Bond, George Phillips (1825–1865) — Son of William Cranch Bond and second director of the Harvard College Observatory. Early advocate for the inclusion of photography in astronomical research.
Bond, William Cranch (1789–1859) — First director of the Harvard College Observatory. An expert in practical astronomy related to navigation, Bond participated in early attempts to photograph the Moon through a telescope.
Brashear, John (1840–1920) — Prominent American maker of astronomical instruments during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm (1811–1899) — Noted professor of chemistry at the University of Heidelberg. With physicist Gustav Kirchhoff, conducted fundamental research regarding the use of spectral lines to establish the chemical composition of the Sun’s atmosphere.
Campbell, William Wallace (1862–1938) — Third director of the Lick Observatory and organizer of its survey of stellar radial velocities.
Clark, Alvan (1804–1887) — Together with his sons, Alvan Graham Clark (1832–1897) and George Bassett Clark (1827–1891), foremost makers of refractor telescopes in the United States during the latter half of the nineteenth century.
Clerke, Agnes (1842–1907) — Noted late-nineteenth-century historian of astronomy.
Common, Andrew Ainslie (1841–1903) — English amateur astronomer and proponent of celestial photography with large-aperture reflector telescopes.
Daguerre, Louis (1787–1851) — One of the inventors of photography. His daguerreotype process was announced in 1839.
De La Rue, Warren (1815–1889) — English amateur astronomer who during the 1850s demonstrated the value of the reflecting telescope in lunar photography and subsequently developed the photoheliograph to obtain daily images of the Sun’s surface.
Doppler, Christian (1803–1853) — Austrian mathematician who theorized in 1842 that the perceived frequency of a wave is altered by the relative motion between the source and the observer.
Draper, Henry (1837–1882) — American amateur astronomer who captured the first photograph of a nebula and the first spectrum of a star other than the Sun. Assisted by his wife, Anna Palmer Draper.
Draper, John William (1811–1882) — New York chemist who took the first successful photograph of the Moon and of the Sun’s spectrum. Father of Henry Draper.
Fitz, Henry (1808–1863) — Mid-nineteenth-century New York telescope maker and close colleague of astrophotographer Lewis Morris Rutherfurd.
Fizeau, Armand-Hippolyte-Louis (1819–1896) — French pioneer of celestial photography. With Léon Foucault, took the first successful daguerreotype of the Sun.
Fleming, Williamina (1857–1911) — Late-nineteenth-century Harvard astronomer. With E. C. Pickering, developed an early spectral classification system for stars, subsequently revised and greatly expanded by Annie J. Cannon.
Foucault, Léon (1819–1868) — French pioneer of celestial photography and silvered-glass reflector telescopes. With his countryman Fizeau, took the first successful daguerreotype of the Sun.
Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826) — Early nineteenth-century German telescope maker and spectroscopist who cataloged the dark lines in the Sun’s spectrum.
Gill, David (1843–1914) — In 1882, as director of the Royal Cape Observatory in South Africa, recorded images of background stars on a photograph of a comet. Leading figure in the international Carte du Ciel sky-mapping project.
Hale, George Ellery (1868–1938) — American solar astronomer and key figure in the establishment of Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories.
Herschel, John (1792–1871) — Son of astronomer William Herschel, continued his father’s deep-sky surveys in the Southern Hemisphere and became a leading figure in the advancement of science in England during the first half of the nineteenth century.
Herschel, William (1738–1822) — Discoverer of the planet Uranus and the most famous large-telescope builder and celestial observer of the eighteenth century.
Holden, Edward S. (1846–1914) — First director of the Lick Observatory, Mount Hamilton, California.
Hubble, Edwin (1889–1953) — Noted extragalactic astronomer at Mount Wilson Observatory, and later at Palomar, whose observations during the 1920s and 1930s led to the conclusions that spiral nebulae are galaxies and that the universe is expanding.
Huggins, William (1824–1910) — Pioneer in astronomical spectroscopy, who proved that the light of many nebulae arises from diffuse, glowing gas, not discrete stars. In later research, collaborated with his wife Margaret Lindsay Huggins.
