Jack Tar

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Jack Tar Page 52

by Roy Adkins


  Sarrelibre prison, France 248, 252–3, 255

  Sceptre, HMS 354

  Scott, Alexander 114

  Scott, James: on battle conditions 273; on battle preparations 263–4; on captain’s role 28; on captured French ship 286; on discharged seamen 383; on dogs 352–3; on execution 227–8; feelings after joining up 23; feelings before battle 267; on leisure activities 336; on Lisbon 361; on promotion problems 377; on punishments 214–15; on sailors 38; seasickness 95, 310; on training 2–3

  Scott, Sir Walter 343

  Scourge, privateer 26

  Scout, HMS 55, 113, 245

  scuppers 19

  scurvy 82, 89–90, 97, 313–15

  scuttle butt 93, 96

  Sea Fencibles 47

  Seahorse, HMS 62

  Searle, John Clarke 68

  seasickness 95, 137, 143, 201, 310–11

  Seator, Captain 6, 8

  sentries 206–7

  sermons 149

  shanties, sea 204, 336, 337

  sharks 85

  shaving 138–9

  sheep: aboard 80–1, 83; in battle 265, 266; drink for 106; dung 201; pets 81, 351

  Shetland Isles 46, 47

  ships: length xxxvii; of the line xxxvi; names of xxxiv; sinking 118–20, 161–3, 285–6

  ship’s biscuit, see biscuit

  shock 278

  shoes 128–9

  shore leave: denied 356–7, 362–3; in England 363–4; in Lisbon 361; in Malta 364; no entitlement to 44; officers 356–60; restricted xxv, 153, 220; seamen’s dress 124; ship visiting 349–51; sightseeing 357–9; spending money 364; in Uruguay 360; in West Indies 166, 361–2, 364

  Short, John Tregerthen 253, 258

  shot 269, see also cannons, guns

  Shoveller, William 304–5, 308, 309

  sick-bay 104, 141, 191, 296–7, 319

  sickness, see disease

  Sinclair, Archibald: on ‘cutting out’ 239; on discharged midshipmen 379; on grog as currency 99; on man overboard 306–7; on meat 80; on ship visiting 349–50; on storytelling 343–4; on swearing 213–14; on water 95–6

  singers 338

  singing 336, 338–9

  sinking 118–20, 161–3, 285–6

  Sirius, HMS 48

  Skill, William 68

  Skipper, Richard 212

  Slade, James 49

  slaves 165–7, 334, 361–2

  sloops xxxvi, 26

  small beer 98

  Smith, Sir Sidney 246

  smoking 91–2, 159

  smuggling 101–2, 251

  Smyrna, Turkey 106

  Snell, Hannah 181

  soap 133–4, 137–8

  sodomy 12, 149, 183, see also homosexuality songs 336–9; drunken 105; ‘The Female Cabin Boy’ 182; folk 181, 338; ‘Heart of Oak’ xxvii–xxviii; ‘Jack in His Element’ 241–2; ‘Jack Tar’ xxviii–xxix; popularity 76, 338–9; quoted xxviii, 1, 53, 155, 239, 241–2, 336–8, 384; ‘Rule, Britannia!’ 44; ‘The Sea Fight’ 337; sea shanties 204, 336, 337; Tom Bowling name in 180

  South Shields, Tyne and Wear 46, 47

  Spain, treasure ships 235

  Spartan, HMS 243–4, 249

  Speedy, HMS 16, 61–2, 84, 280

  Spence, Henry 300–1

  Sperring, Mary 179, 390

  Spilsbury, Francis 96, 136, 271, 316

  Spithead: anchorage xxvi, 61, 100, 135, 153, 161, 169, 232, 312, 356; mutiny (1797) 60, 74, 221

  splinters 269–70

  Spratt, James 281–2

  Spry, William 261

  standing orders 195–6

  Star 345 ‘starting’ 215

  station 14, 16

  Steele, Robert 157, 328

  Stephens, William 238, 357

  Stockholm tar xxix

  storms 109–12, 116–17, 285

  storytelling 343–4

  stowaways 173

  Suckling, Maurice 64

  Sun 345

  Sundays: captain’s influence 34; dress 127–8, 131, 132; religious services 33, 132, 208, 239; rest day 44, 204, 349; shaving 138; ship visiting 34, 250–1

