12. Gandhi, Autobiography, Part IV, Chapter XLI, and Part V, Chapter IV.
13. CWMG, XII, pp. 523–25.
14. Andrews to Gokhale, 27 December 1912, in File 11, G.K. Gokhale Papers, NAI, emphases added. In the time they spent together in South Africa, Andrews and Gandhi had become very close, with the Englishman acquiring an acute understanding of the Indian’s mind. See GBI, pp. 500–09.
15. BC, 11 January 1915.
16. See GBI, pp. 342–44.
17. Narandas Gandhi to Chhaganlal Gandhi, 21 January 1915, S.N. 6114, SAAA.
18. BC, 13 January 1915.
19. CWMG, XIII, p. 7.
20. BC, 15 January 1915.
21. See GBI, pp. 129–30.
22. See Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1985), Chapters 2 and 3.
23. Jinnah’s speech was reproduced in BC, 15 January 1915.
24. CWMG, XIII, pp. 9–10.
25. BC, 16 January 1915.
26. Narandas Gandhi to Chhaganlal Gandhi, 21 January 1915, S.N. 6114, SAAA.
27. Japaan to Chhaganlal Gandhi, 6 March 1915, S.N. 6161, SAAA.
28. Autobiography, Part V, Chapter III, ‘With Gokhale in Poona’.
29. CWMG, XIII, pp. 26–28.
30. See P. Kodanda Rao, The Right Honourable V.S. Srinivasa Sastri: A Political Biography (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1963).
31. Entries for 22 and 27 February 1915, in ‘Diaries for 1915–1920’, V.S. Srinivasa Sastri Papers, NMML. ‘Hariji’ was Hriday Nath Kunzru, later a member of the influential States Reorganization Commission of independent India.
32. Source Material, Volume III, Part I, p. 3.
33. See Gopalkrishna Gandhi, editor, A Frank Friendship: Gandhi and Bengal (Kolkata: Seagull, 2015), pp. 47–50.
34. See GBI, pp. 419–23, 509–10, etc.; S.R. Mehrotra, The Mahatma and the Doctor: The Untold Story of Dr Pranjivan Mehta, Gandhi’s Greatest Friend and Benefactor (Mumbai: Vakils, Feffer & Simons Private Limited, 2014).
35. CWMG, XIX, p. 251. Cf. also J.T.F. Jordens, Swami Shraddhananda: His Life and Causes (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981).
36. ‘Mr. Gandhi’s Visit’, St. Stephen’s College Magazine, number 32, April 1915.
37. CWMG, XIII, p. 47; Manian Natesan, ‘Bapu and I’, Indian Review, February 1958; A.S. Iyengar, ‘Gandhiji’s First Visit to Madras’, Indian Review, May 1965.
38. CWMG, XIII, pp. 51–52, 58–61.
39. Letter of 4 May 1915, CWMG, XIII, p. 72.
40. Entry for 30 April 1915, in ‘Diaries for 1915–1920’, V.S. Srinivasa Sastri Papers, NMML.
41. K. Venkatappayya to Gandhi, 26 April 1915, in SAAA. For the later development of the Andhra movement, and Gandhi’s own endorsement of it, see Ramachandra Guha, India After Gandhi (London: Macmillan, 2007), Chapter 9.
42. Bhushan Chandra Joshi to Gandhi, 24 April 1915, S.N. 6177, SAAA. Cape Comorin, now known as Kanyakumari, is the southernmost tip of India.
43. K. Natarajan to Gandhi, 26 May 1915, S.N. 6195, SAAA.
44. GBI, pp. 201–04, 413–18, 502–03, 510–11, etc.
45. Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, 14 March 1915, CWMG, XIII, p. 36.
46. The letter is reprinted in full and in English translation in C.B. Dalal, Harilal Gandhi: A Life, translated from the Gujarati by Tridip Suhrud (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2007), Appendix 1, pp. 127–45.
