53. Johnson, “Interview with Charles G. Halpine,” March 5, 1867, in Political History of the United States During Reconstruction, 141; W. E. B. Du Bois, Black Reconstruction in America, 1860–1880 (1935; New York: Free Press, 1998), 260.
54. Johnson, “Speech to the Negro Soldiers,” October 10, 1865, in John Savage, The Life and Public Services of Andrew Johnson: Including His State Papers, Speeches and Addresses (New York: Derby and Miller, 1866), 93–94.
55. “By the President of the United States: A Proclamation,” in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:310–14.
56. Sumner to Wade, August 3, 1865, in The Selected Letters of Charles Sumner, ed. B. W. Palmer (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1990), 2:320–21; James David Essig, “The Lord’s Free Man: Charles G. Finney and His Abolitionism,” Civil War History 24 (March 1978): 25–45.
57. Col. J. W. Shaffer to Trumbull, December 25, 1865, in Horace White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 242; Memminger to Schurz, April 26, 1871, in Carl Schurz, Speeches, Correspondence and Political Papers of Carl Schurz, ed. Frederic Bancroft (New York: G. P. Putnam’s, 1912), 2:256.
58. “Laws in Relation to Freedmen,” Senate Executive Doc. No. 6, 39th Congress, 2nd Session (1867), 192–99; John C. Rodrigue, Reconstruction in the Cane Fields: From Slavery to Free Labor in Louisiana’s Sugar Parishes, 1862–1880 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001), 67.
59. “Names of Claimants from the Insurrectionary States,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 107–9; Richard N. Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988), 45.
60. “Organization of the House,” and “Reconstruction,” December 4, 1865, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1, 3–4, 6; Wilson and Sherman, “Protection of Freedmen,” December 13, 1865, Congressional Globe, December 13, 1865, 39th Congress, 1st Session, 41–42; “An Act to Protect All Persons of the United States in Their Civil Rights, and Furnish Means of Their Vindication,” April 9, 1866, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 1st session, 14:27–30.
61. Sherman and Eldridge, “Rights of Citizens,” Congressional Globe, December 13, 1865 and March 2, 1866, 39th Congress, 1st session, 41–42, 1154–55; Garrett Davis, “Article XV,” February 26, 1869, Congressional Globe, 41st Congress, 2nd session, 1630–31.
62. Stevens, “Reconstruction,” January 3, 1867, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 252–53; Tilton, “One Blood of All Nations,” February 27, 1864, in Sanctum Sanctorum: or, Proof-Sheets from an Editor’s Table (New York: Sheldon, 1870), 104–5.
63. Edward Belcher Callender, Thaddeus Stevens: Commoner (Boston: A. Williams, 1882), 133–40; Hans L. Trefousse, Thaddeus Stevens: Nineteenth-Century Egalitarian (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 178–80; Trefousse, The Radical Republicans, 316.
64. James Oakes, The Radical and the Republican: Frederick Douglass, Abraham Lincoln, and the Triumph of Anti-slavery Politics (New York: W. W. Norton, 2007), 250; McFeely, Frederick Douglass, 247; Trefousse, Andrew Johnson, 241–42.
65. Epps, Democracy Reborn, 135; Johnson, “Speech of the 22d February, 1868,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 59, 61; White, The Life of Lyman Trumbull, 272–74.
66. “Civil Rights Bill—Again,” April 9, 1866, “Reconstruction,” April 30, 1866, and “Reconstruction Again,” June 13, 1866, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 1st session, 1861, 2286–87, 3145–49.
67. William Bolcom, Joan Morris, and Clifford Jackson, vocal performance of “Who Shall Rule This American Nation?” by Henry Clay Work, recorded 1975, on Who Shall Rule This American Nation? Songs of the Civil War Era, Nonesuch Records H 71317.
68. J. Matthew Gallman, America’s Joan of Arc: The Life of Anna Elizabeth Dickinson (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 82–83; Johnson, “In Cleveland, September 3,” in Political History During Reconstruction, 135–36.
69. Stampp, Era of Reconstruction, 114–15; D. M. DeWitt, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: Russell and Russell, 1967 [1903]), 100.
70. “An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:428–29.
