
41. Claiborne F. Jackson to David R. Atchison, in Nicole Etcheson, Bleeding Kansas: Contested Liberty in the Civil War Era (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), 11.
42. Mark E. Neely, “The Kansas-Nebraska Act in American Political Culture: The Road to Bladensburg and the Appeal of the Independent Democrats,” in The Nebraska-Kansas Act of 1854, ed. J. R. Wunder and J. M. Ross (Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2008), 33–34, 38, 44–45.
43. Fessenden, in Robert J. Cook, Civil War Senator: William Pitt Fessenden and the Fight to Save the American Republic (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), 86; “The Kansas and Nebraska Bill—Debate,” March 2 and 3, 1854, Congressional Globe, 33rd Congress, 1st session, Appendix, 299, 763–65.
44. “Kansas and Nebraska Act of 1854,” The Whig Almanac and United States Register for 1855 (New York: Greeley and McElrath, 1855), 18; James A. Rawley, Race and Politics: “Bleeding Kansas” and the Coming of the Civil War (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1969), 17–57; Douglas, “Kansas-Lecompton Constitution,” March 22, 1858, Congressional Globe, 35th Congress, 1st Session, Appendix, 195, 200.
45. Kristen Tegtmeier Oertel, Bleedi
ng Borders: Race, Gender, and Violence in Pre–Civil War Kansas (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2009), 91.
46. David Potter, The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861 (New York: Harper and Row, 1976), 203–4.
47. Thomas Goodrich, War to the Knife: Bleeding Kansas, 1854–1861 (Lincoln: University Press of Nebraska, 2004), 117.
48. Gara, The Liberty Line, 127–29.
49. Evan Carton, Patriotic Treason: John Brown and the Soul of America (New York: Free Press, 2006), 189–93; David S. Reynolds, John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights (New York: Knopf, 2005), 174.
50. Sumner, The Crime Against Kansas … Speech of the Hon. Charles Sumner in the Senate of the United States, 19th and 20th May, 1856 (Boston: J. P. Jewett, 1856), 5–7.
51. Grayson, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 2:733.
52. Sumner, The Crime Against Kansas, 9; David Donald, Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1961), 285–86; Williamjames Hull Hoffer, The Caning of Charles Sumner: Honor, Idealism, and the Origins of the Civil War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 8–9, 58, 72–73, 83–84.
53. Holt, Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party, 754.
54. William E. Gienapp, The Origins of the Republican Party, 1852–1856 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 194, 265–71.
55. William Pitt Fessenden, “Internal Revenue,” May 28, 1864, in Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 1st session, 2513.
56. Eric Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party Before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970), 15–19.
57. Richards, The Slave Power, 4.
58. Holt, Fate of Their County, 109.
Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction Page 85
