57. David W. Shaw, Sea Wolf of the Confederacy: The Daring Civil War Raids of Naval Lt. Charles W. Read (New York: Free Press, 2004), 56–57; Emma Martin Maffitt, The Life and Services of John Newland Maffitt (New York: Neale, 1906), 343.
58. Raphael Semmes, The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter from the Private Journals and Other Papers of Commander R. Semmes (London: Saunders, Otley, 1864), 1:257–62.
59. Warren F. Spencer, Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997), 112–36; Raphael Semmes, Memoirs of Service Afloat, During the War Between the States (Baltimore: Kelly, Piet, 1869), 344–45; Charles Grayson Summersell, CSS Alabama: Builder, Captain, and Plans (University: University of Alabama Press, 1985), 12, 72, 74, 78–90; John McIntosh Kell, “Cruise and Combats of the ‘Alabama,’” in Battles and Leaders, 4:600, 611.
60. Kenneth J. Blume, “The Flight from the Flag: The American Government, the British Caribbean, and the American Merchant Marine, 1861–1865,” Civil War History 32 (March 1986): 44–55; Brown, Warrior to Dreadnought, 18; H. H. Wilson, Ironclads in Action: A Sketch of Naval Warfare from 1855 to 1895 (London: S. Low, Marston, 1896), 168.
61. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, 69–70.
62. Lt. Warneford, Running the Blockade (London: Ward and Lock, 1863), 1.
63. Thomas E. Taylor, Running the Blockade: A Personal Narrative of Adventures, Risks, and Escapes During the American Civil War (London: J. Murray, 1896), 18. Robert B. Ekelund Jr. and Mark Thornton dubbed this trend “the Rhett Butler effect,” after the self-centered blockade-running hero of Margaret Mitchell’s Gone with the Wind; see their “The Union Blockade and Demoralization of the South: Relative Prices in the Confederacy,” Social Science Quarterly 73 (December 1992): 891–900.
64. “An Act to Prohibit the Importation of Luxuries, or of Articles Not Necessaries or of Common Use,” February 6, 1864, in Public Laws of the Confederate States of America, Passed at the Fourth Session of the First Congress, 1863–4, ed. James M. Mathews (Richmond: R. M. Smith, 1864), 179.
65. Wise, Lifeline of the Confederacy, 221; Joseph McKenna, British Ships in the Confederate Navy (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2010), 210, 213.
66. Lance Edwin Davis and Stanley L. Engerman, Naval Blockades in Peace and War: An Economic History Since 1750 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 146; David G. Surdam, Northern Naval Superiority and the Economics of the American Civil War (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 5–6, 155.
67. Paul P. Van Riper and Keith A. Sutherland, “The Northern Civil Service: 1861–1865,” Civil War History 11 (December 1965): 351; Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army, 224; Elizabeth M. Geffen, “Industrial Development and Social Crisis, 1841–1854” and Russell F. Weigley, “The Border City in the Civil War, 1854–1865,” in Philadelphia: A 300-Year History, ed. Russell F. Weigley (New York: W. W. Norton, 1982), 317, 373; Ernest A. McKay, The Civil War and New York City (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1990), 217.
68. Olmsted to H. W. Bellows, September 29, 1861, and to Oliver Wolcott Gibbs, January 31, 1863, in The Papers of Frederick Law Olmsted: Volume IV, Defending the Union, ed. Jane Turner Censer (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986), 210, 505.
69. The Military Memoirs of General John Pope, 115; George S. Bryan, The Great American Myth (New York: Carrick and Evans, 1940), 129–30.
70. Fletcher Pratt, Stanton, Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Norton, 1953), 62.
71. Benjamin P. Thomas and Harold Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln’s Secretary of War (New York: Knopf, 1962), 63–66, 141–68; Ethan Rafuse, McClellan’s War: The Failure of Moderation in the Struggle for the Union (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2005), 177; A. Howard Meneely, The War Department, 1861: A Study in Mobilization and Administration (New York: Columbia University Press, 1928), 318.
72. Charles A. Dana, Recollections of the Civil War with the Leaders at Washington and in the Field in the Sixties (New York: D. Appleton, 1898), 187.
73. Hagerman, The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare, 45; Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army, 234–35, 268–69; “Interrogatories to Edwin D. Morgan,” in Documents of the Assembly of the State of New York, Eighty-Fifth Session, 1862 (Albany, NY: Charles van Benthuysen, 1862), 2:168–69.