  Superb, HMS 104

  superstition 7, 35–8, 327–8

  surgeons: amputations 150, 276, 293, 297–304, 306; assistants 301–2; competence 294–5; daily life 295–6; discharges to hospital 320; drunken 103–4, 211, 294; duties 16; examination by 5, 65, 160, 185; at floggings 224; hygiene 302; ‘idlers’ 15; journals 318; numbers 293; pay 296; recruitment 293–4; report on death from shock 278; treatments 309; uniform 125; use of tourniquets 241, 298, 299, 301, 304; warrant officers 31, 293; women helpers 178, 180; work in battle 293, 297–9, 302–5; working conditions 296–7; see also physicians, sick-bay Surgeon’s Hall 293

  surrender 282–4

  Swallow, HMS 177

  swearing 159, 213–14

  Swiftsure, HMS 137, 284–5

  Swindlehurst, Joseph 390

  Sybil, HMS 81, 201, 271–2

  syphilis, see venereal disease Syracuse, Sicily 356

  Talbot, Mary Anne 180

  Tangiers, Morocco 357

  tar xxix–xxx, 132

  ‘tarpaulins’ xxix, 27, 62

  tattoos 7–8

  Taylor, Ann 176

  teeth 88, 139–40

  Temeraire, HMS: arrival at Plymouth 156; discipline 214, 216; executions 228–9; leisure activities 331, 339; mutiny 222–3, 228; news of Superb 104; pay day 366–7; Plymouth storm 116; portraits of mutineers 5; three-watch system 197; at Trafalgar 76

  tenders 53

  Teneriffe 378

  Test Act (1673) 32

  Tetuan, North Africa 340–1

  Thames, River 94

  theatricals 339–41

  Theseus, HMS 266

  Thetis, HMS 356

  Thetis, Spanish treasure ship 235, 377

  Thomas, Aaron: on attitudes to sailors 3; background 345; on birth of babies aboard 177; books 349; on bullock transfer 81; on candlelight 151; on capture of French ship 234–5; death 326; on drunkenness 71, 102–3, 104, 211, 217; on food 73, 78; on funeral of officer 323–4; on funeral of seaman 325–6; on gossip 342–3; journal 375; on livestock aboard 83; on murder of lieutenant 56–7; on newspapers 344–5; on pigtails 8–9, 10; on prizes 236; on promotion 26, 28–9; on punishments 211, 212–13, 215–16; on rats 90–1; sad stories 67; on sanitary arrangements 142–3; on shark 85; on shore leave 364; on silence 204–5; on slaves and slavery 166–7, 361–2; on spruce beer 98; on storm damage 111–12; on surgeons 294; on water supplies 96; on West Indies sex 166–7; on women aboard 217

  Thomas, Frederick 101

  Thompson, Edward 337

  tiger 353

  Tildesley, Thomas 104, 235

  time 198–9

  Times, The: advertisement for soap 133; advertisement for tooth powder 139; on execution 184; on laid-off seamen 383–4, 386; on Nile victory 374; on press-gangs 41, 59; on Trafalgar veteran 390; on treatment of recruits 54

  tobacco 91–3

  Todd, John 320

  toilets 140–3

  Tonnant, HMS 150, 263, 284

  topgallant mast xxxv, 113, 306

  topmast xxxv, 279

  topmen 14

  Torey, Henry 51

  Torquay, Devon 93

  Townsend, Jane 179

  Trafalgar, Battle of (1805): aftermath 287, 289–90; amputations 303–4; battle scenes 273–4, 281–2, 284; British victory xxvii; charity payments to wounded 386; cheering 263; dress 124, 126, 129; French prisoners 249; medals 374; Nelson’s rank xl; opposing forces xxvii; preparations 266–7, 267–8; prize-money 375; Spanish prisoners 304; storm after 109; surgeon’s working conditions 150; veterans 388–90; women present at 178–9

  training: captain’s task 196; language 18–19; gun crews 271–3; marines 29–30; midshipmen 20–3; preparing for battle 261–2; process 17–18; teachers 19–20

  transferring seamen 365–6

  transportation 58, 227, 228, 232

  Travese, Richard 302

  treasure ships 235�
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  Trent, HMS 97, 211

  Trident, HMS 105

  Tripe, William Dunning 143

  Triton, HMS 235

  Tromp, HMS 82

  trophies 374

  Trotter, Thomas: on beef storage 84; on cheese 85; on crowded conditions 311; on fish 86–7; on liquor smuggling 102; on pigs 83; on seamen’s dress 121, 130, 132, 137, 144–5

  Troubridge, Sir Thomas 38, 62, 221

  turtles 85–6, 353

  Twysden, Lieutenant 132–3, 219

  Tyler, Charles 47

  Tyneside 53

  typhus 54, 311–12

  ulcers 319

  Ulysses, HMS 113, 115, 233

  uniforms xxix, 23, 121, 124–7, see also dress

  Unité, HMS: battle aftermath 288; battle damage 277–8; battle preparations 262; buttons sold for wine 99–100; man overboard 68; regulations 196; venereal disease 319

