22. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers. Cf. Richard Nixon, “Toast at a Dinner in Kiev,” May 29, 1972, The American Presidency Project, www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=3440#axzz1Q0nAP09C; author’s interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.
23. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991.
24. Author’s interview with Nicholas Burns, Harvard University, June 15, 2012.
25. George H. W. Bush, “Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3267&year=1991&month=8.
26. Ukrainian Weekly, August 11, 1991.
27. “The Moscow Coup,” Washington Post, August 20, 1991; William Safire, “After the Fall,” New York Times, August 29, 1991; William Safire, “Bush at the UN,” New York Times, September 16, 1991; William Safire, “Putin’s ‘Chicken Kiev,’” New York Times, December 6, 2004; “Bush Sr. Clarifies ‘Chicken Kiev’ Speech,” Washington Times, May 23, 2004; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 15–16; Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire, 570–571, 798.
28. Ann McFeatters, “Pool Report No. 21. Pool from the Supreme Soviet Session to St. Sophia to Babii Yar. Kiev, USSR, August 1, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: Moscow Summit—Press Releases, Fact Sheets, Remarks, no. 1.
29. Anatolii Kuznetsov, Babii Iar: A Document in the Form of a Novel, trans. David Floyd (London, 1970); Victoria Khiterer, “Babi Yar: The Tragedy of Kiev’s Jews,” Brandeis Graduate Journal 2 (2004): 1–16.
30. Gibbons, “Pre Advance Pool Report, Moscow Summit, July 25, 1991”; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 516–517; George Bush, “Remarks at the Babi Yar Memorial in Kiev, Soviet Union,” August 1, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3268&year=1991&month=8; interview with Leonid Kravchuk in Rozpad Radians’koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91, tape 9.
31. Oleksandr Burakovs’kyi, Rada natsionalnostei Narodnoho rukhu Ukraïny (1989–1993) (Edmonton, 1995); Oleksandr Burakovs’kyi, “Rukh, ievreï, Ukraïna. Rozdumy inorodtsia,” Kyïv, nos. 1–2 (1997): 93–125; interview with Yaakov Bleich in Rozpad Radians’koho Soiuzu. Usna istoriia nezalezhnoï Ukraïny 1988–91, tape 2, http://oralhistory.org.ua/interview-ua/470/.
32. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 417; “Gennadiy Ivanovich Yanayev,” The Trip of President Bush to Moscow and Kiev, July 30–August 1, 1991.
33. Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire, 571; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 517.
CHAPTER 4
1. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York, 1998), 526.
2. Ibid., 520; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston, 1993), 422–423; “Statement by Deputy Press Secretary Popadiuk on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union,” Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3313&year=1991&month=8.
3. “Telephone Conversation with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, August 19, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-19—Mulroney.pdf.
4. “First Statement on Soviet Coup,” August 19, 1991, www.c-spanvideo.org/program/20705-1; Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 429–430; James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York, 1995), 514–518; “Assorted JAB Notes from Events Related to Attempted Coup in USSR, 8/12–8/22,” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 6; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 504–505, 515.
5. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 521–522; “Telcon with Jozsef Antall, Prime Minister of Hungary, August 19, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-19--Antall.pdf.
6. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, 475; Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York, 1996), 502; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 521–522.
7. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 521–522; “Telephone Conversation with Prime Minister Brian Mulroney of Canada, August 19, 1991,” Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons.
8. Vladimir Medvedev, Chelovek za spinoi (Moscow, 1994), 253–260, 269–273; “Gorbachevskaia dacha ‘Zaria’ v Forose”, http://www.foros-yalta.com/?id=288; Valentin Stepankov and Evgenii Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor. Versiia sledstviia (Moscow, 1992), 17, 56, 135–143.
9. Medvedev, Chelovek za spinoi, 278.
10. Michael Dobbs, Down with Big Brother: The Fall of the Soviet Empire (New York, 1997), 377–379.
11. Jonathan Brent and Vladimir Naumov, Stalin’s Last Crime: The Plot Against the Jewish Doctors, 1948–1953 (New York, 2004), 313–325; Medvedev, Chelovek za spinoi, 147–148; Nikolai Zen’kovich, Mikhail Gorbachev, zhizn’ do Kremlia (Moscow, 2001), 587.
12. Mikhail Gorbachev, Memoirs (New York, 1995), 631; Valentin Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe (Moscow, 2001), vol. 6, pt. 3; Valerii Boldin, Krushnie p’edestala, Shtrikhi k portretu M. S. Gorbacheva (Moscow, 1995), 15–16.
13. Boldin, Krushnie p’edestala, 13–17; Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional’nogo gosudarsta, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 289–290; Gorbachev, Memoirs, 626–630.
14. Boldin, Krushnie p’edestala, 182, 263–265, 282, 333–334, 380–381; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 8; Anatolii Cherniaev, Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody (Moscow, 2008), 972–974; Martin Ebon, KGB: Death and Rebirth (Westport, CT, 1994), 3–6.
15. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 631–632; Boldin, Krushenie p’edestala, 15–17; Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, vol. 6, pt. 3; Dobbs, Down with Big Brother, 377–379; Cherniaev, Sovmestnyi iskhod, 972–974.
16. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 19.
17. Gates, From the Shadows, 424.
18. Ibid., 476–477, 491; Vladimir Kriuchkov, Lichnoe delo (Moscow, 2003), 364–475.
19. Boris Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 38–39; Gorbachev, Memoirs, 628, 642, 643; Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’, 204.
20. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 62, 84–85; Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’, 289–290; David Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb: The Last Days of the Soviet Empire (New York, 1994), 45; Valentin Pavlov, Avgust iznutri. Gorbachev-putch (Moscow, 1993), 105–115; Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe, vol. 6, pt. 3.
21. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 90; Boldin, Krushenie p’edestala, 18–19; Gorbachev, Memoirs, 632.
22. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 90–91.
23. Ibid., 107–110; Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 33–41; Raspad SSSR: Dokumenty i fakty (1986–1992 gg.), vol. 1, Normativnye akty. Ofitsial’nye soobshcheniia, ed. S. M. Shakhrai (Moscow, 2009), 827–831; Remnick, Lenin’s Tomb, 459–460.
24. Gorbachev, Memoirs, 633.
25. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 421; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 526.
CHAPTER 5
1. Boris Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 42–46, 53–54, 57, 61–62, 69, image facing 172; Aleksandr Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin: ot rassveta do zakata (Moscow, 1997), 80–84; Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 170–171, 218–220; Valentin Stepankov and Evgenii Lisov, Kremlevskii
zagovor. Versiia sledstviia (Moscow, 1992), 110–112; Krasnoe ili beloe? Drama avgusta-91. Fakty. Gipotezy. Stolknovenie mnenii (Moscow, 1992), 89–92.
2. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 108, 117–121; Krasnoe ili beloe, 95–96; Timothy J. Colton, Yeltsin: A Life (New York, 2008), 198.
3. Colton, Yeltsin, 198; Evgenii Shaposhnikov, Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego (Moscow, 1993), 18–19; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 109, 123.
4. Valerii Boldin, Krushenie p’edestala. Shtrikhi k portretu M. S. Gorbacheva (Moscow, 1995), 19–20; Andrei Grachev, Gorbachev. Chelovek, kotoryi khotel kak luchshe (Moscow, 2001), 366ff.
5. Bonnell, Cooper, and Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades, 42–54, 318–321; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 134–135.
6. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 122–123, 133.
7. Ibid., 159–160.
8. Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 43–45; Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin, 84.
9. Soiuz mozhno bylo sokhranit’. Belaia kniga. Dokumenty i fakty o politike M. S. Gorbacheva po reformirovaniiu i sokhraneniiu mnogonatsional’nogo gosudarsta, 2nd ed. (Moscow, 2007), 289; Anatolii Cherniaev, Sovmestnyi iskhod. Dnevnik dvukh ėpokh, 1972–1991 gody (Moscow, 2008), 941; Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin, 82; Colton, Yeltsin, 147–149, 308–314; Nasir Ghaemi, A First-Rate Madness: Uncovering the Links Between Leadership and Mental Illness (New York, 2011).
10. Bonnell, Cooper, and Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades, 172–175; Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 77–78; Colton, Yeltsin, 200–201; Aleksandr Rutskoi, Krovavaia osen’ (Moscow, 1995).
11. Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 80, 83; Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin, 87–89.
12. Iain Elliot, “On-the-Spot Impressions,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 293–294; Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 85–86; Krasnoe ili beloe, 99; Bonnell, Cooper, and Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades, 95–96; Vadim Medvedev, V komande Gorbacheva. Vzgliad iznutri (Moscow, 1994), 196.
13. American Embassy, Moscow to Secretary of State, Washington, August 19, 1991, “Charge’s Meeting with RSFSR Foreign Minister: Yeltsin’s Next Steps and Letter for President Bush,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas Rostow Series: USSR (Coup), no. 2; “Yeltsin’s Letter to President Bush,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: USSR Coup Attempt August 1990 [[sic]], no. 1.
14. Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston, 1993), 430–431; Robert M. Gates, From the Shadows: The Ultimate Insider’s Story of Five Presidents and How They Won the Cold War (New York, 1996), 522; “Reaction to Coup in the Soviet Union,” August 19, 1991, White House Travel: Air Force One Channel, C-SPAN Video Library, www.c-spanvideo.org/program/20711-1.
15. Undated letter from Vice President Yanaev to President Bush, Unofficial Translation, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: USSR Coup Attempt August 1990 [[sic]], no. 1; Memo from Ed A. Hewett, “Meeting between Ambassador Viktor Komplektov and Robert Gates,” Bush Presidential-Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: USSR Coup Attempt August 1990 [[sic]], no. 1; Gates, From the Shadows, 522.
16. Gates, From the Shadows, 521–522; Minutes of the Deputies Committee Meeting, August 19, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Deputies Committee Files, NSC/DC 300, 301; Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 432.
17. Gates, From the Shadows, 523; “Statement on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union,” August 19, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3316&year=1991&month=8.
