To Tell the Truth Freely

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To Tell the Truth Freely Page 40

by Mia Bay


  63. Wells, Crusade, 388.

  64. Mark Ellis, Race, War, and Surveillance: African Americans and the United States Government During World War I (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001), 39.

  65. Quoted in William G. Jordan, Black Newspapers and the War for Democracy, 1914–1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 94.

  66. Wells, Crusade, 370.

  67. Ibid., 372, 373.

  68. William M. Tuttle, Race Riot: Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 21. See also Janet L. Abu-Lughod, Race, Space, and Riots in Chicago (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

  69. Letter to the Editor, Chicago Tribune, July 7, 1919.

  70. “Meeting of the Baltimore Branch of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League,” December 18, 1918, in The Marcus Garvey Papers, 1:329.

  71. “Interview with Alfreda Duster,” 153, 154, 171; Wells, Crusade, 406; “A Committee of Five,” Chicago Defender, August 30, 1919, 16; Wells, Crusade, 408.

  72. Walter White, A Man Called White: The Autobiography of Walter White (New York: The Viking Press, 1948), 45–46.

  73. Walter White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” The Crisis 19, no. 2 (December 1919): 56.

  74. Quoted in Grif Stockley, Blood in Their Eyes: The Elaine Race Massacres of 1919 (Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2004), 31; Nan Elizabeth Woodruff, American Congo: The African American Freedom Struggle in the Delta (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003), 84.

  75. White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” 56.

  76. Woodruff, American Congo, 87.

  77. Ibid., 102.

  78. Walter White, “The Real Cause of Race Riots,” 56.

  79. “Condemned Arkansas Rioters Look to Chicago for Help,” Chicago Defender, December 13, 1919.

  80. White, A Man Called White, 51.

  81. Wells, Crusade, 401.

  82. Ibid., 404.

  83. Ibid., 403, 404.

  9: Eternal Vigilance Is the Price of Liberty

  1. Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells, ed. Alfreda Duster (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), 3, 414.

  2. Ibid., 415.

  3. Ibid.; Wendell Phillips, Speeches Before the Massachusetts Antislavery Society (Boston: R.F. Wallcut, 1852), 13.

  4. Wells, Crusade, 415; see also Alfreda Duster’s introduction, xxx.

  5. Mary Jane Brown, “Advocates in the Age of Jazz: Women and the Campaign for the Dyer Antilynching Bill,” Peace and Change 28, no. 3 (July 2003): 380; Robert L. Zangrando, The NAACP Crusade Against Lynching, 1909–1950 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1980), 18.

  6. Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women’s Campaign against Lynching (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 197.

  7. “Interview with Alfreda Duster,” in The Black Women’s Oral History Project, ed. Ruth Edmonths Hill, vol. 3 (Westport, Conn.: Meckler, 1991), 166.

  8. Ibid.

  9. Paula J. Giddings, Ida: A Sword Among Lions (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), 628.

  10. Ida continued to intervene on behalf of prisoners, sometimes making the papers as a result: “Judge Frees Woman Severely Beaten by Jail Matron,” Chicago Defender, December 12, 1925.

  11. Giddings, Ida, 638.

  12. Ida B. Wells, The Memphis Diary of Ida B. Wells, ed. Miriam DeCosta-Willis (Boston: Beacon, 1995), 167.

  13. Ibid., 167, 169, 173, 175.

  14. Ibid., 173.

  15. Darlene Clark Hine, “The NAACP Defeat of Judge Parker to the Supreme Court, 1930,” The Negro History Bulletin 40, no. 5 (September–October 1977): 754.

  Index

  The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

  Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.

  Abbott, Lyman

  Abbott, Robert S.

  abolitionist movement

  accommodationism

  Addams, Jane

  African Americans; accumulation of wealth and; class prejudices of; Columbian Exposition and; criminalization of; as critics of Wells; disenfranchisement of; education and; emigration from Memphis of; lack of history written by; Memphis as mecca for; migration movements of; “Nadir” of history for; political participation of; protest strategies of; Reconstruction and; self-defense of; “talented tenth” of; voting rights of; World War I and

  African Methodist Episcopal Church

  Afro-American Council

  Afro-American League

  Afro-American Press and Its Editors, The (Penn)

  Aked, Charles F.

  Alexander, Arthur

  Alpha Suffrage Club (ASC)

  A.M.E. Church Review

  American Atrocities, see Southern Horrors

  American Baptist Magazine

  American Citizen (Kansas City)

  American Citizenship Federation

  American Colonization Society (ACS)

  Ames, Jesse Daniel

  Anderson, W. G.

  Anthony, Susan B.

  Anti-Caste

  antilynching laws

  antimiscegenation laws

  Appeal-Avalanche, The

  Argyll, Duke of

  Arkansas Gazette

  Arkansas Race Riot, The (Wells-Barnett)

  Armour Institute

  Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching (ASWPL)

  Atkinson, Miss.

  Atlanta, Ga.