47. Gandhi to Narandas Gandhi, 25 April 1915, CWMG, XIII, p. 62.
48. See Kenneth L. Gillion, Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
49. The family home of Mangaldas Girdhardas in Ahmedabad has now been converted into a splendid heritage hotel named ‘House of MG’.
50. CWMG, XIII, pp. 84–87.
51. Achyut Yagnik and Suchitra Sheth, Ahmedabad: From Royal City to Megacity (New Delhi: Penguin Books, 2011), pp. 195–96.
52. ‘Draft Constitution for the Ashram’, CWMG, XIII, pp. 91–98; Autobiography, Part V, Chapter IX.
53. Untitled notes by Satyananda Bose, c. 1915, S.N. 6184, SAAA.
54. GBI, pp. 195–98, 200–01.
55. Robin Lane Fox, Augustine: Conversions to Confessions (London: Allen Lane, 2015), pp. 107, 111, 336, etc.
56. GBI, p. 195f.
57. Autobiography, Part V, Chapter X.
58. CWMG, XIII, p. 94.
59. J.M. Lazarus to Gandhi, dated Durban, 21 December 1914, S.N. 6068, SAAA.
60. CWMG, XIX, p. 154.
61. CWMG, XIII, pp. 127–28.
62. Howard Spodek, Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth Century India (New Delhi: Orient Blackswan, 2012), pp. 33–39.
63. Gandhi, Autobiography, Part V, Chapter X.
64. Source Material, Vol. III, pp. 7–8.
65. Quoted in B.R. Nanda, Gandhi, Pan-Islamism, Imperialism and Nationalism in India (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 1.
Chapter Two: Coming out in Banaras
1. See Arthur H. Nethercot, The Last Four Lives of Annie Besant (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1963), pp. 62–63, 161–63, 242–43.
2. As reported in the Pioneer, 6 February 1916.
3. Lord Hardinge of Penshurst, My Indian Years, 1910–1916 (London: John Murray, 1948), p. 137.
4. Gandhi’s edited version is in CWMG, XIII, pp. 210–16; the unexpurgated text is available in File Number 221 of 1916, General Administrative Department, Uttar Pradesh State Archives, Lucknow (hereafter cited as File 221).
5. Macaulay’s ‘Minute on Education’ can be accessed at http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/macaulay/txt_minute_education_1835.html.
6. As recounted in the statement of E.M. Nanavatty, ICS, Officiating District and Sessions Judge, Banaras, dated 9 February 1916, in File Number 221.
7. This account of how Gandhi’s speech was interrupted and ended is based on documents in File 221.
8. Typescript entitled ‘The Benares-Gandhi Incident’, signed ‘An Observer’, Simla, 25 February 1916, in Reel number 4, Annie Besant Papers (on microfilm), NMML.
9. CWMG, XIII, pp. 216–17.
10. CWMG, XIII, pp. 217–18.
11. Statements by Annie Besant in New India, 10 and 16 February 1916.
12. Commissioner, Banaras Division, to Chief Secretary, 7 February 1916, in File 221.
13. Chief Secretary to Lieutenant Governor, 9 February 1916, in ibid.
14. Note by J.S. Meston, Lieutenant Governor of the United Provinces, dated 17 March 1916, in ibid.
15. Hardinge, My Indian Years, pp. 79–81.
16. CWMG, XIII, pp. 244–45.
17. CWMG, XIII, pp. 350–51.
18. ‘Railway Passengers’, CWMG, XIII, pp. 284–86.
19. ‘The Hindu Caste System’, CWMG, XIII, pp. 301–03.
20. Gandhi to Narhar Shambhurao Bhave, 7 June 1916, CWMG, XIII, p. 279.
21. C. Rajagopalachar[i], ‘M.K. Gandhi: His Message to India’, Indian Review, May 1916.
22. CWMG, XIII, pp. 303–04.
23. Polak to Kallenbach, 18 November 1916, Kallenbach Papers, NAI.
24. H.F. Owen, ‘Towards Nationwide Agitation and Organization: The Home Rule Leagues, 1915–18’, in D.A. Low, editor, Soundings in Modern South Asian History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).
