2. E.M. Craik, Finance Secretary, Government of Bombay, to H.D. Craik, Home Secretary, Government of India, 16 July 1921, in File No. 170 of 1921, Home (Political), NAI.
3. C.F. Andrews, ‘Mahatma Gandhi at Amritsar’, TT, 7 November 1919.
4. See Proceedings Nos 174–82 for September 1919, Home Department (Political-B), NAI.
5. See GBI, pp. 348–49.
6. Anon., 27 January 1915: A Historical Occasion celebrated 53 years ago: Title Mahatma and Address Offered to Mahatma Gandhi at Gondal (Gondal: The Rasashala Aushadhashram, 1968).
7. CWMG, XIX, p. 216.
8. These lines are based on Source Material, Vol. III, Part I, pp. 201–04, 561–67. ‘Kavi’ is Gujarati (and Hindi) for poet.
9. Raihana Tyabji to Gandhi, 17 March 1922, SN 7996, SAAA.
10. Desai, DTDG, III, pp. 262–65
11. See Shahid Amin, ‘Gandhi as Mahatma: Gorakhpur District, Eastern UP, 1921–2’, in Ranajit Guha and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, editors, Selected Subaltern Studies (New York: Oxford University Press, 1988).
12. Untitled note, c. February 1921, on agrarian disturbances in Oudh, in Mss Eur 264/5, APAC/BL.
13. See Proceedings Nos 195–216A for February 1921, Home Department (Political-B), NAI.
14. See File No. 525 of 1922, Home (Political), NAI.
15. Bamford, Histories of the Non-Co-operation and Khilafat Movements, pp. 60–61.
16. N.E. Marjoribanks, Chief Secretary, Madras Government to S.P. Donnell, Home Secretary, Government of India, 2 September 1921, in File No. 241/1A of 1921, Home (Political), NAI.
17. See K.P.S. Menon, C. Sankaran Nair (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1967).
18. C. Sankaran Nair, Gandhi and Anarchy (Madras: Tagore and Co., 1922), pp. xii, xiv, 10, 17, 45, 47, 51, 58, 109–110, 121, etc.
19. M. Ruthnaswamy, The Political Philosophy of Mr. Gandhi (Madras: Tagore and Co., 1922), pp. 1–4, 46–47, 82–90, 50–51, 80, 75–76, 93, 95.
20. S.A. Dange, Gandhi vs Lenin (Bombay: Liberty Literature Co., 1921), especially Chapter III. Cf. also Muzaffar Ahmad, Myself and the Communist Party of India, 1920–1929 (Calcutta: National Book Agency, 1970), pp. 108–12.
21. M.N. Roy, ‘Non-Violence and Revolution’, Advance Guard, Volume 1, No. 5, December 1922, clipping in File No. 128 of 1922, Home (Political), NAI.
Interestingly, Roy’s assessment of Gandhi and his movement was not shared by Lenin himself. The Bolshevik leader, basing himself on Marx’s five-stage theory of history, thought that Gandhi was leading a bourgeois-nationalist revolution that would destroy the feudal remnants in Indian society. Thus it must be supported, for it would in time lead to the next and highest stage of human evolution, namely, socialism. Roy vigorously disagreed, arguing that Gandhism was a reactionary movement which communists should reject rather than support. See, for more details, Sibnarayan Ray, In Freedom’s Quest: Life of M.N. Roy, Volume I (Calcutta: Minerva Associates, 1998).
22. Kantilal Amratlal to Gandhi, 31 December 1920, SN 7434, SAAA.
23. Note by W.S. Marris, 2 June 1919, in Proceedings No. 705 for June 1919, Home Department (Political-B), NAI.
24. J.H. Du Boulay, Home Secretary, Government of India, note dated 23 April 1919, in Proceedings Nos 763 to 685, Part B, May 1919, in Home (Political), NAI.