  United States, USS 262, 269, 279, 287, 298

  Valenciennes prison, France 248, 255

  Valiant, HMS 224–5

  Vanguard, HMS 310, 389

  vegetables 89–90

  Venerable, HMS 68

  venereal disease 157, 160, 317, 318–19

  Vengeance, HMS 103–4

  Vengeance, prison ship 77

  Vengeur du Peuple, French ship 285–6

  Verdun, France 244, 248, 249–51, 253–5, 257–8

  vermin 90, 130, 145–7, 297, see also mice, rats

  Vernon, Caleb 258

  Vernon, Edward 97

  Vernon, George 258

  Victoria, Queen 179, 374

  Victorious, HMS 287

  Victory, HMS: battle preparations 268; guns xxxvi, xxxvii; hold xxxviii; length xxvii; Nelson’s body 321, 328; return after Trafalgar 172, 328; seamen’s teeth extracted 88; sleeping arrangements 188; surgeon 299; survivors of Royal George sinking 163; toilets 140; at Trafalgar 242, 263, 268, 273–4; Trafalgar aftermath 289–90; veterans 389, 390; women aboard 179

  Villaret de Joyeuse, Louis Thomas 378

  Ville de Paris, HMS 118, 120

  Vindictive, HMS 36

  Vittoria, Battle of (1813) xxvi

  volunteers: boys 1; foreign seamen 50; marines 65–6; numbers xxx, 61; prisoners-of-war 50; reasons for volunteering 60–1; recruitment 42; regrets 221; treatment of 29, 53–4, 67; women 182–3

  Volunteers First Class 13, 64

  waist xxxvii, xxxviii, 83, 143, 343

  waisters 14, 15

  Walcheren expedition (1809) 276

  Walker, Matthew 22

  Walsh, Henry: background 3, 60; on burials at sea 328; on convoy duty 233–4; language 12; on laundry 130–1; on lightning 115; on prostitutes 154–5; on punishments 225; on snow and ice 113–14; volunteer 60

  Walsh, John 341–2

  Wardocks, John 224, 226

  wardroom 29, 31, 78, 111

  Warneck, William 6, 77

  warrant officers: cabins 186, 187; hats 128; hierarchy 31; punishments 220; quarters xxxviii; roundhouses 141; status 31, 78, 173; surgeons 31, 293; uniform 125, 127; wives 173, 187

  Warren, John Borlase 261

  Warspite, HMS 224

  washing 137–8

  watch 13–14, 16, 19, 196–200

  watches, see pocket watches

  water supply: bad 95–6, 192, 312; for cooking 71, 72, 76, 80, 93; cow’s consumption 83–4; day’s allowance 82, 95; for drinking 78, 93, 95, 273; grog recipe 97, 99–101, 209, 210; for laundry 131–4, 136; purification 96; quantity xxvi; rainwater 96; sea water distilled 96; shortages 96, 119, 120, 175; storage xxxviii, 79, 93, 95–6, 207, 307; for washing 138; washing decks 220; watering 93–5, 202, 317, 356

  Waterhouse, Benjamin 51n

  Wathen, James xxv

  Watson, George: on battle damage 287; on bitumen springs xxx; on boat operations 242; on Cephalonia 153; on Christmas celebrations 105–6; on convoy duty 232–3; on drunkenness 99; on flogging 212; on food 73–4, 88; on hanging 226; on hated midshipman 24; on history xxv; on lady love in Minorca 174; on lightning 109, 114; on livestock aboard 80–1; on marines xxxi; nautical terms xxxiii; on nurses 168–9; on pictures 369; praise for officers 1, 203; on prostitutes 164–5; on religious services 33, 34; shore leave in Malta 364; on songs 338; in Uruguay 360; on wine 98

  Watson, John 216

  Watson, Thomas 177

  weevils 87–8, 90

  Weir, Benjamin 243

  Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of xxvi, 380

  Wells, John 303

  Wessels Jesuit Drops 317

  Westcott, George 62–3

  Wetherell, John 17, 161, 326

  Wheeler, George 308

  Wheeler, William 5, 331

  Whick, Henry John 88

  whistles 199–200

  White, Christiann 176, 302

  White, William 177

  Whiting, James 36

  Wilkinson, Sarah 192

  Wilkinson, William: on laundry 135; letters 157, 346, 355, 356–7; on parrot 355; on prostitutes 157; uncle’s views on naval career 72–3; wife’s letters 157, 192–3