25. D.V. Tahmankar, Lokamanya Tilak: Father of Indian Unrest and Maker of Modern India (London: John Murray, 1956), pp. 241–42.
26. See Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan, Chapter 4.
27. S.R. Mehrotra, A History of the Indian National Congress: Volume One, 1885–1918 (Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1995), pp. 142–43.
28. Khwaja Razi Haider, Ruttie Jinnah (Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2010), pp. 17–18.
29. Ruttie Petit to Padmaja Naidu, 7 J
anuary 1917, in Padmaja Naidu Papers, NMML.
30. Entry for 24 December 1916, ‘Diaries for 1915–20’, V.S. Srinivasa Sastri Papers, NMML.
Chapter Three: Three Experiments in Satyagraha
1. B.B. Misra, editor, Select Documents on Mahatma Gandhi’s Movement in Champaran, 1917–18 (Patna: Government of Bihar, 1963) (hereafter Select Documents), pp. 54–55.
2. See Bhairav Lal Das, editor, Gandhiji Ké Champaran Andolan Ké Sutradhar Raj Kumar Shukla Ki Diary (Darbhanga: Maharajadhiraj Kameshwar Singh Kalyani Foundation, 2014).
3. Autobiography, Part V, Chapter XII.
4. Quoted in Kalikinkar Datta, Gandhiji in Bihar (Patna: Government of India, 1969), pp. 3–4.
5. See Mohammad Sajjad and Afroz Alam Sahil, ‘The Unsung Heroes of the Champaran Satyagraha’, https://thewire.in/123622/champaran-pir-munis-raj-kumar-shukla/ (accessed on 19 April 2017).
6. This account of the indigo economy of north Bihar is based on Jacques Pouchepadass, Champaran and Gandhi: Planters, Peasants and Gandhian Politics (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1999), especially Chapters I to III. But cf. also Girish Mishra, Agrarian Problems of Permanent Settlement: A Case Study of Champaran (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1978).
7. Pouchepadass, Champaran and Gandhi, pp. 165f.
8. As related in R.M. Lala, Encounters with the Eminent (Bombay: International Book House, 1981), p. 48.
9. Select Documents, pp. 58–62.
10. CWMG, XIII, p. 363.
11. Rajendra Prasad, Satyagraha in Champaran (Madras: S. Ganeshan, 1928), pp. 137–40. Motihari was the birthplace of Eric Blair, later known as George Orwell.
12. Gandhi to District Magistrate, Champaran, 16 April 1917, CWMG, p. 367.
13. Gandhi to Private Secretary to Viceroy, 16 April 1917, CWMG, XIII, pp. 368–69.
14. Letters to Polak and Kripalani, both dated 17 April 1917, CWMG, XIII, pp. 371–72. For more on Naidoo, Sorabji and Cachalia, see GBI, pp. 308–09, 323, 352–53, etc.
15. Prasad, Satyagraha in Champaran, pp. 146–49.
16. See Select Documents, pp. 68–78.
17. Prasad, Satyagraha in Champaran, pp. 153–56.
18. J.B. Kripalani, My Times: An Autobiography (New Delhi: Rupa and Co., 2004), pp. 66–68.
19. Herbert Cox, Secretary, Bihar Planters’ Association, to L.F. Morshead, Commissioner, Tirhut Division, 28 April 1918, in Select Documents, pp. 95–96.
20. Quoted in Datta, Gandhiji in Bihar, p. 37.
21. W.H. Lewis, Subdivisional Officer, Bettiah, to W.B. Heycock, District Magistrate, Champaran, 29 April 1917, in Select Documents, pp. 99–104.
22. CWMG, XIV, pp. 542–44.
23. CWMG, XIV, pp. 150–52.
24. CWMG, XIII, p. 479.
25. Select Documents, pp. 396–99.
26. Quoted in D.G. Tendulkar, Gandhi in Champaran (New Delhi: Government of India, 1957), pp. 97–98.
27. Untitled, undated note, c. July 1921, by H. McPherson, Member of Council, Bihar and Orissa, in File No. 65 of 1921, Home (Political), NAI.