Humason, Milton (1891–1972) — Staff astronomer at Mount Wilson Observatory, and later at Palomar. Assisted Edwin Hubble in obtaining spectra of faint galaxies that led to the distance–velocity relationship known as Hubble’s law.
Janssen, Pierre Jules (1824–1907) — French solar observer who, coincident with English astronomer J. Norman Lockyer, developed the means to observe outbursts around the Sun’s limb without an eclipse.
Kapteyn, Jacobus C. (1851–1922) — Dutch astronomer who used star counts in selected areas of the sky to develop his eponymous small-galaxy model of the Milky Way.
Keeler, James E. (1857–1900) — Second director of California’s Lick Observatory, who used the thirty-six-inch Crossley reflector to obtain photographs that depicted the ubiquity of spiral nebulae.
Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824–1887) — Noted professor of physics at Heidelberg and later Berlin. With chemist Robert Bunsen, conducted fundamental research regarding the use of spectral lines to establish the chemical composition of the Sun’s atmosphere.
Lassell, William (1799–1880) — English builder of large, equatorially mounted reflector telescopes during the mid-1800s, including one of aperture forty-eight inches on the island of Malta.
Leavitt, Henrietta (1868–1921) — Harvard astronomer who discovered the period-luminosity relation for Cepheid variable stars, subsequently refined by Harlow Shapley and used to gauge the size of the galaxy.
Lockyer, J. Norman (1836–1920) — English astronomer who discovered helium in the solar spectrum and who, coincident with French scientist Jules Janssen, developed the means to observe outbursts around the Sun’s limb without an eclipse.
Maddox, Richard Leach (1816–1902) — Developed the gelatin dry-plate photographic process in 1871.
Niépce, Joseph Nicéphore (1765–1833) — One of the inventors of photography, took the oldest extant photograph in 1825.
Pickering, Edward C. (1846–1919) — Harvard Observatory director who established large-scale research programs in stellar photometry, photography, and spectroscopy. Discovered spectroscopic binary stars.
Ritchey, George W. (1864–1945) — Innovative designer of large-aperture reflector telescopes, first at Yerkes Observatory, later at Mount Wilson.
Roberts, Isaac (1829–1904) — British amateur astronomer whose exquisite 1890s photographs of nebulae and star clusters received wide acclaim.
Rosse, Third Earl of (William Parsons; 1800–1867) — Built the world’s largest telescope, a six-foot speculum-metal reflector, in 1845, with which he discovered spiral nebulae.
Russell, Henry Norris (1877–1957) — Prominent twentieth-century stellar astrophysicist at Princeton University.
Rutherfurd, Lewis Morris (1816–1892) — New York amateur astronomer who conducted groundbreaking experiments in the use of refractor telescopes for celestial photography and spectroscopy.
Secchi, Angelo (1818–1878) — Italian astronomer who created an early classification scheme for stellar spectra.
Shapley, Harlow (1885–1972) — American astronomer at Mount Wilson, and later at Harvard, who developed observational techniques to deduce the size of the galaxy and the solar system’s position within it. In the Great Debate of 1920, advocated his large-galaxy model of the Milky Way.
Slipher, Vesto M. (1875–1969) — Astronomer at Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, whose spectroscopic measurements revealed the large radial velocities of galaxi
es.
Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800–1877) — In 1839, announced his calotype photochemical technique, forerunner of many subsequent photographic processes.
van Maanen, Adriaan (1884–1946) — Dutch-American astronomer who claimed (mistakenly) that spiral nebulae exhibit measurable rotation, hence, lie within or near our galaxy.
Vogel, Hermann Carl (1841–1907) — German astronomer who developed spectroscopic techniques to measure stellar radial velocities to high precision.
Whipple, John Adams (1822–1891) — Boston commercial photographer who initiated early experiments in celestial photography at the Harvard College Observatory.
Wolf, Maximilian (1863–1932) — German astronomer who conducted wide-field photography of the Milky Way, including the first photographic discovery of an asteroid.
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