12. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 107–8.
13. George H. Boker, “The Black Regiment,” in Poems of the War (Boston: Ticknor and Fields, 1864), 101–3.
14. Theodore Lyman, May 18, 1864, in Meade’s Headquarters, 1863–1865: Letters of Colonel Theodore Lyman from the Wilderness to Appomattox, ed. G. R. Agassiz (Boston: Massachusetts Historical Society, 1922), 102; “Reports of Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks, U.S. Army, commanding Department of the Gulf,” May 30, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 26(I):45; Richard Lowe, “Battle on the Levee: The Fight at Milliken’s Bend,” in Black Soldiers in Blue: African American Troops in the Civil War Era, ed. John David Smith (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 117–24; “Report of Brig.-Gen. Henry E. McCullough,” June 8, 1863, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 24(II):467.
15. “Letter of Edward L. Pierce,” July 22, 1863, in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1864), 7:215.
16. Luis Fenollosa Emilio, A Brave Black Regiment: The History of the Fifty-fourth Massachusetts, 1863–65 (Boston: Boston Book, 1894), 79–84; Stephen R. Wise, Gate of Hell: Campaign for Charleston Harbor, 1863 (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994), 103–5.
17. Grant to Lincoln, August 23, 1863, in The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 9:196–97; Howard C. Westwood, “Grant’s Role in Beginning Black Soldiery,” Illinois Historical Journal 79 (1986): 197–212.
18. Lincoln, “To James C. Conkling,” August 26, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:409; Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 168; Gooding, On the Altar of Freedom, 19.
19. Lincoln, “To James C. Conkling,” August 26, 1863, in Collected Works, 6:409.
20. Lincoln, “To Michael Hahn,” March 13, 1864, in Collected Works, 7:243.
21. “Constitution of Louisiana—1864,” in The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws, ed. Francis Newton Thorpe (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1909), 3:1429, 1433; William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary, ed. Michael Burlingame (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2000), 139.
22. James M. McPherson, The Struggle for Equality; Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1964), 232; Paludan, “A People’s Contest,” 220–21.
23. Stephen J. Ochs, A Black Patriot and a White Priest: Andre Cailloux and Claude Paschal Maistre in Civil War New Orleans (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2000), 91–92; Larry G. Murphy, Sojourner Truth: A Biography (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011), 98–101; Nell Irvin Painter, Sojourner Truth: A Life, A Symbol (New York: W. W. Norton, 1996), 210–11.
24. Glatthaar, The March to the Sea and Beyond, 60; Nathaniel Cheairs Hughes and Gordon D. Whitney, Jefferson Davis in Blue: The Life of Sherman’s Relentless Warrior (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 308–14; August Meier and Elliott M. Rudwick, From Plantation to Ghetto (New York: Hill and Wang, 1976), 182.
25. William Kimball, “Our Government and the Blacks,” Continental Monthly 5 (April 1864): 433–34; Paul Skeels Peirce, The Freedmen’s Bureau: A Chapter in the History of Reconstruction (Iowa City: University of Iowa, 1904), 34–45; George R. Bentley, A History of the Freedmen’s Bureau (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1955), 38–43.
26. Thomas V. Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 1860–1870: War and Peace in the Upper South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 187.
27. Leon Litwack, Been in the Storm So Long: The Aftermath of Slavery (New York: Knopf, 1979), 230, 240–51; Ash, Middle Tennessee Society Transformed, 210; Janette Thomas Greenwood, First Fruits of Freedom: The Migration of Former Slaves and Their Search for Equality in Worcester, Massachusetts, 1862–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009), 48–87.
28. Neely, Lincoln and the Triumph of the Nation, 114–15; George A. Levesque, “Boston’s Black Brahmin: Dr. John S. Rock,” Civil War History 26 (December 1980): 335–36.
29. Blight, Frederick Douglass’ Civil War 186.
30. Laurence M. Hauptman, The Iroquois in the Civil War: From Battlefield to Reservation (Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 1993), 11–16, 148; Duane Schultz, Over the Earth I Come: The Great Sioux Uprising of 1862 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992), 5–12; Daniel F. Littlefield, Africans and Seminoles: From Removal to Emancipation (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1977), 180–91.
