by Mia Bay
63. Wells, Crusade, 388.
64. Mark Ellis, Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government During World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 39.
65. Quoted in William G. Jordan, Black Newspapers and the War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 94.
66. Wells, Crusade, 370.
67. Ibid., 372, 373.
68. William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 21. See also Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Race, Space, and Riots in Chicago (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).
69. Letter to the Editor, Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1919.
70. “Meeting of the Baltimore Branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League,” December 18, 1918, in The Marcus Garvey Papers, 1:329.
71. “Interview with Alfreda Duster,” 153, 154, 171; Wells, Crusade, 406; “A Committee of Five,” Chicago Defender, August 30, 1919, 16; Wells, Crusade, 408.
72. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York: The Viking Press, 1948), 45–46.
73. Walter White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” The Crisis 19, no. 2 (December 1919): 56.
74. Quoted in Grif Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2004), 31; Nan Elizabeth Woodruff, American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 84.
75. White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” 56.
76. Woodruff, American Congo, 87.
77. Ibid., 102.
78. Walter White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” 56.
79. “Condemned Arkansas Rioters Look to Chicago for Help,” Chicago Defender, December 13, 1919.
80. White, A Man Called White, 51.
81. Wells, Crusade, 401.
82. Ibid., 404.
83. Ibid., 403, 404.
9: Eternal Vigilance Is the Price of Liberty
1. Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 3, 414.
2. Ibid., 415.
3. Ibid.; Wendell Phillips, Speeches Before the Massachusetts Antislavery Society (Boston: R.F. Wallcut, 1852), 13.
4. Wells, Crusade, 415; see also Alfreda Duster’s introduction, xxx.
5. Mary Jane Brown, “Advocates in the Age of Jazz: Women and the Campaign for the Dyer Antilynching Bill,” Peace and Change 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 380; Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), 18.
6. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women’s Campaign against Lynching (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 197.
7. “Interview with Alfreda Duster,” in The Black Women’s Oral History Project, ed. Ruth Edmonths Hill, vol. 3 (Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1991), 166.
8. Ibid.
9. Paula J. Giddings, Ida: A Sword Among Lions (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 628.
10. Ida continued to intervene on behalf of prisoners, sometimes making the papers as a result: “Judge Frees Woman Severely Beaten by Jail Matron,” Chicago Defender, December 12, 1925.
11. Giddings, Ida, 638.
12. Ida B. Wells, The Memphis Diary of Ida B. Wells, ed. Miriam DeCosta-Willis (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 167.
13. Ibid., 167, 169, 173, 175.
14. Ibid., 173.
15. Darlene Clark Hine, “The NAACP Defeat of Judge Parker to the Supreme Court, 1930,” The Negro History Bulletin 40, no. 5 (September–October 1977): 754.
Index
The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
Abbott, Lyman
Abbott, Robert S.
abolitionist movement
accommodationism
Addams, Jane
African Americans; accumulation of wealth and; class prejudices of; Columbian Exposition and; criminalization of; as critics of Wells; disenfranchisement of; education and; emigration from Memphis of; lack of history written by; Memphis as mecca for; migration movements of; “Nadir” of history for; political participation of; protest strategies of; Reconstruction and; self-defense of; “talented tenth” of; voting rights of; World War I and
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Afro-American Council
Afro-American League
Afro-American Press and Its Editors, The (Penn)
Aked, Charles F.
Alexander, Arthur
Alpha Suffrage Club (ASC)
A.M.E. Church Review
American Atrocities, see Southern Horrors
American Baptist Magazine
American Citizen (Kansas City)
American Citizenship Federation
American Colonization Society (ACS)
Ames, Jesse Daniel
Anderson, W. G.
Anthony, Susan B.
Anti-Caste
antilynching laws
antimiscegenation laws
Appeal-Avalanche, The
Argyll, Duke of
Arkansas Gazette
Arkansas Race Riot, The (Wells-Barnett)
Armour Institute
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL)
Atkinson, Miss.
Atlanta, Ga.
Atlanta Compromise Speech (Washington)
Atlanta Constitution
Atlanta Journal
Aunt Jemima
Axon, William
Back-to-Africa movements
Baker, Frazier B.
Balgarnie, Florence
Baltimore Afro-American
Bancroft, Hubert
Bardwell, Ky.
Barnett, Albert
Barnett, Audrey
Barnett, Beatrice
Barnett, Charles Aked
Barnett, Ferdinand, Jr. (stepson)
Barnett, Ferdinand Lee; as assistant state’s attorney; judgeship nomination of; marriage of; Wells’s wedding to; World War I and
Barnett, Ferdinand Lee, Sr.