18. George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York, 1998), 523.
19. Brent Scowcroft, “Memorandum for the President, Subject: Phone Call to President Boris Yeltsin,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns Series, Subject Files: USSR Coup Attempt, August 1990 [[sic]], no. 2; “Phone Call to Boris Yeltsin: Suggested Talking Points,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nicholas R. Burns and Ed A. Hewett Series, USSR Chronological Files: August 1991, no. 1.
20. Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed, 527–528; “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of Republic of Russia, USSR,” August 20, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-19—Yeltsin.pdf; Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 433–434.
21. Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, 80, 83, 87.
22. Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin, 93–94; Theresa Sabonis-Chafee, “Reflections from the Barricades,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 242–245.
CHAPTER 6
1. Alfred Kokh and Petr Aven, “Andrei Kozyrev: nastoiashchii kamikadze,” Forbes (Russian edition), September 28, 2011, www.forbes.ru/ekonomika/lyudi/74501-andrei-kozyrev-nastoyashchii-kamikadze; American Consul, Strasbourg to Secretary of State, Washington, “Kozyrev in Strasbourg: Stand for Election or Stand Aside,” August 22, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 4 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 5.
2. Andrei Kozyrev, “Stand by Us,” Washington Post, August 21, 1991.
3. “The President’s Press Conference,” August 20, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Public Papers, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/public_papers.php?id=3317&year=1991&month=8; Michael R. Beschloss and Strobe Talbott, At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War (Boston, 1993), 433–434.
4. James A. Baker with Thomas M. DeFrank, The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace, 1989–1992 (New York, 1995), 520–521.
5. Memo from McKenney Russell, USIA to Robert Gates, White House, “USIA Media Coverage of Gorbachev Ouster,” August 19, 1991; McKenney Russell to Robert Gates, White House, “USIA on Day Two After the Coup,” August 21, 1991; McKenney Russell to Robert Gates, White House, “The Coup’s Third and Last Day on USIA Media,” August 22, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, Nancy Berg Dyke Series, Subject Files: Soviet Union—Coup—August 1991, Public Diplomacy.
6. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, 521.
7. Ibid., 160–162.
8. Valentin Stepankov and Evgenii Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor. Versiia sledstviia (Moscow, 1992), 162–168.
9. Evgenii Shaposhnikov, Vybor. Zapiski glavnokomanduiushchego (Moscow, 1993), 19, 39.
10. Valerii Kucher, “A Russian Reporter Remembers,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 334; Iain Elliot, “On-the-Spot Impressions,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 291; Theresa Sabonis-Chafee, “Reflections from the Barricades,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 244–245; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 178.
11. Aleksandr Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin: ot rassveta do zakata (Moscow, 1997), 93–94; Michael Hetzer, “Death on the Streets,” in Victoria E. Bonnell, Ann Cooper, and Gregory Fredin, eds., Russia at the Barricades: Eyewitness Accounts of the August 1991 Coup (Armonk, NY, 1994), 253–254.
12. Krasnoe ili beloe? Drama avgusta-91. Fakty. Gipotezy. Stolknovenie mnenii (Moscow, 1992), 113–130; John B. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,” Journal of
Cold War Studies 5, no. 1 (2003): 94–127, here 110–111.
13. Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 180–184.
14. Ibid., 270–279; Natalia Gevorkian, Natalia Timakova, and Andrei Kolesnikov, Ot pervogo litsa. Razgovory s Vladimirom Putinym (Moscow, 2000), chapter “Demokrat”; Masha Gessen, The Man Without a Face: The Unlikely Rise of Vladimir Putin (New York, 2013), 108–118.
15. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,” 111; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 186–187; Krasnoe ili beloe, 251.
16. Korzhakov, Boris El’tsin, 93–96, 113; Boris Yeltsin, The Struggle for Russia, trans. Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (New York, 1994), 93.
17. Beschloss and Talbott, At the Highest Levels, 434–435; George Bush and Brent Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York, 1998), 528–530; American Embassy to Secretary of State, “USSR State of Emergency: Situation Report, no. 21, 08:00 [[a.m.]] local, August 21,” Bush Presidential Library, Presidential Records, National Security Council, White House Situation Room Files: USSR Part 3 of 4 Moscow Coup Attempt (1991), no. 11.
18. Seymour M. Hersh, “The Wild East,” Atlantic Monthly, June 1994.
19. “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21--Yeltsin%20[[1]].pdf.
20. Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy, 522; Shaposhnikov, Vybor, 47–50; “Telecon with President Boris Yeltsin of the Russian Federation,” August 21, 1991, Bush Presidential Library, Memcons and Telcons, http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/research/pdfs/memcons_telcons/1991-08-21--Yeltsin%20[[1]].pdf; “Assorted JAB Notes from Events Related to Attempted Coup in USSR, 8/12–8/22,” James A. Baker Papers, box 110, folder 6.
21. Dunlop, “The August 1991 Coup and Its Impact on Soviet Politics,” 111; Stepankov and Lisov, Kremlevskii zagovor, 186–187; Krasnoe ili beloe, 251.
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