31. Alvin M. Josephy, The Civil War in the American West (New York: Knopf, 1991), 269–92, 305–16; Jerome A. Greene and Douglas D. Scott, Finding Sand Creek: History, Archeology, and the 1864 Massacre Site (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2004), 18; Scott Nelson and Carol Sheriff, A People at War: Civilians and Soldiers in America’s Civil War, 1854–1877 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 252–53.
32. John Y. Simon, “That Obnoxious Order,” in Jews and the Civil War: A Reader, ed. Jonathan D. Sarna and Adam Mendelsohn (New York: New York University Press, 2010), 353–61; Jean Edward Smith, Grant (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2001), 225–27; Journal of the Senate of the United States, Begun and Held at the City of Washington, December 1, 1862 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1863), 78; Rosen, The Jewish Confederates, 162–63.
33. Thomas S. Edrington and John Taylor, The Battle of Glorieta Pass: A Gettysburg in the West, March 26–28, 1862 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1998), 7–8, 28.
34. Simpson, A Good Southerner, 224–25; Lincoln, “Speech from the Balcony of the Bates House at Indianapolis, Indiana,” February 11, 1861, and “Annual Message to Congress,” December 1, 1862, in Collected Works, 4:195, 5:527–28.
35. LeAnn Whites, “The Civil War as a Crisis in Gender,” in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 7, 11.
36. Rosemarie Zagarri, Revolutionary Backlash: Women and Politics in the Early American Republic (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007), 166–67.
37. Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy: For the Use of Young Ladies at Home, and at School (Boston: T. H. Webb, 1843), 26; Toby Ditz, Property and Kinship: Inheritance in Early Connecticut, 1750–1820 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1986), 119; Catharine Clinton, The Other Civil War: American Women in the Nineteenth Century (New York: Hill and Wang, 1984), 12–19; Suzanne Lebsock, The Free Women of Petersburg: Status and Culture in a Southern Town, 1784–1800 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1984), 100–104.
38. Charlotte S. Hilbourne, Effie and I: or, Seven Years in a Cotton Mill (Cambridge, MA: Allen and Farnham, 1863), 67.
39. Sara Josepha Hale, “Home,” Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 3 (May 1830): 218; E. Anthony Rotundo, American Manhood: Transformations in Masculinity from the Revolution to the Modern Era (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 23–25; Louisa Susanna McCord, in O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:278.
40. “Declaration of Sentiments” and “Second Worcester Convention, 1851—Resolutions,” in Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage, History of Woman Suffrage (New York: Fowler and Wells, 1881), 1:70, 826; Clinton, The Other Civil War, 76.
41. George Fitzhugh, “Women of the South,” DeBow’s Review 31 (August 1861): 147, 150; Sarah Morgan, The Civil War Diary of Sarah Morgan, ed. Charles East (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1991), 74.
42. Louisa May Alcott, The Journals of Louisa May Alcott, ed. Joel Myerson and Daniel Shealy (Boston: Little, Brown, 1989), 105; Civil War Diary of Sarah Morgan, 77, 85; Marilyn Mayer Culpepper, Trials and Triumphs: Women of the American Civil War (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991), 39.
43. John Anderson Richardson, Richardson’s Defense of the South (Atlanta: A. B. Caldwell, 1914), 604; Sara Edmonds, Nurse and Spy in the Union Army: The Adventures and Experiences of a Woman in Hospitals, Camps, and Battle-fields (Philadelphia: W. S. Williams, 1865), 101.
44. Furgurs
on, Chancellorsville 1863, 32.
45. DeAnn Blanton and Lauren Cook, They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2002), 7; Richard Hall, Patriots in Disguise: Women Warriors of the Civil War (New York: Paragon House, 1993), 20–26, 100–101, 158, 161.
46. Edward J. Hagerty, Collis’ Zouaves: The 114th Pennsylvania Volunteers in the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997), 94; Edward G. Longacre, Custer and His Wolverines: The Michigan Cavalry Brigade, 1861–1865 (Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing, 1997), 23–24; L. C. Sizer, “Acting Her Part: Narratives of Union Women Spies,” in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 127–30.
47. “Education of Southern Women,” DeBow’s Review 31 (October/November 1861): 390; Alcott, Journals, 105; Kate Cumming, Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse, ed. R. B. Harwell (Baton Rouge: Louisianan State University Press, 1959), 191–92; Edmonds, Nurse and Spy, 332; Leonidas Torrence to Sarah Ann Torrence, August 2, 1861, in “The Road to Gettysburg: The Diary and Letters of Leonidas Torrence of the Gaston Guards,” ed. Haskell Monroe, North Carolina Historical Review 36 (October 1959): 481; Drew G. Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War,” in Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, ed. Catherine Clinton and Nina Silber (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 175–79.