71. “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 14:430–32.
72. “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” March 23, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 40th Congress, 1st session, ed. G. P. Sanger (Boston: Little, Brown, 1869), 15:2–5; Stevens, “To Edward McPherson,” August 16, 1867, in Selected Papers of Thaddeus Stevens, 324.
73. Charles Eugene Hamlin, The Life and Times of Hannibal Hamlin (Cambridge, MA: Riverside Press, 1899), 510.
74. “Impeachment of the President,” January 7, 1867, Congressional Globe, 39th Congress, 2nd session, 320; David O. Stewart, Impeached: The Trial of President Andrew Johnson and the Fight for Lincoln’s Legacy (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2009), 74–75, 82–83; “Impeachment of the President,” March 7, 1867, Congressional Globe, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 18–19.
75. Paul Andrew Hutton, Phil Sheridan and His Army (Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999), 24–25; Roy Morris, Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan (New York: Crown, 1992), 291; Joseph G. Dawson, “General Phil Sheridan and Military Reconstruction in Louisiana,” Civil War History 24 (January 1978): 133–51; Grant to John Pope, June 28, 1867, in Papers of Ulysses S. Grant, 17:204.
76. C. H. Pyle and R. M. Pious, The President, Congress, and the Constitution: Power and Legitimacy in American Politics (New York: Free Press, 1984), 204–6; “An Act Regulating the Tenure of Certain Civil Offices,” March 2, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 39th Congress, 2nd Session, 14:430–32; “An Act Supplementary to an Act Entitled ‘An Act to Provide for the More Efficient Government of the Rebel States,’” July 19, 1867, in Statutes at Large, 40th Congress, 1st Session, 15:14.
77. Johnson, “To the Senate of the United States,” December 17, 1867, in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 6:583.
78. George Congdon Gorham, Life and Public Services of Edwin M. Stanton (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1899), 2:426, 428–30; M. S. Gerry, “Andrew Johnson in the White House, Being the Reminiscences of William H. Crook,” Century Magazine 76 (October 1908): 863–64; Hans L. Trefousse, Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson, the Blacks, and Reconstruction (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1975), 132–36.
79. Michael Les Benedict, The Impeachment and Trial of Andrew Johnson (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 168–80; Stewart, Impeached, 149; Cook, William Pitt Fessenden, 232.
80. William Roscoe Thayer, John Hay (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1915), 1:271; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 29–31; Ruth Currie-McDaniel, Carpetbagger of Conscience: A Biography of John Emory Bryant (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1987), 40–41.
81. James Alex Baggett, The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 14–41.
82. Richard L. Hume and Jerry B. Gough, Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags: The Constitutional Conventions of Radical Reconstruction (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2008), 6; Sarah Woolfolk Wiggins, The Scalawag in Alabama Politics, 1865–1881 (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1977), 128–30; Eric Foner, “Introduction,” in Freedom’s Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), xiii–xxxi; Billy W. Libby, “Senator Hiram Revels of Mississippi Takes His Seat, January–February 1870,” Journal of Mississippi History 37 (November 1975): 381–94.
83. Benjamin Ginsberg, Moses of South Carolina: A Jewish Scalawag During Radical Reconstruction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), 108; John S. Reynolds, Reconstruction in South Carolina, 1865–1877 (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1905), 258; James Shepherd Pike, The Prostrate State:
South Carolina Under Negro Government (New York: D. Appleton, 1874), 197, 199–200; “A Romance of Rascality,” New York Times (December 26, 1878).
84. F. B. Simkins and R. H. Woody, South Carolina During Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1932), 137–38, 148, 155, 175; Michael Perman, The Road to Redemption: Southern Politics, 1869–1879 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1984), 33–34, 81; James S. Allen, Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy (New York: International Publishers, 1937), 140–44.
85. Ottis Clark Skipper, “J. D. B. DeBow, the Man,” Journal of Southern History 10 (November 1944): 420–21; “Judge James L. Orr,” in U. R. Brooks, South Carolina Bench and Bar (Columbia, SC: State Co., 1908), 1:186; Piston, Lee’s Tarnished Lieutenant, 106, 106, 109, 123.