Barnett, Florence
Barnett, Herman
Barnett, Hulette (daughter of Albert)
Barnett, Hulette (wife of Albert)
Barnett, Ida (daughter)
Barnett, Martha Brooks
Barnett, Mary Graham
Barnwell massacre
Barrett, W. H.
Beale Street Baptist Church
Bee, The (Washington, D.C.)
Bentley, Charles E.
Bethel A.M.E. Church
Bethune, Mary McLeod
Birmingham Age-Herald
Birth of a Nation, The
black self-help
Blaine, James
Blair, Henry W.
Blum, Edward
Boisseau, T. J.
Bolling, Mr.
“Booker T. Washington and His Critics” (Wells-Barnett)
Book of the Fair (Bancroft)
Booth, Benjamin F.
Boston Guardian
Boston Literary and Historical Association
Bratton, Ocier
Bratton, Ulysses S.
British Anti-Lynching Committee
British Good Templar Order
British Women’s Temperance Association
Broad Ax
Brooks, Grace
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
Brough, Charles H.
Brown, John
Brown, Louis
Brown, Mildrey
Brown, William Wells
Brown v. Board of Education
Bruce, Blanche K.
Brund
age, Edward J.
Bundy, Leroy
Bureau of Investigation
Burgess, John W.
Butler, Stella
Cairo, Ill.
“Call, The” (Walling)
Campbell, “Chicken Joe,”
Carnegie, Andrew
“carpetbaggers,”
Cassells, Thomas J.
Charles, Robert
Charleston, S.C.
Chase, Calvin
Chesapeake, Ohio, and Southwestern Railroad
Chestertown, Md.
Chestnut Hill, Va.
Chicago, Ill.; black middle class of; black population of; class divide in; corruption in; first kindergarten in; housing shortage in; 1919 riot in; segregation in; South Side of; State Street of
Chicago Citizens’ Committee
Chicago Daily News
Chicago Defender
Chicago Political Equality League
Chicago Tribune
Chicago Women’s Club
Church, Robert R.
City Railway Company
Civil Rights Bill of 1875
Civil War, U.S.
Clark, Helen
Clark, Sarah
Clayden, Peter
Cleveland, Grover
Cleveland Gazette
“Colored People’s Day,”
Colored Women’s League of Washington
color line; in railroad travel
“Coloured Application to Git out of Egypt, A,”
Columbian Exposition; African American representation and participation in; “Colored People’s Day” of; Fon people exhibit at; International Labor Congress of
Combs, James B.
common carriers
“Compromise of 1877,”
Comstock Law of 1873
Congregational Union
Conkling, Roscoe
Conservator
Contemporary Review
contraception
convict lease system
Conway, Moncure
Cooper, Anna Julia
Coppin, Fanny Jackson
Coppin, Levi J.
corruption
cotton
Cotton States and International Exposition
Cowan, William R.
Cranford, Alfred
Cranford, Mattie
Crisis, The
Crusade for Justice (Wells-Barnett)
Cummins, Holmes
Curtis, Mrs. A. M.
Dahomey
Daily Chronicle (London)
Daily Inter Ocean
Daily News (London)
Daily Record
Davis, Frank
Democratic Party
Deneen, Charles
De Priest, Oscar
disenfranchisement
domestic slave trade
Douglas, Warren B.
Douglass, Ana
Douglass, Frederick; Columbian Exposition and; death of; on migration; Wells’s friendship with
Douglass, Helen Pitts
Douglass, Joseph
Douglass Civil League
Drake Hotel
Dred Scott decision
Du Bois, W.E.B.
Duke, J. C.
Dunaway, Louis Sharpe
Duster, Alfreda Barnett
Dyer bill
East St. Louis, Ill.
East St. Louis Massacre, The (Wells-Barnett)
Echo, The
Economist, The
education; industrial
Edwards, Celestine
Elaine massacre
election fraud
Equal Suffrage Association
Evans, Matilda
Evening Scimitar
Evening Star
“Exodusters,”
Fellowship Herald
“Female Accusation, The” (Mayo)
Ferdinands, George
Fifteenth Amendment
Fisk Herald
Fisk University
Fitts, Annie Wells
Fleming, J. L.
Fon people
Forbes, George
Fortune, T. Thomas
Fourteenth Amendment
Fowler, Ebenezer
Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly
Fraternity
Frederick Douglass Center
Freedmen’s Bureau
Freed Slave, The (statue)
Freeman, The, see Indianapolis Freeman
Froman, Alfred
Garnet, Henry Highland
Garnet, Sarah
Garrett, Edward, see Mayo, Isabelle Fyvie
Garrison, William Lloyd
Garrison, William Lloyd, Jr.
Garvey, Marcus
Gate City Press
Georgia
Gill, Nelson
Governor Allen (steamboat)
Grace Presbyterian Church
Graham, I. J.
grandfather clause
Grant, Ulysses S.