  Atlanta Compromise Speech (Washington)

  Atlanta Constitution

  Atlanta Journal

  Aunt Jemima

  Axon, William

  Back-to-Africa movements

  Baker, Frazier B.

  Balgarnie, Florence

  Baltimore Afro-American

  Bancroft, Hubert

  Bardwell, Ky.

  Barnett, Albert

  Barnett, Audrey

  Barnett, Beatrice

  Barnett, Charles Aked

  Barnett, Ferdinand, Jr. (stepson)

  Barnett, Ferdinand Lee; as assistant state’s attorney; judgeship nomination of; marriage of; Wells’s wedding to; World War I and

  Barnett, Ferdinand Lee, Sr.

  Barnett, Florence

  Barnett, Herman

  Barnett, Hulette (daughter of Albert)

  Barnett, Hulette (wife of Albert)

  Barnett, Ida (daughter)

  Barnett, Martha Brooks

  Barnett, Mary Graham

  Barnwell massacre

  Barrett, W. H.

  Beale Street Baptist Church

  Bee, The (Washington, D.C.)

  Bentley, Charles E.

  Bethel A.M.E. Church

  Bethune, Mary McLeod

  Birmingham Age-Herald

  Birth of a Nation, The

  black self-help

  Blaine, James

  Blair, Henry W.

  Blum, Edward

  Boisseau, T. J.

  Bolling, Mr.

  “Booker T. Washington and His Critics” (Wells-Barnett)

  Book of the Fair (Bancroft)

  Booth, Benjamin F.

  Boston Guardian

  Boston Literary and Historical Association

  Bratton, Ocier

  Bratton, Ulysses S.

  British Anti-Lynching Committee

  British Good Templar Order

  British Women’s Temperance Association

  Broad Ax

  Brooks, Grace

  Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters

  Brough, Charles H.

  Brown, John

  Brown, Louis

  Brown, Mildrey

  Brown, William Wells

  Brown v. Board of Education

  Bruce, Blanche K.

  Brund
age, Edward J.

  Bundy, Leroy

  Bureau of Investigation

  Burgess, John W.

  Butler, Stella

  Cairo, Ill.

  “Call, The” (Walling)

  Campbell, “Chicken Joe,”

  Carnegie, Andrew

  “carpetbaggers,”

  Cassells, Thomas J.

  Charles, Robert

  Charleston, S.C.

  Chase, Calvin

  Chesapeake, Ohio, and Southwestern Railroad

  Chestertown, Md.

  Chestnut Hill, Va.

  Chicago, Ill.; black middle class of; black population of; class divide in; corruption in; first kindergarten in; housing shortage in; 1919 riot in; segregation in; South Side of; State Street of

  Chicago Citizens’ Committee

  Chicago Daily News

  Chicago Defender

  Chicago Political Equality League

  Chicago Tribune

  Chicago Women’s Club

  Church, Robert R.

  City Railway Company

  Civil Rights Bill of 1875

  Civil War, U.S.

  Clark, Helen

  Clark, Sarah

  Clayden, Peter

  Cleveland, Grover

  Cleveland Gazette

  “Colored People’s Day,”

  Colored Women’s League of Washington

  color line; in railroad travel

  “Coloured Application to Git out of Egypt, A,”

  Columbian Exposition; African American representation and participation in; “Colored People’s Day” of; Fon people exhibit at; International Labor Congress of

  Combs, James B.

  common carriers

  “Compromise of 1877,”

  Comstock Law of 1873

  Congregational Union

  Conkling, Roscoe

  Conservator

  Contemporary Review

  contraception

  convict lease system

  Conway, Moncure

  Cooper, Anna Julia

  Coppin, Fanny Jackson

  Coppin, Levi J.

  corruption

  cotton

  Cotton States and International Exposition

  Cowan, William R.

  Cranford, Alfred

  Cranford, Mattie

  Crisis, The

  Crusade for Justice (Wells-Barnett)

  Cummins, Holmes

  Curtis, Mrs. A. M.

  Dahomey

  Daily Chronicle (London)

  Daily Inter Ocean

  Daily News (London)

  Daily Record

  Davis, Frank

  Democratic Party

  Deneen, Charles

  De Priest, Oscar

  disenfranchisement

  domestic slave trade

  Douglas, Warren B.

  Douglass, Ana

  Douglass, Frederick; Columbian Exposition and; death of; on migration; Wells’s friendship with

  Douglass, Helen Pitts

  Douglass, Joseph

  Douglass Civil League

  Drake Hotel

  Dred Scott decision

  Du Bois, W.E.B.

  Duke, J. C.

  Dunaway, Louis Sharpe

  Duster, Alfreda Barnett

  Dyer bill

  East St. Louis, Ill.

  East St. Louis Massacre, The (Wells-Barnett)

  Echo, The

  Economist, The

  education; industrial

  Edwards, Celestine

  Elaine massacre

  election fraud

  Equal Suffrage Association

  Evans, Matilda

  Evening Scimitar

  Evening Star

  “Exodusters,”

  Fellowship Herald

  “Female Accusation, The” (Mayo)

  Ferdinands, George

  Fifteenth Amendment

  Fisk Herald

  Fisk University

  Fitts, Annie Wells

  Fleming, J. L.