74. Mark R. Wilson, The Business of War: Military Mobilization and the State, 1861–1865 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006), 12–13, 78.
75. Weigley, Quartermaster General of the Union Army, 317, 358; Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 120–24.
76. Bruce, Lincoln and the Tools of War, 48–49, 61, 252.
77. Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 141–43; Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 135; Robert G. Angevine, The Railroad and the State: War, Politics and Technology in Nineteenth-Century America (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 130–39; John Elwood Clark, Railroads in the Civil War: The Impact of Management on Victory and Defeat (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 35–36; Thomas Weber, The Northern Railroads in the Civil War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999 [1952]), 102–3.
78. Davis, “To the Speaker of the House of Representatives,” March 4, 1862, in Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, Including Diplomatic Correspondence, 1861–1865, ed. J. D. Richardson, A. Nevins, and W. J. Cooper (Philadelphia: Chelsea House, 2001), 1:194–95; Frank E. Vandiver, Ploughshares into Swords: Josiah Gorgas and Confederate Ordnance (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1952), 60.
79. Robert C. Black, The Railroads of the Confederacy (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1952, 1998), 9–15, 58–59.
80. Harold S. Wilson, “Virginia’s Industry and the Conduct of the War in 1862,” in Virginia at War, 1862, ed. William C. Davis and James I. Robertson (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 23.
81. “Reports of Gen. G. T. Beauregard, C. S. Army, and Resulting Correspondence,” August 4, 1861, in War of the Rebellion, 2:508; Harold S. Wilson, Confederate Industry: Manufacturers and Quartermasters in the Civil War (Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2002), 24, 35; Thomas D. Arliskas, Cadet Gray and Butternut Brown: Notes on Confederate Uniforms (Gettysburg: Thomas, 2006), 8–9, 43, 54, 60.
82. Jeremy P. Felt, “Lucius B. Northrop and the Confederacy’s Subsistence Department,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 69 (April 1961): 182, 185–86, 188; Richard D. Goff, Confederate Supply (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1969), 51, 65–66; Chestnut, Mary Chestnut’s Civil War, 124.
83. Northrop to James A. Seddon (December 12, 1864), in Official Records, series four, 3:932; Eaton, A History of the Southern Confederacy, 143; Goff, Confederate Supply, 156.
84. Owsley, King Cotton Diplomacy, 290.
85. Frank E. Vandiver, Their Tattered Flags: The Epic of the Confederacy (New York: Harper’s Magazine Press, 1970), 240–42; Vandiver, Ploughshares into Swords, 61, 77; Bayne, “A Sketch of the Life of General Josiah Gorgas, Chief of Ordnance of the Confederate States,” Southern Historical Society Papers 13 (January–December 1885), 222; Gorgas, diary entry for April 8, 1864, in The Journals of Josiah Gorgas 1857–1878, ed. Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1995), 98; Ross, Trial by Fire, 54–80.
86. Hattaway and Jones, How the North Won, 121.
87. “Secret Session” (April 6, 1863), in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861–1865 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 3:250; Raimondo Luraghi, The Rise and Fall of the Plantation South (New York: New Viewpoints, 1978), 123; John Majewski, Modernizing a Slave Economy: The Economic Vision of the Confederate Nation (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 7; Michael Brem Bonner, “Expedient Corporatism and Confederate Political Economy,” Civil War History 56 (March 2010): 48–53.
88. Richard E. Beringer, Herman Hattaway, Archer Jones, and William Still, Why the South Lost the Civil War (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 198
6), 213–21; Wilson, Confederate Industry, 38, 54, 64, 88, 116; Goff, Confederate Supply, 143.
89. “Open Session,” March 19, 1862, in Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904), 5:122; Mary A. DeCredico, Patriotism for Profit: Georgia’s Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 76–90; Bonner, “Expedient Corporatism,” 57–61; Charles W. Ramsdell, “The Confederate Government and the Railroads,” American Historical Review 22 (July 1917): 796, 800, 805–6, 809–10.
90. George E. Turner, Victory Rode the Rails: The Strategic Place of the Railroads in the Civil War (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), 172; Jeffrey N. Lash, Destroyer of the Iron Horse: General Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Rail Transport, 1861–1865 (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 1991), 186; Goff, Confederate Supply, 107–11, 195–99, 247; Charles W. Turner, “The Virginia Central Railroad at War, 1861–1865,” Journal of Southern History 12 (November 1946): 511.