  William IV, King 63, 72, 126, 183

  Williams, Thomas 250–1, 253, 254, 257–8

  Willyams, Cooper 284

  Wilson, John 187

  Wilson, Robert Mercer: on battle aftermath 288; on battle damage 277–8; on battle preparations 262; on cooks 75, 77–8; on cooper 16; on death from venereal disease 319; on descriptions of seamen 4–5; on dressmaking 123; on grog ration 97; on gun crew 270–1; on leisure activities 341; on man overboard 68; on marines 206; on punishments 100, 215; on ratings 12; on regulations 196; on sale of buttons for wine 99–100; on stations 14, 15; on watches 196

  windsail 191

  Windsor Castle, HMS 223

  wine: in battle 176, 268; in bawdy houses 342; at captain’s table 29, 78, 97; captured 248; at Christmas and New Year 105, 106; clothes sold for 364; duty-free 73; medical uses 316; in Mediterranean 98–9, 153; ration 98; storage 207

  Winks, William 277

  wives: aboard 157–8, 160, 173–7, 186, 187–8, 244; begging 173; finances 169–71, 173; marriage certificates 158; theatrical role 339–40; unfaithful 36; visiting 170–1; washing clothes 131

  Wolfe, Robert 252

  women: aboard 173–8, 217; battle experiences 178–80; childbirth aboard 177; dressed as men 180–3; employment 168; medical role 168–9, 301–2; mistresses 33, 174–5, 212; theatrical role 339–40; washing clothes 131–2; see also prostitutes, wives

  Wood, George 59

  Woodcock, William 177

  Worth, Captain 59

  wrecks 113, 118–19, 236–7, 285

  Wright, Richard 326

  Wybourn, Marmaduke: on casualties 276–7; dress 139; illness 294; letters 346–7; on life aboard xxvi–xxvii; on pumps 116; shaving 139; on shore leave 356; sightseeing 358–9; on storm damage 111, 130; on training exercises 261–2; on water 93–4, 95; on weather 144

  Yarmouth, hulk 305

  yarns 344

  yawls xxxviii

  yellow fever 310, 312–13

  Young, Robert 127, 297, 302, 320

  Yowell, William 295

  Yule, Eliza 172, 289

  Yule, John: on drunkenness 102; on laundry 136; letters from brother-in-law 250; on Trafalgar 289–90; on weather 144; wife and family 172, 250, 289

  Zealous, HMS 265

  Section through a first-rate warship, 1790

  The press-gang at work seizing landsmen at Tower Hill, London, with an informant on the right awaiting payment

  A 1782 caricature of the press-gang seizing a woman’s husband. The seamen are dressed in typical loose trousers and round hats, while the officer in front wears a bicorn hat and long coat

  Rear-Admiral Lord Nelson wearing full dress uniform, including bicorn hat, distinctive epaulettes on his coat and all his decorations and honours

  Cuthbert Collingwood in the full dress uniform of a vice-admiral, including long blue coat with gold epaulettes and other trimmings, waistcoat, breeches and sword.
Under his arm is a telescope. This engraving by William Holl shows him looking younger than the original oil portrait

  Marine privates around 1802–10 wearing red coats, white cross-belt, white breeches, gaiters and round hats with a feather plume

  A seaman wearing short jacket, loose trousers, neckerchief and glazed hat. He is heaving the lead – throwing into the sea a line with a large piece of lead attached in order to measure the depth of water

  Caricature of 1799 showing seamen ‘on a cruise’ in Portsmouth, spending all their money, after being given a rare period of liberty on shore

  A romanticised view of leisure time below decks when in port. Many men are shown smoking clay pipes, which would not have been permitted

  ‘Jack and his Money’, a 1785 caricature of a seaman counting his prize-money and dressed in a wig and long coat for special occasions

  Portraits of the 1801 mutineers of HMS Temeraire

  The lower gun deck of HMS Victory

  The Battle of the Nile after intense fighting and the explosion of the French flagship Orient

  The Victory at the Battle of Trafalgar just after Nelson and others around him on the quarterdeck were shot by French sharpshooters. The poop deck is above

  The hold of HMS Victory, with the water casks on top of the shingle ballast. One cask is about to be hoisted out of the hold

  Layout of the hold of the frigate Phoebe in 1806, drawn by Midshipman William Ffarington, showing the arrangement of wooden casks of salted meat and rum

  The cast-iron galley stove of HMS Victory with a wooden steep tub to the side

  The cots suspended in the sick-bay of HMS Victory

  Cockepit of the Victory during the Battle of Trafalgar showing the dying Nelson. Standing in uniform on the far left is Lieutenant John Yule, the chaplain Alexander Scott is kneeling to the left of Nelson and the surgeon William Beatty is shown squatting on Nelson’s right in long coat and boots. Note the lanterns used for lighting

  A letter from James Bodie of HMS Spartan describing how he was captured in May 1807 and taken as a prisoner-of-war to Verdun in France

  Gravestone of Thomas Williams, a prisoner-of-war in France, in Barnoon cemetery at St Ives, Cornwall

  The memorial plaque to Henry Roberts Carpenter who died on board HMS Scout on the notorious Banks of Newfoundland

 

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