25. Letter by W.S. Irwin in the Pioneer, 21 June 1917.
26. Gandhi and the Anglican Bishops (Madras: Ganesh and Co., 1922), pp. 45, 49–51, 53, 55–56.
27. See W.B. Heycock, District Magistrate, Champaran, to L.F. Morshead, Commissioner, Tirhut Division, 5 June 1917, in Select Documents, pp. 201–03.
28. Note by H.D. Craik, Home Secretary, Government of India, dated 25 June 1921, in File 49 of 1921, Home (Political), NAI.
29. Gilbert Murray, ‘The Soul as It Is, and How to Deal with It’, the Hibbert Journal, Volume 16, Number 2, January 1918.
30. Valentine Chirol, Indian Unrest (London: Macmillan and Co., 1910), pp. 41ff.
31. Valentine Chirol, India Old and New (London: Macmillan and Co., 1921), pp. 165, 175, etc.
32. Anthony Clyne, ‘M.K. Gandhi’, Review of Reviews (London), April 1922.
33. Sir Michael F. O’Dwyer, ‘Gandhi and the Prince’s Visit to India’, Fortnightly Review, February 1922.
34. The article in the Glasgow Herald was reprinted in YI, 4 August 1921.
35. The Tribune report is reproduced in the Rangoon Mail, undated clipping in SN 7506, SAAA.
36. Clare Price, ‘Gandhi and British India’, New York Times, 10 July 1921.
37. See John Haynes Holmes, My Gandhi (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953), pp. 21, 29–31.
Some Englishmen in India were appalled by the comparison of Gandhi to Jesus, and wrote in protest to Reverend Holmes, who, just as spiritedly, defended and expanded upon the comparison. This correspondence is reproduced in ‘The Gandhi–Jesus Parallel’, Searchlight, 26 November 1922, clipping in SN 8653, SAAA.
38. ‘Gandhi as World Savior’, report in New York Times, 13 March 1922.
39. Sudarshan Kapur, Raising Up a Prophet: The African-American Encounter with Gandhi (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1993), Chapter 2 and passim.
40. Myrtle and Gordon Law, ‘Gandhi in Jail’, Outlook, 19 April 1922.
41. ‘E.M.S.’, ‘Gandhi at First Hand’, Atlantic Monthly, May 1922.
42. ‘Her Impressions of Gandhi’, New York Times, 23 April 1922.
43. See Harnam Singh, The Indian National Movement and American Opinion (New Delhi: Rama Krishna and Sons, 1962), pp. 188–89.
44. See GBI, pp. 120–21.
45. ‘The New Light of Asia’, the Nation, 14 September 1921.
For an overview of Gandhi’s reception in the West in the 1920s, see Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in the West: The Mahatma and the Rise of Radical Protest (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011), Chapter 1.
46. J. Augustin Leger, ‘Mahatma Gandhi’, Revue de Paris, Volume 29, Number 2, 1 April 1922.
47. See Keith Kyle, ‘Gandhi, Harry Thuku and Early Kenyan Nationalism’, Transition, Number 27, 1966; Ngugi Wa Thiong’o, Dreams in a Time of War: A Childhood Memoir (London: Harvill Secker, 2010), pp. 188–91.
48. Cf. S. Natarajan, A History of the Press in India (Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1962); Milton Israel, Communications and Power: Propaganda and Press in the Indian Nationalist Struggle, 1920–1947 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994); N.S. Jagannathan, Independence and the Indian Press (New Delhi: Konark Publishers, 1999).
Chapter Nine: Prisoner Number 827
1. See Source Material, Volume III, Part II, p. 5.
2. C. Rajagopalachari, ‘My Great Disappointment’, YI, 6 April 1922.
3. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 122–28.
4. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 553–54, 129–36.
5. See Source Material, Volume III, Part II, pp. 2–3.
6. Ibid., pp. 27–29.
7. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 143–53.
8. ‘My Jail Experiences–XI’, CWMG, XXV, pp. 125–27.
9. ‘My Jail Experiences–IX’, in CWMG, XXIV, pp. 289–92.