28. David Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat: Kheda District, 1917–1934 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1981), pp. 59, 80.
29. See Narhari D. Parikh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Volume 1 (1953; reprint Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1996), Chapters I–VI.
30. See Narhari D. Parikh, Mahadev Desai’s Early Life, translated from the Gujarati by Gopalrao Kulkarni (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Publishing House, 1953), pp. 45–53 and passim.
31. Autobiography, Part IV, Chapter XXI.
32. Cf. http://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/en/about-gandhi-ashram-menu/history-menu.html (accessed on 24 September 2014).
33. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, p. 89.
34. CWMG, XIV, pp. 68–69.
35. ‘Speech at Gujarat Political Conference’, Godhra, 3 November 1917, in CWMG, XIV, pp. 48–66.
36. Parikh, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Volume 1, Chapter IX.
37. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, Chapter 5.
38. Bombay Government, fortnightly report for second half of January 1918, in Proceedings No. 18 of May 1918, Home Department (Political-Deposit), NAI.
39. DTDG, Volume I, pp. 17–18, 96–97.
40. Sujata Patel, The Making of Industrial Relations: The Ahmedabad Textile Industry, 1918–1939 (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987), Chapter III.
41. Mahadev Desai, A Righteous Struggle, translated from the Gujarati by Somnath P. Dave, edited by Bharatan Kumarappa (Ahmedabad: Navajivan, 1951), pp. 4–7.
42. See Ela Bhatt, editor, Motaben: Anasuya Sarabhai (1885–1972) (Ahmedabad: Shantisadan, 2012).
43. Gandhi to Ambalal Sarabhai, Motihari, 21 December 1917, CWMG, XIV, p. 115.
44. Erik H. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth: On the Origins of Militant Nonviolence (London: Faber and Faber, 1970), pp. 330–33.
45. Desai, A Righteous Struggle, pp. 16–17.
46. CWMG, XIV, pp. 224–25, 232–33, 237–39, 248–49, etc.
47. CWMG, XIV, pp. 229–30. The letter was, of course, originally written in Gujarati. The translation was most likely the handiwork of C.N. Patel, the Deputy Editor of the Collected Works.
48. Spodek, Ahmedabad, pp. 61–62.
49. Desai, A Righteous Struggle, pp. 25–26.
50. CWMG, XIV, pp. 258–67.
51. Desai, A Righteous Struggle, pp. 92–93.
52. Hardiman, Peasant Nationalists of Gujarat, pp. 104–07.
53. DTDG, I, pp. 84, 92–93.
54. Hindusthan, 2 April 1918, in Report on Newspapers in the Bombay Presidency, January to December 1918, L/R/5/174, APAC/BL.
55. CWMG, XIV, pp. 369–70.
56. Gandhi to PSV, 30 April 1918, CWMG, XIV, pp. 380–81.
57. CWMG, XIV, pp. 479, 493.
58. Erikson, Gandhi’s Truth, pp. 370–71.
59. CWMG, XIV, pp. 414–19.
60. CWMG, XIV, pp. 240, 447–48.
61. Letters of 29 and 31 July 1918, both written from Nadiad, CWMG, XIV, pp. 515, 517.
62. Gandhi to Pranjivan Mehta, 2 July 1918, CWMG, XIV, p. 467.
63. CWMG, XV, pp. 21–23.
64. CWMG, XV, pp. 32, 67, 70–71.
65. H.S.L. Polak to Mahadev Desai, 20 February 1919, SN 6428, SAAA.
66. Gandhi to Harilal, 1 May 1918, CWMG, XIV, p. 385. For this and later letters between Gandhi and Harilal, I have sometimes supplemented the CWMG version with that found in Mahadev Desai’s diaries.
