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Of Men and Women
How to Be for Each Other
Pearl S. Buck
CONTENTS
Foreword
1. The Discord
2. The Home in China and America
3. The American Man
4. The American Woman
5. Monogamy
6. Women as Angels
7. Women and War
8. The Education of Men and Women for Each Other
9. Women and Freedom
Epilogue: Women and “Liberation”
A Biography of Pearl S. Buck
FOREWORD
A novelist needs, perhaps, to give no reasons for writing a book about men and women. Men and women are not only his materials but his life, and in their lives the novelist lives in a fashion which can scarcely be explained and which must be accepted. Why such material should be presented in this book, however, may be explained.
When I came to my own country after living most of my life in China, where the pattern for men and women was fixed, I found two obvious things which others coming here from abroad have mentioned more than once: the general discontent of our women and the marked lack of enjoyment between men and women. It takes no very keen observation to see these facts, though doubtless they are clearer to a newcomer than to those who live here. But I am less interested in the facts than in the reasons for them. Why, in a country such as ours, where woman is given every privilege and as much opportunity apparently as she wants, should she be so often dissatisfied in herself and so restless an influence in society? And why should man not like her better than he does?
In trying to find the answers to these questions I naturally reconsidered the old Chinese scheme of family life which is in such contrast to our own. Whether that scheme provides more possibility for happiness than ours and what sort of men and women developed under it as compared to ours made interesting speculation. My conclusion will be clear enough. It is simply that complete freedom is the atmosphere in which men and women can live together most happily. But it must be complete.
One final question may be asked. Why should this book be published now? Because time presses. In a strange and ominous way the fate of women everywhere in the world is linked with the trend toward fascism. To delay might mean to be compelled to silence.
P. S. B.
1. THE DISCORD
It has been my good fortune always to have found near me women of good sense. My earliest recollections center about two such women each in her way typical of her society. They were my American mother and my Chinese nurse. Although these two women were different in every moment of their history, they were curiously alike. My mother was the most capable and interesting woman I have ever known. Unusually well educated for her period, she was cultivated, humorous, brilliant, and strong. Though she went to China when she was twenty-three and died there forty-one years later, she remained unchanged by any Chinese influence. She developed from within, as American as if she had remained in her native land.
My nurse, Wang Amah, was almost as forceful, capable, and strong as my mother. She was illiterate but civilized, the daughter of a merchant family in the rich city of Yangchow. In some dire incident of her life my mother had rescued her, and the two women remained together from the moment they met until my nurse died a very old woman. In front of others they were mistress and servant, but when they were alone, especially in the evening before dinner when Wang Amah brushed for an hour my mother’s long dark hair, their talk was intimately human and they were friends. My mother, it is true, confided to no one her own personal difficulties, but she had the genius of comforting wisdom which drew from others all their story. People came for miles over hilly roads and cobblestones only to tell her their sorrows. They were mostly women. I was a solitary child, quiet and often unnoticed, and talk went on before me. Very early, therefore, I perceived that women together led a life of their own.
For the life of Chinese women in those days, only recently past, fell into an inviolable pattern. Their place was in the home. The phrase is familiar the world over. But the Chinese woman, accepting it, made out of home something that I have seen nowhere else. In China the home was not what it is in our country, a thing apart from men’s lives except when they return to it for food and sleep. The real life of the nation went on in the home. Even men were made an integral part of the home which Chinese women ruled, for the whole fabric of society was woven there in the intense and complicated life of great households where three or four generations lived under connecting roofs. Woman in China had little cause, one would have said, for ambition outside the home, for all her managerial ability was needed to oversee the vast organization of old and young for which she was responsible. Religion, embodied in ancestor worship and temple visiting and the proper celebration of festivals and the rites necessary at birth and marriage and death, government, in the administering of the rules of civil law which gave even the criminal over to clan judgment, education, of boys for professions and business and of girls in training for their marriage, the comforting of the old, the care of the sick, responsibility for poor relatives—all these were the duties of women within the home.
It is no wonder, then, that the Chinese woman generally developed into a strong, wise, able human being, whether she could read or not. Literacy mattered peculiarly little to her. Women handed down to women a vast lore of history, custom, ritual, and practical knowledge which educated them and made them a part of the great national whole. But more valuable than any actual knowledge was the quiet and conscious conviction Chinese women have always had of their own worth. Look at a Chinese woman anywhere in the world, and you will see a human being of personality and poise who apologizes for nothing that she is or does, and in whose calm eyes shines her clear and tranquil soul. She knows her irreducible value as a woman. She does not worry about herself as compared to man. She accepts her difference and knows herself equal to him.