10. See SN 8078, SAAA.
11. Source Material, Volume III, Part II, p. 191.
12. CWMG, XXIII, Appendix VI.
13. Jane Addams to J.H. Holmes, Delhi, 10 February 1923, copy in E.S. Reddy Papers, NMML.
14. See CWMG, XXIII, Appendix IV.
15. YI, 18 May 1922.
16. YI, 1 June 1922.
17. YI, 22 June 1922.
18. YI, 20 July 1922.
19. YI, 28 September 1922.
20. IAR, 1923, Volume I, pp. 812, 835, 872ff.
21. IAR, 1923, Volume II, pp. 143–44, 161–66.
22. See the correspondence in File 10 of 1922, AICC Papers, First Instalment, 1922, NMML.
23. Jordens, Swami Shraddhananda, p. 143.
24. Viceroy to Secretary of State for India, 18 December 1922, File No. 14 of 1922 Home (Political), NAI.
25. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 178–88.
26. YI, 26 July 1923.
27. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 161–62.
28. These paragraphs are based on documents printed in Source Material, Volume III, Part II, pp. 33–34, 73–74, 105–08, 137, 141, 193, 827.
29. Ibid., p. 186.
30. This section is based on material in File 606 of 1922, Home (Special), MSA.
31. Select Writings and Speeches of Maulana Mohamed Ali, pp. 248, 276.
32. Colonel Maddox to Home Secretary, Bombay Government, 19 January 1924, in File 355(35) M of 1924, Home (Special), MSA.
33. BC, 14 January 1924. The European nurse tried hard to convince Gandhi to temporarily abjure his vow and take cow’s milk to regain his strength. He refused. See SN 8189, SAAA.
34. Colonel Maddox to a ‘Sir Maurice’, 18 January 1924, in File 355(35) M of 1924, Home (Special), MSA.
35. BC, 20 January 1924.
36. File note dated 15 January by Home Secretary, Bombay Government, in File 355(35) M of 1924, Home (Special), MSA.
37. Source Material, Volume III, Part II, pp. 216–18.
38. See Home Secretary, Bombay Government, to Home Secretary, Government of India, 1 February 1924, in File 355(35) M of 1924, Home (Special), MSA.
39. Colonel Maddox to Home Secretary, Bombay Government, 30 January 1924, in ibid.
40. See DTDG, IV, pp. 17–21, 48–49.
41. Devadas Gandhi to ‘Dear Friend’ (whom I have been unable to identify), from Sassoon Hospital, Poona, 6 February 1924, SN 8286, SAAA.
42. Gandhi to Mohammad Ali, from Sassoon Hospital, Poona, 7 February 1924, CWMG, XXIII, pp. 199–202.
43. Gandhi to Mohammad Ali, 5 March 1924, CWMG, XXIII, p. 221.
Chapter Ten: Picking up the Pieces
1. ‘Appeal to the Public’, 24 March 1924, CWMG, XXIII, pp. 305–06.
2. Ruttie Jinnah to Gandhi, 31 March 1924, SN 8630, SAAA. We do not know whether Ruttie had shown her (handwritten) letter to her husband before sending it to Gandhi.
3. Letter dated 2 April 1924, SN 8645, SAAA.
4. Polak to Gandhi, 24 March 1924, SN 8566, SAAA.
5. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 238–40.
6. See Robin Jeffrey, ‘The Social Origins of a Caste Association, 1875–1905: The Founding of the S.N.D.P. Yogam’, South Asia, Volume 14, Number 1, 1975.
7. CWMG, XXI, pp. 185–88.
8. On the background and origins of the Vaikom Satyagraha, see T.K. Ravindran, Eight Furlongs of Freedom (New Delhi: Light and Life Publishers, 1980), Chapter 2; George Gheverghese Joseph, George Joseph: The Life and Times of a Kerala Christian Nationalist (Hyderabad: Orient Longman, 2003), Chapter 9.