1. “Richmond’s Bread Riot—Jefferson Davis Describes a Wartime Incident,” New York Times, April 30, 1889; “Reported Bread Riot at Richmond,” Harper’s Weekly, April 18, 1863, 243; Emory Thomas, “Wartime Richmond,” Civil War Times Illustrated 16 (June 1977): 33–34.
2. Stephanie McCurry, “Bread or Blood!” Civil War Times 49 (June 2011): 37–41.
3. Michael B. Chesson, “Harlots or Heroines? A New Look at the Richmond Bread Riot,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 92 (April 1984): 131–75.
4. “Soldiers’ Wives” to Vance, March 21, 1863, in The Papers of Zebulon Baird Vance, 2:92; “The Bread Riot in Mobile,” New York Times, October 1, 1863; “Another Bread Riot,” Harper’s Weekly, October 10, 1863.
5. Emory Thomas, The Confederate Nation, 1861–1865 (New York: Harper & Row, 1979), 204.
6. William Marvel, Burnside (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 5, 11–12, 14–15, 50–61, 99–100, 159–60.
7. Ethan Rafuse, Antietam, South Mountain and Harpers Ferry: A Battlefield Guide (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2008), 101–6; Ethan S. Rafuse, “‘Poor Burn’? The Antietam Conspiracy That Wasn’t,” Civil War History 54 (June 2008): 169–73.
8. Frank A. O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign: Winter War on the Rappahannock (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 49.
9. George C. Rable, Fredericksburg! Fredericksburg! (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 81, 87–88; E. J. Stackpole, The Fredericksburg Campaign: Drama on the Rappahannock (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1991 [1957]), 84–87.
10. William B. Franklin, “The Battle of Fredericksburg,” in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1867), 10:160.
11. O’Reilly, The Fredericksburg Campaign, 431–32, 436, 440; Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman, ed. Jerome M. Loving (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1975), 78.
12. Robert G. Carter, “Four Brothers in Blue,” Maine Bugle 5 (October 1898): 357; Daniel E. Sutherland, Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville: The Dare Mark Campaign (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1998), 91.
13. Darius N. Couch, “Sumner’s ‘Right Grand Division,’” in Battles and Leaders, 3:119; Slocum, in Stephen R. Taaffe, Commanding the Army of the Potomac (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2006), 120.
14. Alexander K. McClure, Recollections of Half a Century (Salem, MA: Salem Press Company, 1902), 348; The Civil War Diaries of Col. Theodore B. Gates, 20th New York State Militia, ed. Seward R. Osborne (Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1991), 60; Stephen W. Sears, Chancellorsville (New York: Houghton-Mifflin, 1996), 120.
15. Lincoln, “To Joseph Hooker,” January 26, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:78–79.
16. “General Orders No. 47,” April 30, 1863, in The War of the Rebellion, Series One, 25(I):171.
17. Edward G. Longacre, The Commanders of Chancellorsville: The Gentleman vs. the Rogue (Nashville, TN: Rutledge Hill Press, 2005), 160; John Bigelow, The Campaign of Chancellorsville: A Strategic and Tactical Study (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1910), 259.
18. John Selby, Stonewall Jackson as Military Commander (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1999), 191–93.
19. James I. Robertson, Stonewall Jackson: The Man, the Soldier, the Legend (New York: Macmillan, 1997), 171; Life of David Bell Birney, Major-General United States Volunteers (Philadelphia: King and Baird, 1867), 144.
20. Brooks, “The Effect,” May 8, 1863, in Lincoln Observed, 50; Michael Burlingame, Abraham Lincoln: A Life (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008), 2:498–500; Ernest B. Furgurson, Chancellorsville 1863: The Souls of the Brave (New York: Knopf, 1992), 332.
21. Civil War Diaries of Theodore Gates, 60, 63.
22. George Henry Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina Regiment in the Civil War (Hamilton, NY: Edmonston, 1992 [1903]), 33.
23. Sears, Chancellorsville, 365; Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 107.
24. “In the Words of His Own Men: As They Saw General Lee,” ed. Everard H. Smith, Civil War Times Illustrated 25 (October 1986): 22.
25. Douglas Southall Freeman, Lee’s Lieutenants: A Study in Command, vol. 2: Cedar Mountain to Chancellorsville (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1943), 510–14; Justus Scheibert, Seven Months in the Rebel States During the North American War, ed. W. M. S. Hoole (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009 [1958]), 75; Lee to James Longstreet, March 21, 1863, in The Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, eds. Clifford Dowdey and Louis Manarin (Boston: Little, Brown, 1961), 416.