Indeed, she made so honorable her qualities, the so-called feminine qualities, that they began to be accepted as the essentials of a civilized people. Thus the he-man in China came to be considered not as male but merely as uncivilized. “The qualities of the feminine intelligence,” says Lin Yutang in My Country and My People, “are exactly the qualities of the Chinese mind.” Thus did the power of woman grow in China as she gathered the nation’s life into its homes and ruled there.
I took woman’s equality with man for granted, therefore, until I came to live in my own country seven years ago. American women I had known abroad, though in no great numbers. Those few were, I have found since, on the whole unusual women. I suppose there must always be something unusual in a woman who is willing to cross oceans and make a home on alien earth. Those American women did not differ too much from Chinese women except in outward habits. But I learned from them, and indeed my mother had already told me, that these habits signified something. The freedom with which American women went out of their homes, the informality with which they talked to men, and the whole spontaneity of their behavior were all signs of a free society. The pattern of men and women, I then learned for the first time, was different in America from the fixed and static pattern of men and women in China.
When I returned to my own country to live, therefore, I expected to find men and women really equal—that is, that the affairs of the nation, large and small, were carried on by both alike. By this time there had been a revolution in China which had opened the doors of home and let women out. They came out poised, assured, self-c
onfident, accustomed to executive responsibility; and they swarmed into schools, industries, and business, and even into government offices. I expected, of course, to see women in America even more assured and competent. Were they not long accustomed to participation in all parts of life?
My first surprise came when I asked for the name of a good bank, preferably a bank managed by women. Friends of mine had used a women’s bank in Shanghai and had liked the way women there had handled investments. They found women astute, daring and cautious together. But in my own country, I was told, there is no bank owned and managed by women. When I asked why, I was told that no one would put money in such a bank. I have not to this day found the reason for this.
The next surprise came when I searched for a woman doctor, since I share the preference of Chinese women for women physicians to attend them. But I was told, and by women, that there are very few first-rate doctors in our country who are women. Most women here, it seems, even prefer men about them when they are in childbirth, although to my thinking then of all times the physician should be a woman. How can any man, however learned and sensitive, really understand the situation of a woman bearing a child? It is the one experience he cannot fully comprehend. Again, I have not yet been able to discover a reason for this preference for the male, though I persevered and found for myself an excellent physician who is also a woman.
Surprise followed upon surprise. Where I had expected in a free society to find women working everywhere as men worked, according to their ability, I found them actually less influential by far than women had been under the traditional scheme of life in China.
It is more than that woman’s influence is almost totally lacking in the centers of American national life. She has somehow so conducted herself besides that her feminine qualities, which are her greatest gift and power, have come to be despised and looked upon as effeminate. Far from permeating society so that a civilized people came to despise crude force and to trust to reason, women in our country have even upheld the crudity of force as a desirable male attribute and have continued blind to the fact that in so doing they have fostered a society in which crude force manifests itself in gangsters and in wars. Somewhere in the home before even they go to school little boys learn to think that the superior male is tough and rough, and they struggle to form themselves on the model. I have actually heard American mothers tell their sons, “Don’t be a sissy girl. You are a boy.” If a certain kind of male is desired, I can understand this education, but what is one to think of women who deliberately teach their sons to despise women? Is it necessary to make the female inferior in order that the male may feel himself, or even be, superior? Then what unjust inferiority is this, and how frail a superiority! It is no wonder that woman is of no real consequence in the life of our nation.
And yet as I write these words I question them. I sit here this morning in the old American farmhouse which is my home and think of many women of good sense in my immediate neighborhood. They are in almost every house working with quiet energy and intelligence to create order and comfort for their families. They are part of a community which I know is not unique, whose women as a matter of course work in homes and factories and upon farms. They carry on a tradition for women which I like to think of as peculiarly American, a classless tradition which makes it possible for a woman to scrub and clean a house, cook a fine meal, husk corn for twenty to thirty cents an hour in this region or do piece work in a shirt or pants factory or a hosiery mill and earn from ten to twenty-five dollars a week, and on occasion and certainly here on Sunday put on a good silk dress and look what she is, a “lady.” She is, I say, a lady all the time. Her good sense makes her equal to any occasion. I watched one of her kind yesterday at work in her kitchen, thinking as I watched, “There—she’s what I mean by an American woman.”
Actually she was born in Hungary and came to America as one of a large family of children. Her parents farmed, and she grew up on American bread and milk and meat and fruit and garden stuff to be tall and strong and handsome, as she still is. She married young, a farmer, and they had six children. She kept house and cared for the children, and in the afternoon worked in the fields. To this day, though she is well over fifty, she loves to go out into the field. When she cries out, “Ah, I got to git my hands in the dirt,” I know it is spring.