86. Thomas Frederick Woodley, Great Leveler: The Life of Thaddeus Stevens (New York: Stackpole, 1937), 414; Richard N. Current, Old Thad Stevens: A Story of Ambition (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1942), 320.
87. Edward L. Ayers, The Promise of the New South: Life After Reconstruction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 50–51; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 368–75.
88. Richardson, Westward from Appomattox, 150–53.
89. Andrew L. Slap, The Doom of Reconstruction: The Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era (New York: Fordham University Press, 2006), 199; Stephen Budiansky, The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox (New York: Viking, 2008), 205, 221–40; “To Daniel H. Chamberlain,” July 26, 1876, in Papers of Ulysses Simpson Grant, 27:199; McFeely, Grant, 419–25.
90. Trefousse, The Radical Republicans, 373.
91. William Cohen, “Black Immobility and Free Labor: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Relocation of Black Labor, 1865–1868,” Civil War History 30 (September 1984): 221–34.
92. “Slaughter-House Cases,” in Christian Samito, ed., Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction: A Legal History Documentary Reader (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 2009), 261–72; Michael A. Ross, Justice of Shattered Dreams: Samuel Freeman Miller and the Supreme Court During the Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003), 200.
93. Heather Cox Richardson, The Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001), 150; “United States v. Cruikshank,” in Samito, ed., Changes in Law and Society During the Civil War and Reconstruction, 284.
94. “An Act to Protect All Citizens in the Civil and Legal Rights,” March 3, 1875, in Statutes at Large, 43rd Congress, 2nd session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1875), 18 (III):335–37.
95. Civil Rights Cases was a combination of five civil suits: United States v. Stanley, United States v. Ryan, United States v. Nichols, United States v. Singleton, and Robinson et ux. v. Memphis & Charleston R.R. Co.; Neff, Justice in Blue and Gray, 148–49; Archibald Cox, The Court and the Constitution (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987), 111; Douglass, “The Supreme Court Decision,” October 22, 1883, in The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass, ed. Philip S. Foner (New York: International Publishers, 1955), 4:393, 402.
96. Paul A. Cimbala, Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen’s Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1997), 209–16; John A. Carpenter, Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis Howard (1964; New York: Fordham University Press, 1999), 136–56; James T. King, War Eagle: A Life of General Eugene A. Carr (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1964), 293; Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, 380.
97. Glenna R. Schroeder-Lein and Richard Zuczek, eds., Andrew Johnson: A Biographical Companion (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2001), 7.
98. David Mark Chalmers, Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1981), 8–21; Wyn Craig Wade, The Fiery Cross: The Ku Klux Klan in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998), 31–53; Powell Clayton, The Aftermath of the Civil War in Arkansas (New York: Neale, 1915), 91–163; Ted Tunnell, Crucible of Reconstruction: War, Radicalism, and Race in Louisiana, 1862–1877 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1984), 153; James Dauphine, “The Knights of the White Camelia and the Election of 1868: Louisiana’s White Terrorists; a Benighted Legacy,” Louisiana History 30 (Spring 1989): 173–90; George C. Rable, But There Was No Peace: The Role of Violence in the Politics of Reconstruction (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2007), 74–75.
99. Perman, Road to Redemption, 16–17, 58–60, 66; Nelson and Sheriff, A People At War, 308.
100. C. Vann Woodward, Reunion and Reaction: The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction (Boston: Little, Brown, 1951), 166–69, 191–202, 216.
101. Walter Allen, Governor Chamberlain’s Administration in South Carolina: A Chapter of Reconstruction in the Southern States (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1888), 481; Richard Zuczek, State of Rebellion: Reconstruction in South Carolina (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1996), 190–201; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 361.
102. Blanche Ames, Adelbert Ames, 1835–1933: General, Senator, Governor (North Easton, MA: Argosy-Antiquarian, 1964), 434; Current, Those Terrible Carpetbaggers, 323.
1. Drew G. Faust, This Republic of Suffering: Death and the American Civil War (New York: Knopf, 2008), 255; Faust, “‘Numbers on Top of Numbers’: Counting the Civil War Dead,” Journal of Military History 70 (October 2006): 1005–6; “By the President of the United States of America. A Proclamation,” in Messages and Papers of the Presidents, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 9:3632–36; Morris Schaff, The Battle of the Wilderness (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1910), 210; New York Monuments Commission for the Battlefields of Gettysburg and Chattanooga: Final Report on the Battlefield of Gettysburg (Albany: J. B. Lyon, 1900), 1:91.