48. “Christening the Palmetto State” (October 17, 1862), in The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events, ed. Frank Moore (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 6:15; Julieanna Williams, “For Our Boys—The Ladies’ Aid Societies,” in Valor and Lace: The Roles of Confederate Women, ed. Mauriel P. Joslyn (Gretna, LA: Pelican, 2004), 25–30; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1966), 34–35; Culpepper, Trials and Triumphs, 256, 258, 261; George Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 139; Katharine Prescott Wormeley, The Other Side of War: With the Army of the Potomac—Letters from the Headquarters of the United States Sanitary Commission During the Peninsular Campaign in Virginia in 1862 (Boston: Ticknor, 1889), 6.
49. E. Susan Barber, “Depraved and Abandoned Women: Prostitution in Richmond, Virginia, Across the Civil War,” in Neither Lady nor Slave: Working Women of the Old South, ed. Susanna Delfino and Michele Gillespie (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002), 163–65; Thomas P. Lowry, The Story the Soldiers Wouldn’t Tell: Sex in the Civil War (Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole, 1994), 68.
50. Culpepper, Trials and Triumphs, 266.
51. Ibid., 126, 264; diary entries for June 9, 1862 and September 23, 1863, in Mary Chesnut, Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, ed. C. Vann Woodward (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1981), 371, 426.
52. Diary entry for June 29, 1861, in Kate Stone, Brokenburn: The Journal of Kate Stone, 1861–1868, ed. John Q. Anderson (1955; Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1995), 33; Drew G. Faust, Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 62; Martha Hodes, White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997), 126–27, 146.
53. The Civil War Diary of Sarah Morgan, 67; The Civil War Memoirs of Captain William J. Seymour: Reminiscences of a Louisiana Tiger, 142; Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism, 74, 80, 84, 101, 140, 171; Larry B. Maier, Gateway to Gettysburg: The Second Battle of Winchester (Shippensburg, PA: Burd Street Press), 71.
54. E. R. McKinley, diary entry for September 9, 1863, in From the Pen of a She-Rebel: The Civil War Diary of Emilie Riley McKinley, ed. Gordon Cotton (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2001), 48; “General Orders No. 28,” May 13, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 25:426; Dick Nolan, Benjamin Franklin Butler: The Damnedest Yankee (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1991), 177.
55. Mary Chesnut’s Civil War, 459; Civil War Letters of George Washington Whitman, 73.
56. Escott, After Secession, 120–21; 150, 151; Elizabeth Neblett, diary-letter for August 28, 1863, in A Rebel Wife in Texas: The Diary and Letters of Elizabeth Scott Neblett, 1852–1864, ed. Erika L. Muir (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 150, 151.
57. Rable, Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism, 183; Stephen V. Ash, When the Yankees Came: Conflict and Chaos in the Occupied South, 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 247.
58. Clarence Mohr, On the Threshold of Freedom: Masters and Slaves in Civil War Georgia (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1985), 113, 118, 153–57; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Refugee Life in the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001 [1964]), 29, 37, 249; Rubin, A Shattered Nation, 64–68; Nelson and Sheriff, A People at War, 264–67; Drew G. Faust, “Altars of Sacrifice: Confederate Women and the Narratives of War,” Journal of American History 76 (March 1990): 1213–14.
59. Diary entry for March 10, 1863, The Civil War Diary of Sarah Morgan, 435.
60. Nelson and Sheriff, A People at War, 116–19.
61. Cumming, Kate: The Journal of a Confederate Nurse, 178; David B. Sabine, “Captain Sally Tompkins,” Civil War Times Illustrated 4 (November 1965): 36–39; Thomas De Leon, Belles, Beaux and Brains of the 60’s (New York: G. W. Dillingham, 1907), 389.
62. Cornelia Hancock, South After Gettysburg: Letters of Cornelia Hancock, 1863–1868, ed. H. S. Jaquette (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1956), 92; Alcott, Journals, 114; Victoria E. Ott, Confederate Daughters: Coming of Age During the Civil War (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2008), 95–96; Nina Silber, Daughters of the Union: Northern Women Fight the Civil War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 79; Nelson and Sheriff, A People at War, 242.