9. K.P. Kesava Menon, Secretary, Kottayam District Congress Committee, to Gandhi, 12 March 1924; Gandhi to K.P. Kesava Menon, Secretary, Kottayam District Congress Committee, 19 March 1924, CWMG, XXIII, pp. 560–61, 272–73. Cf. also George Joseph to Devadas Gandhi, 31 March 1924, SN 10264, SAAA.
10. Mary Elizabeth King, Gandhian Nonviolent Struggle and Untouchability in India: The 1924–25 Vykom Satyagraha and the Mechanisms of Change (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2015), pp. 131–32.
11. These paragraphs are based on Ravindran, Eight Furlongs of Freedom, pp. 57ff.
12. See CWMG, XXIII, pp. 419–20.
13. Gandhi to George Joseph, 6 April 1924; ‘Vaikom Satyagraha’, 1 May 1924, CWMG, XXIII, pp. 391, 515–16. On the same principle, Gandhi also asked a group of Sikhs to close a free kitchen they had started in Vaikom. The ‘Hindu reformers of Malabar’, he pointed out, ‘will estrange the entire Hindu sympathy if they accept or encourage non-Hindu interference or assistance beyond sympathy’. See ‘Vaikom Satyagraha’, YI, 8 May 1924, CWMG, XXXIV, p. 7.
14. ‘Vykom Satyagraha’, YI, 24 April 1924, CWMG, XXIII, pp. 476–77.
15. ‘Interview to Vaikom Delegation’, CWMG, XXIV, pp. 90–94.
16. See GBI, p. 473f.
17. CWMG, XXIII, pp. 413–14.
18. CWMG, XXIV, pp. 109–11, 585–88.
19. IAR, 1924, Volume II, pp. 25f.
20. M. Asaf Ali to Gandhi, 28 April 1924, SN 10378, SAAA.
21. YI, 29 May 1924, CWMG, XXIV, pp. 136–54.
22. See undated clipping, c. May–June 1924, SN 8948, SAAA.
23. CWMG, XXIV, pp. 371–73, 403–05, 434–38.
24. CWMG, XXIV, p. 518.
25. CWMG, XXIV, pp. 267–68, 307.
26. Motilal Nehru to Gandhi, 28 July 1924, CWMG, XXIV, pp. 595–96.
27. ‘Who Shall Be President’, YI, 17 July 1924, CWMG, XXIV, pp. 398–99.
28. CWMG, XXV, pp. 171, 174–76.
29. Reports in BC, 18 and 19 September 1924.
30. CWMG, XXV, pp. 181–83.
31. CWMG, XXV, pp. 199–202.
32. Aaj, 23 September 1924.
33. BC, 27 September 1924.
34. Rajagopalachari to Devadas Gandhi, 26 September 1924, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
35. See M. Mohd Shoaib to Gandhi, 21 September 1924, SN 10190, SAAA.
36. BC and Aaj, issues of 1 and 2 October 1924.
37. C.F. Andrews, ‘How the Fast was Broken’, YI, 16 October 1924.
38. Aaj, 13 October 1924.
39. BC, 29 October 1924.
40. CWMG, XXV, pp. 425–26.
41. CWMG, XXV, pp. 464–70.
42. Eugene F. Irschick, Politics and Social Conflict in South India: The Non-Brahmin Movement and Tamil Separatism, 1916–1929 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), pp. 268–69. Ramasamy was later to break with the Congress—whose approach to attacking caste he found too timid—and found the Dravida Kazhagam, the forerunner of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK). A sharp critic of idol-worship and of patriarchy, he remains a figure much admired by intellectuals and activists in South India.
43. ‘Vykom Satyagraha’, YI, 19 February 1925, CWMG, XXVI, pp. 158–59.
44. CWMG, XXVI, pp. 269–71.
45. Mahadev Desai, The Epic of Travancore (Ahmedabad: Navajivan Karyalaya, 1937), pp. 17–21. Mahadev Desai was appalled at the combination of insolence and ignorance that the Namboodiris showed; their ‘haughty air’, he remarked, would ‘put to shame those of the Nagars [Gujarati Brahmins] in their heyday’. DTDG, p. 56.