2. William F. Fox, Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861–1865 (Albany, NY: Albany Publishing Co., 1889), 526; Frederick Dyer, A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer, 1908), 1:12; Vinovskis, “Have Social Historians Lost the Civil War? Some Preliminary Demographic Speculations,” in Toward a Social History of the American Civil War, 1–12, 21–28; E. B. Long, “The People of War,” in The Civil War Day-by-Day: An Almanac, 1861–1865 (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1971), 700–722; John William Oliver, History of the Civil War Military Pensions, 1861–1865 (Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1917), 117; Francis Amasa Walker, Discussions in Economics and Statistics, Volume Two: Finance and Taxation, Money and Bimettalism, Economic Theory (New York: Henry Holt, 1899), 44; American Almanac and Treasury of Facts, Statistical, Financial, and Political for the Year 1879, ed. A. R. Spofford (Washington, DC: American News, 1880), 177, 179; The American Almanac, Year-book, Cyclopaedia and Atlas (New York: New York American and Journal, 1904), 474, 503.
3. Thomas L. Livermore, Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861–1865 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1900), 5–9; Faust, This Republic of Suffering, 149; Mary Elizabeth Massey, Refugee Life in the Confederacy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2001 [1964]), 64–65; J. David Hacker, “A Census-Based Count of the Civil War Dead,” Civil War History 57 (December 2011): 307–48; “By The Numbers: Civil War Mortality Reconsidered,” Civil War Monitor 1 (Winter 2011): 16–17.
4. Long, “Economics of War,” in The Civil War Day-by-Day, 700–722; Claudia D. Goldin and Frank D. Lewis, “The Economic Cost of the American Civil War: Estimates and Implications,” Journal of Economic History 35 (June 1975): 299–326; Mary A. DeCredico, Patriotism for Profit: Georgia’s Urban Entrepreneurs and the Confederate War Effort (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 115; Douglas B. Ball, Financial Failure and Confederate Defeat (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991), 300–301; Paul F. Paskoff, “Measures of War: A Quantitative Examination of the Civil War’s Destructiveness in the Confederacy,” Civil War History 54 (March 2008): 35–58.
5. Jeremy Atack and Peter Passell, A New Economic View of American History, 2nd ed. (New York: W. W.
Norton, 1994), 356–60, 362–63, 373.
6. Edwin De Leon, Secret History of Confederate Diplomacy Abroad, ed. William C. Davis (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2005), 1–2; Egerton, “Rethinking Atlantic Historiography,” 82–84.
7. J. Matthew Gallman, Mastering Wartime: A Social History of Philadelphia During the Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 299–328; Robin L. Einhorn, “The Civil War and Municipal Government in Chicago,” in Toward a Social History of the American Civil War, 132–38; Iver Bernstein, The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 195–96; Harper, “If Thee Must Fight,” 363–67; Wilson, The Business of Civil War, 214–15.
8. Louis M. Hacker, The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1947), 370–71; “Quartermaster-General,” Army and Navy Journal (December 9, 1865): 251; “Interesting Official Statistics,” Scientific American 15 (December 25, 1866): 402.
9. Paul W. Gates, Agriculture and the Civil War (New York: Knopf, 1965), 375–77; Hacker, The Triumph of American Capitalism: The Development of Forces in American History to the End of the Nineteenth Century (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1940), 398–99; Louis R. Wells, Industrial History of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1922), 466; R. Douglas Hurt, American Agriculture: A Brief History (West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 2002), 133–47; Harold D. Woodman, “Post-Civil War Southern Agriculture and the Law,” Agricultural History 53 (January 1979): 319–37; H. W. Brands, Masters of Enterprise: Giants of American Business from John Jacob Astor and J. P. Morgan to Bill Gates and Oprah Winfrey (New York: Free Press, 1999), 36.
10. Bensel, Yankee Leviathan, 241, 252, 282.
Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War & Reconstruction Page 96