Her husband died early, and she was left a young widow with six children. What shall I tell of those years except that she managed, keeping her house and her children by washing and cooking for others or by any work she could find? The children are all grown up now, independent except for the youngest girl, and the first boy was married last year. She said the other day, her eyes misting, “I’m to be a grandmother by next Christmas.” I knew by the satisfaction in her voice that the circle of her life was completed for her.
And she is not alone. There are many like her. I condoled with a neighbor’s son the other day over the loss of a job. He said, “’Taint’ too bad, for my wife works in the factory and she can hold us together till I get somethin’.”
“Do most women work outside the home around here,” I asked, “or do you have an unusual wife?”
“No, she ain’t unusual—not like that, I mean,” he said. “Women mostly help out their menfolks around here.”
“Do you think,” I persisted, “that they help out more than they used to?”
“No,” he said. “Can’t say as it’s any different now from what it ever was. My wife’s mother worked in the shirt factory—still does; and my own mother worked in the hosiery. Reckon we’re all used to work around here.”
Roughly speaking, almost half of the women of America are used to work in this sense. They are busy, steady-hearted women, contributing their full share to their homes or to the community industry or to both. They are women of great good sense. Seeing their quiet competence and plain wisdom, I often wish that it could find wider use. This competence, this wisdom of life, are what the world lacks in the engine rooms of the nations. But women seem never to be found there, though indeed everywhere else. But why in a country free to them have our women at least not naturally and as a matter of course taken their place with men in the engine rooms of our society? And what of all those other women who need not work full time at home and who do not “help out” their men in field and factory? What are they making of their freedom? They, too, are not in the engine rooms. They are not “helping out” their men at all. Indeed, they live a life singularly separate from the lives of men and the nation’s work.
I hold no brief for the old Chinese pattern of men and women. Ours is better, and even if it were not, it is ours and so better for us. And yet I am constrained to ask further, why do so many American women seem not happy in being women when they have the freedom to make what they will of themselves? And why do women and men not enjoy each other more in my country? I was used, in that rich family life of old China, which had its other evils, to this good—the great mutual enjoyment between men and women of all the details and events of the life that they made together. Then which is the best life for men and women, that in a patterned society such as old China had and in another sense as modern Germany has today, or the complete freedom which a true democracy alone can give? I say again, one or the other of the two must be best, for the half-and-half sort of thing we now have patently gives satisfaction to neither man nor woman; and when men and women are not content with and in each other then all of life is discord.
The basic discovery about any people, therefore, is the discovery of the relationship between its men and women. The traveler may tour until a landscape becomes as familiar to him as his own face in a mirror, but if he has not from experience or intimate observation in a country comprehended the way men and women feel toward each other, the measure of their understanding of each other, and the place each has in the life of the whole, the reality of that country has escaped him.
The fundamentals of men and women are the same anywhere. This difference in human beings, cre
ated into men and women, is common to us all. It is a difference more universal, deeper, more important than the differences of race and nation, and yet it is the one most ignored. One generalization only can be made on the ways in which men and women live together. When there is harmony between men and women the culture of a country—that is, its whole life—is full, peaceful, and without nervous tensions, and progress is steady and rounded. Men and women enjoy each other then to the extent that their social customs allow, and this enjoyment is a fair indication of harmony between them. But when the relationship between men and women is confused and there is no harmony, and when they cannot much enjoy each other, then the general life is full of tension and irritations and strains. Point me out a people emotional, restless, argumentative, impulsive, volatile, changeable, violent in its prejudices, and I will point you out a people where men and women are at odds with each other, whether they know it or not or will admit it or not. Fortitude in hardships, good sense and balance in prosperity, a sense of proportion at all times—these are the fruits of harmony between men and women in a nation.
And effects seemingly quite remote may nevertheless be direct results of the fundamental lack of harmony. A widespread feeling of insecurity, for instance, commonly attributed to economic causes, is, I believe, far more to be ascribed to the deep emotional insecurity of men and women in each other. When they are uncertain of each other, doubtful of each other’s loyalty either as individuals or as groups, there arises in every heart a feeling of isolation and solitariness that is hateful to it. For no human being was created to be solitary, and when it is cut off by doubt and distrust and lack of understanding from the other to whom instinctively it turns, whom nature has created for it, then strange stops and blocks and ills are inescapable. When in a period of social change the whole relationship of men and women shifts for a time as established customs break down and new ones have not yet been made, then necessarily, too, this cosmic loneliness besets the individual and undermines all his being and adds to the confusion of the times—which, indeed, to some extent it may have caused. So when men and women are not in harmony, when their lives and works are separate or contradictory, then all of life seems unsafe and dangerous. The prevailing national mood becomes despondent and fearful, and even figures and facts of increasing prosperity do not lighten it. Men and women can face anything, can endure anything, if they are sure of each other’s loyalty and liking. They can endure nothing if they are not sure of each other.
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