Gray, Dr.
Great Britain; antilynching movement in; reaction to Smith lynching in; Wells in second tour of; Wells in first tour of
Great Migration
Green, John P.
Green, Nancy
Green, Steve
Greer, James M.
Griffith, D. W.
Grimke, Francis
Grimke, Sarah Moore
Grizzard, Eph.
Hahn, Steve
Hale, Grace
Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd
Hamilton, Green P.
Harlan, John Marshall
Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins
Harper, Lucius C.
Harper’s Weekly
Harris, Armour
Harrison, Benjamin
Hayes, Rutherford B.
Hereford, Brooke
Higginson, Thomas Wentworth
Hill, James
Hill, Robert
Hine, Darlene Clark
Holiday, Billie
Holly Springs, Miss.
Homestead Act (1862)
Hoover, Herbert
Hose, Sam
House of Representatives, U.S., Resolution 214 in
Houston, Tex.
Howard, Kate
Howells, William Dean
Hull House
Hunton, Addie
Hurst, Cornelius
Ida B. Wells Club
Ida B. Wells Testimonial Reception Committee
Illinois
Illinois Anti-Lynching League
Illinois Equal Suffrage Association
Illinois Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs
Illinois Federation of Women’s Clubs
Illinois National Guard
Illinois Record
Illinois Republican National Committee
Illinois Republican Women’s Committee
Illinois Women’s Republican Club
Imes, B. A.
Impey, Catherine
Impey, Nellie
Independent
Indianapolis Freeman
Indianapolis World
industrial education
Institute for Colored Youth
integration
International Labor Congress
interracial marriage
interracial relationships
Jacks, J. W.
Jackson, Daniel M.
James, William “Frog,”
Jim Crow laws
Johnson, James Weldon
Joliet Penitentiary
Jones, Thomas J.
Justice Department, U.S.
Kansas City
Kansas City Dispatch
Kansas Exodus of 1879
Kimbrough, Victoria
kindergartens
kinship networks
Ku Klux Klan
“ladies’ cars,”
Lake City, S.C.
Lawson, Mrs. Victor
Lawson, Victor
Lesson of the Hour, The: Why Is the Negro Lynched? (Douglass)
Levin, Louis
Liberia
/>
Lincoln, Abraham
literacy tests
Little Rock, Ark.
Little Rock Sun
Living Way
Lodge bill (1890)
Loftin, Isaiah
Logan, Rayford
Loper, Harry T.
Loudin, Frederick J.
Louisiana
Lovejoy, Elijah P.
Loyal League
Lynch, Charles
“Lynching, Our National Crime” (Wells-Barnett)
lynchings; antecedents of; of Baker; Barnwell massacre and; British condemnation of; of C. J. Miller; death toll from; decline in; Deneen’s condemnation of; embarrassment about; gender politics in; as hard to punish; of Henry Smith; interracial relationships and; Millington massacre and; negative press on; postcards of; Protestants as apologists for; public opinion on; racist ideology of; rape as justification for; spectacle; as term; white justifications for; Willard’s tolerance of; as women’s issue; see also specific lynchings
“Lynch law,”
Lynch Law in Georgia (Wells-Barnett)
Lyons, Maritcha
MacDonald, A. C.
MacDonald Hall
Mammy characters
Manly, Alexander
Marion Headlight
Marshall Field’s
Martin, R. M.
Masons
Massachusetts Anti-Lynching League
Matthews, Victoria Earle
Mayo, Isabelle Fyvie
McClure, James G. K.
McCormick, Ruth Hanna
McDowell, Calvin
McFeely, William
McKinley, William
McKinney, Susan M.
McMurray, Linda O.
Memphis, Tenn.; black elite in; black emigration from; black schools in; black vote in; critics of Wells in; Curve lynching in; Democratic return to power in; disarming of blacks in; streetcar boycott in; white press in
Memphis Commercial
Memphis Daily Appeal
Memphis Free Speech and Headlight
Memphis Merchants’ Exchange
Memphis School Board
Memphis Scimitar
Metropolitan Center
Milholland, John
Miller, C. J.
Millington massacre
miscegenation
Mississippi
Mississippi Constitutional Convention (1890)
Mississippi flood of 1927
Missouri Press Association
Mitchell, John, Jr.
Mob Rule in New Orleans (Wells-Barnett)
mob violence
“Model Girl, The” (Wells-Barnett)
Montgomery, Ala.
Montgomery, Isaiah
Moody, Dwight L.
Morris, Charles S.
Morton, Jelly Roll
Moskowitz, Henry
Moss, Betty
Moss, Thomas
Moss, Thomas, Jr.
Mossell, Gertrude Bustill