26. William Seymour, The Civil War Memoirs of Captain William J. Seymour: Reminiscences of a Louisiana Tiger, ed. Terry L. Jones (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1991), 49; Mills, History of the 16th North Carolina, 18.
27. William Garrett Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant: James Longstreet and His Place in Southern History (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 2–5; Donald C. Pfanz, Richard S. Ewell: A Soldier’s Life (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 7–8, 33; James I. Robertson, General A. P. Hill: The Story of a Confederate Warrior (New York: Random House, 1987), 5–7, 303.
28. Nolan, Lee Considered, 9–29.
29. Davis to Lee, August 11, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 29(II):640.
30. “Memoranda of Conversations Between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston, May 7, 1868, and March 18, 1870,” ed. W. G. Bean, Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 73 (October 1965): 475; Memoirs of Colonel John S. Mosby (Nashville, TN: J. B. Sanders, 1995 [1917]), 374; Douglas Southall Freeman, R. E. Lee: A Biography (New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1935), 2: 92.
31. “Memoranda of Conversations between General Robert E. Lee and William Preston Johnston,” 479.
32. Lee to Mary Custis Lee, December 25, 1861, G. W. C. Lee, January 4, 1862, and James A. Seddon, June 8, 1863, in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 12, 96, 98, 505; Lee to Jefferson Davis, June 10, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 27(III):882.
33. Grady McWhiney and Perry D. Jamieson, Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage (University: University of Alabama Press, 1982), 19; Lee to Davis, September 21, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 19(I):143.
34. A. R. Boteler, “Stonewall Jackson in the Campaign of 1862,” Southern Historical Society Papers 40 (September 1915): 165; Henry Kyd Douglas, I Rode with Stonewall, Being Chiefly the War Experiences of the Youngest Member of Jackson’s Staff (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 113; Lee to Jefferson Davis, June 5, 1862, and September 4, 1862, in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 183–84, 288.
35. “Letter from Major General Heth, of A. P. Hill’s Corps, A.N.V.,” Southern Historical Society Papers 4 (October 1877): 153–54.
36. Lee to Hood, May 21, 1863, in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 490; Thomas L. Connelly, The Marble Ma
n: Robert E. Lee and His Image in American Society (New York: Knopf, 1977), 202–3.
37. Lee to Mary Custis Lee, March 9, 1863, in Wartime Papers of R. E. Lee, 413.
38. J. R. Jones, Life and Letters of Robert Edward Lee: Soldier and Man (Harrisonburg, VA: Sprinkle, 1978 [1906]), 200, 207; Freeman, R. E. Lee, 3:268.
39. Lee to Jefferson Davis, May 20, 1863, in Wartime Papers of Robert E. Lee, 488; “Special Orders No. 146,” May 30, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 25(II):840.
40. “The Rebs Are Yet Thick Around Us: The Civil War Diary of Amos Stouffer of Chambersburg,” Civil War History 38 (September 1992): 214–15; Wilbur Sturtevant Nye, Here Come the Rebels! (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1984), 184–85; Ted Alexander, “A Regular Slave Hunt,” North and South 4 (September 2001): 84–88.
41. William Swallow, “From Fredericksburg to Gettysburg,” in Gettysburg Sources, ed. J. and J. Mclean (Baltimore: Butternut and Blue, 1987), 2:2–3; Stephen Sears, Gettysburg (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2003), 202.
42. Kent Masterson Brown, Retreat from Gettysburg: Lee, Logistics, and the Pennsylvania Campaign (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2005), 16.
43. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The First Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 21, 344.
44. Freeman Cleaves, Meade of Gettysburg (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1960), 122–24; George Meade Jr., The Life and Letters of George Gordon Meade, Major-General, United States Army (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1913), 2:2–5; Ethan S. Rafuse, George Gordon Meade and the War in the East (Abilene, TX: McWhiney Foundation Press, 2003), 24.
45. Douglas Craig Haines, “‘Lights Mingled with Shadows’: Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell—July 1, 1863,” Gettysburg Magazine 45 (July 2011): 68–70.
46. Harry W. Pfanz, Gettysburg: The Second Day (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 486; John J. Pullen, The Twentieth Maine (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1957), 124.
47. Hess, Pickett’s Charge, 9–19; Scott Bowden and Bill Ward, Last Chance for Victory: Robert E. Lee and the Gettysburg Campaign (New York: Da Capo, 2001), 427–70; George R. Stewart, Pickett’s Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863 (Dayton, OH: Morningside Press, 1980), 263, 295–97.
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