46. CWMG, XXVI, pp. 293f.
47. M.K. Sanoo, Narayana Guru: A Biography, translated from the Malayalam by Madhavan Ayyappath (first published in 1978; reprint Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1998), pp. 189–90.
48. Quoted in Ravindran, Eight Furlongs of Freedom, p. 13.
49. CWMG, XXVI, pp. 303–04.
50. See M.S.A. Rao, Social Movements and Social Transformation: A Study of Two Backward Classes Movements in India (first published in 1979; reprint New Delhi: Manohar, 1987), p. 66.
51. The two statements appear side by side in IAR, 1925, Volume I, pp. 97–106.
52. Letter of March 1925, quoted in John Grigg, ‘Myths about the Approach to Indian Independence’, in Wm. Roger Louis, editor, More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in India (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998), p. 211.
53. E.A. Ross, ‘The United States of India’, typescript of article published in Comrade, 22 January 1926, copy in L/PJ/12/229, India Office Records (hereafter IOR), APAC/BL.
54. Clarence Marsh Case, ‘Gandhi and the Indian National Mind: A Fragment and a Suggestion’, in Journal of Applied Sociology (Los Angeles), July 1923, pp. 293–301.
55. Harry F. Ward, ‘Lenin and Gandhi’, in The World Tomorrow, April 1925.
56. See Romain Rolland and Gandhi Correspondence (New Delhi: Publications Division, 1976), pp. 3–10.
57. Romain Rolland, Mahatma Gandhi: The Man Who Became
One with the Universal Being (New York and London: The Century Co., 1924), pp. 3–5.
58. Ibid., p. 227.
59. Ibid., pp. 241–42, 247–48.
60. Holmes to Romain Rolland, 15 January 1924, Box 3, John Haynes Holmes Papers, Library of Congress, Washington D.C.
61. A useful introduction to Mariátegui’s life and work is contained in the chapter on him in Enrique Kreuze, Redeemers: Ideas and Power in Latin America (New York: HarperCollins, 2011).
62. See ‘Gandhi’, in José Carlos Mariátegui, La Escena Contemporánea (first published in Lima in 1925), available at https://www.marxists.org/espanol/mariateg/1925/escena/06.htm.
63. CWMG, XXVII, pp. 229, 251–52, 354–55.
64. Ibid.
65. CWMG, XXVII, pp. 248–49.
66. CWMG, XXVIII, pp. 275–76.
67. Annie Besant to David Graham Pole, 11 June 1925, Mss Eur F 264/6, APAC/BL.
68. Rajagopalachari to Devadas Gandhi, 19 July 1925, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
69. CWMG, XXVII, pp. 73, 259–60.
70. Madeleine Slade to Gandhi, 29 May 1925, SN 10541, SAAA; Madeleine Slade, The Spirit’s Pilgrimage (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1960), Chapters XV to XVII.
71. CWMG, XXIX, pp. 280–82.
72. IAR, 1925, Volume II, p. 320.
73. Aldous Huxley, Jesting Pilate: The Diary of a Journey (first published in 1926; reprint London: Chatto and Windus, 1948), pp. 98–100.
74. Mirabehn to Devadas Gandhi, 28 December 1925, Devadas Gandhi Papers, NMML.
Chapter Eleven: Spinning in Sabarmati
1. ‘Indulgence or Self-Denial’, YI, 7 January 1926, CWMG, XXIX, pp. 380–82.
2. ‘How Should Spinning Be Done’, N, 11 July 1926, CWMG, XXXI, pp. 119–21.
3. Cf. Lisa Trivedi, Clothing Gandhi’s Nation: Homespun and Modern India (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), Chapter 2 and passim.
4. On the assistance given to Miss Mayo by British officials in India, see Manoranjan Jha, Katherine Mayo and India (New Delhi: People’s Publishing House, 1971), p. 29f.
5. CWMG, XXX, pp. 119–24.
6. Charles I. Reid to Gandhi, 28 April 1926, SN 12470, SAAA.
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