63. Mary Ashton Livermore, My Story of the War: A Woman’s Narrative of Four Years Personal Experience (New York: Arno Press, 1972 [1889]), 435–36; Wendy Hamand Venet, Neither Ballots nor Bullets: Women Abolitionists and the Civil War (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1991), 154–55.
64. Stephen B. Oates, A Woman of Valor: Clara Barton and the Civil War (New York: Free Press, 1994), 377–79; Anthony to Clara Barton, September 14, 1881, in The Selected Papers of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, vol. IV: When Clowns Make Laws for Queens, 1880–1887, ed. Ann D. Gordon (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006), 49.
65. Walt Whitman, “By Blue Ontario’s Shore,” in Leaves of Grass (Philadelphia: Rees, Welsh, 1882), 467.
66. Ralph Waldo Emerson, “The Transcendentalist,” in The Selected Writings of Ralph Waldo Emerson, ed. Brooks Atkinson (New York: Modern Library, 1950), 93; Emerson, “The American Scholar,” in Representative Men: Nature, Addresses and Lectures (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1883), 112.
67. James Elliot Cabot, A Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1888), 2:600; Robert D. Richardson, Emerson: The Mind on Fire (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995), 395; George M. Fredrickson, The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals and the Crisis of the Union (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), 55–56, 65–66, 141–44; Wilbur R. Jacobs, Francis Parkman, Historian as Hero: The Formative Years (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991), 128–29.
68. William Vaughn Moody, “An Ode in Time of Hesitation,” in The Columbia Book of Civil War Poetry: From Whitman to Walcott, ed. Richard Marius (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 133.
69. Strong, diary entry for November 29, 1860, in Diary of the Civil War, 6; Charles J. Stillé, “How a Free People Conduct a Long War: A Chapter from English History,” in Union Pamphlets of the Civil War, 1:89.
70. Lincoln, “Address Before the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois,” January 27, 1838, “Resolutions in Behalf of Hungarian Freedom,” January 9, 1852, “Fragment on Slavery,” July 1, 1854, and “Message to Congress in Special Session,” July 4, 1861, in Collected Works, 1:115,
2:116, 222, 4: 438.
71. Frank L. Klement, “‘These Honored Dead’: David Wills and the Soldiers’ Cemetery at Gettysburg,” in The Soldiers’ Cemetery and Lincoln’s Address (Shippensburg, PA: White Mane, 1993), 10.
72. Lincoln, “Address Delivered at the Dedication of the Cemetery at Gettysburg,” November 19, 1863, in Collected Works, 7:23.
73. Joseph George, “The World Will Little Note? The Philadelphia Press and the Gettysburg Address,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 114 (July 1990): 394–96.
74. Drew Gilpin Faust, A Sacred Circle: The Dilemma of the Intellectual in the Old South, 1840–1860 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977), 83–84; O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 1:531, 2:747–48.
75. “The Future of Our Confederacy,” DeBow’s Review 31 (July 1861): 40.
76. Thomas Dew, A Digest of the Laws, Customs, Manners, and Institutions of the Ancient and Modern Nations (New York: D. Appleton, 1853), 587.
77. O’Brien, Conjectures of Order, 2:996, 1012; Nathaniel Beverly Tucker, A Series of Lectures on the Science of Government Intended to Prepare the Student for the Study of the Constitution of the United States (Philadelphia: Carey and Hart, 1845), 43, 67.
78. J. Q. Moore, “The Belligerents,” DeBow’s Review 31 (July 1861): 73–74; James Thorwell, The Life and Letters of James Henley Thornwell, ed. Benjamin Morgan Palmer (Richmond: Whittet and Shepperson, 1875), 482–83; William W. Freehling, “James Henley Thornwell’s Mysterious Antislavery Moment,” Journal of Southern History 57 (August 1991): 396–406.
79. J. W. Phelps to R. S. Davis, June 16, 1862, in War of the Rebellion, Series One, 15:488; George W. Bick-nell, History of the Fifth Regiment Maine Volunteers, Comprising Brief Descriptions of Its Marches, Engagements, and General Services (Portland, ME: H. L. Davis, 1871), 69.
80. Michael T. Bernath, Confederate Minds: The Struggle for Intellectual Independence in the Civil War South (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 182–204; Drew Gilpin Faust, The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 24–26, 69.
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