67. DTDG, I, p. 165.
68. Gandhi to Manilal, 31 January 1918; Gandhi to Ada West, 31 January 1918, CWMG, XIV, pp. 178–79. The relations between Gandhi and his second son are explored in greater detail in Uma Dhupelia-Mesthrie, Gandhi’s Prisoner? The Life of Gandhi’s Son Manilal (Cape Town: Kwela Books, 2005).
69. Gandhi to Manilal, 31 July 1918, CWMG, XIV, pp. 517–18.
70. Cf. Neelima Shukla-Bhatt, Narasinha Mehta of Gujarat: A Legacy of Bhakti in Songs and Stories (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014).
71. DTDG, I, pp. 100–01.
72. Gandhi to Devadas, 2 February 1919, CWMG, XV, pp. 83–84.
73. C.M.C. Marsham, Superintendent of Police, Champaran, to L.F. Morshead, Commissioner, Tirhut Division, 12 September 1917, in Select Documents, p. 333.
74. Select Documents, Appendix VII, pp. 532–47.
75. DTDG, I, pp. 138–39, 154–55.
76. Gandhi to H.S.L. Polak, 8 March 1918, CWMG, XIV, p. 245.
77. Gandhi to Haribhai Desai (father of Mahadev), 8 April 1918, CWMG, XIV, p. 318.
78. Gandhi to Mahadev Desai, 9 May 1918, CWMG, XIV, pp. 393–94.
79. Letter of 5 February 1919, CWMG, XV, p. 84.
Chapter Four: Going National
1. S.D. Waley, Edwin Montagu: A Memoir and an Ac
count of His Visits to India (London: Asia Publishing House, 1964), pp. 134–35.
2. Edwin S. Montagu, An Indian Diary, edited by Venetia Montagu, (London: William Heinemann, 1930), pp. 3–4, 184–85.
3. Ibid., pp. 57–58, 65–66.
4. Ibid., pp. 104, 116, 220–21.
5. Ibid., p. 193.
6. Arthur Berriedale Keith, A Constitutional History of India, 1600–1935 (first published 1930: second, enlarged edition, Delhi: Low Price Publications, 2011), pp. 247–59.
7. Peter Heehs, The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, 1900–1910 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993).
8. Montagu, An Indian Diary, p. 156.
9. Sedition Committee Report (Calcutta: Government of India, 1918), pp. 25, 145–46, 179, 190, 201, etc.
10. Secretary of State to Viceroy, 10 October 1918; Viceroy to Secretary of State, 19 November 1918, both in Mss Eur E 264/4, APAC/BL.
11. Desai, DTDG, I, p. 271.
12. CWMG, XV, pp. 86–88.
13. Jamnadas Dwarkadas to Annie Besant, 27 February 1919, in Reel 11, Annie Besant Papers, NMML.
14. CWMG, XV, pp. 102–03, 125–26. Gandhi called his youngest son ‘Devdas’, but the son himself spelt his name ‘Devadas’.
15. Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography: With Musings on Recent Events in India (first published 1936: second edition London: The Bodley Head, 1942), pp. 41–42.
16. Source Material, Vol. III, Part I, p. 104.
17. IAR, 1920, Volume I, Part I, pp. 34–35.
18. H.F. Owen, ‘Organizing for the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919’, in Ravinder Kumar, editor, Essays on Gandhian Politics: The Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971).
19. Rajmohan Gandhi, The Rajaji Story: I: A Warrior from the South (Madras: Bharathan Publications, 1978), pp. 67–70.
20. CWMG, XV, pp. 128–66.
21. See D.W. Ferrell, ‘The Rowlatt Satyagraha in Delhi’, in Kumar, editor, Essays in Gandhian Politics.
22. Banerjee to Sir William Vincent, 3 April 1919, in Progs Nos 141–47, May 1919, in Home (Political-B), NAI.
23. CWMG, XV, pp. 183–86.
24. Mufid-e-Rozgar, 13 April 1919, in Report on Newspapers in the Bombay Presidency, January to June 1919, L/R/5/175, APAC/BL.
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