  Fon people

  Forbes, George

  Fortune, T. Thomas

  Fourteenth Amendment

  Fowler, Ebenezer

  Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly

  Fraternity

  Frederick Douglass Center

  Freedmen’s Bureau

  Freed Slave, The (statue)

  Freeman, The, see Indianapolis Freeman

  Froman, Alfred

  Garnet, Henry Highland

  Garnet, Sarah

  Garrett, Edward, see Mayo, Isabelle Fyvie

  Garrison, William Lloyd

  Garrison, William Lloyd, Jr.

  Garvey, Marcus

  Gate City Press

  Georgia

  Gill, Nelson

  Governor Allen (steamboat)

  Grace Presbyterian Church

  Graham, I. J.

  grandfather clause

  Grant, Ulysses S.

  Gray, Dr.

  Great Britain; antilynching movement in; reaction to Smith lynching in; Wells in second tour of; Wells in first tour of

  Great Migration

  Green, John P.

  Green, Nancy

  Green, Steve

  Greer, James M.

  Griffith, D. W.

  Grimke, Francis

  Grimke, Sarah Moore

  Grizzard, Eph.

  Hahn, Steve

  Hale, Grace

  Hall, Jacquelyn Dowd

  Hamilton, Green P.

  Harlan, John Marshall

  Harper, Frances Ellen Watkins

  Harper, Lucius C.

  Harper’s Weekly

  Harris, Armour

  Harrison, Benjamin

  Hayes, Rutherford B.

  Hereford, Brooke

  Higginson, Thomas Wentworth

  Hill, James

  Hill, Robert

  Hine, Darlene Clark

  Holiday, Billie

  Holly Springs, Miss.

  Homestead Act (1862)

  Hoover, Herbert

  Hose, Sam

  House of Representatives, U.S., Resolution 214 in

  Houston, Tex.

  Howard, Kate

  Howells, William Dean

  Hull House

  Hunton, Addie

  Hurst, Cornelius

  Ida B. Wells Club

  Ida B. Wells Testimonial Reception Committee

  Illinois

  Illinois Anti-Lynching League

  Illinois Equal Suffrage Association

  Illinois Federation of Colored Women’s Clubs

  Illinois Federation of Women’s Clubs

  Illinois National Guard

  Illinois Record

  Illinois Republican National Committee

  Illinois Republican Women’s Committee

  Illinois Women’s Republican Club

  Imes, B. A.

  Impey, Catherine

  Impey, Nellie

  Independent

  Indianapolis Freeman

  Indianapolis World

  industrial education

  Institute for Colored Youth

  integration

  International Labor Congress

  interracial marriage

  interracial relationships

  Jacks, J. W.

  Jackson, Daniel M.

  James, William “Frog,”

  Jim Crow laws

  Johnson, James Weldon

  Joliet Penitentiary

  Jones, Thomas J.

  Justice Department, U.S.

  Kansas City

  Kansas City Dispatch

  Kansas Exodus of 1879

  Kimbrough, Victoria

  kindergartens

  kinship networks

  Ku Klux Klan

  “ladies’ cars,”

  Lake City, S.C.

  Lawson, Mrs. Victor

  Lawson, Victor

  Lesson of the Hour, The: Why Is the Negro Lynched? (Douglass)

  Levin, Louis

  Liberia
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  Lincoln, Abraham

  literacy tests

  Little Rock, Ark.

  Little Rock Sun

  Living Way

  Lodge bill (1890)

  Loftin, Isaiah

  Logan, Rayford

  Loper, Harry T.

  Loudin, Frederick J.

  Louisiana

  Lovejoy, Elijah P.

  Loyal League

  Lynch, Charles

  “Lynching, Our National Crime” (Wells-Barnett)

  lynchings; antecedents of; of Baker; Barnwell massacre and; British condemnation of; of C. J. Miller; death toll from; decline in; Deneen’s condemnation of; embarrassment about; gender politics in; as hard to punish; of Henry Smith; interracial relationships and; Millington massacre and; negative press on; postcards of; Protestants as apologists for; public opinion on; racist ideology of; rape as justification for; spectacle; as term; white justifications for; Willard’s tolerance of; as women’s issue; see also specific lynchings

  “Lynch law,”

  Lynch Law in Georgia (Wells-Barnett)

  Lyons, Maritcha

  MacDonald, A. C.

  MacDonald Hall

  Mammy characters

  Manly, Alexander

  Marion Headlight

  Marshall Field’s

  Martin, R. M.

  Masons

  Massachusetts Anti-Lynching League

  Matthews, Victoria Earle

  Mayo, Isabelle Fyvie

  McClure, James G. K.

  McCormick, Ruth Hanna

  McDowell, Calvin

  McFeely, William

  McKinley, William

  McKinney, Susan M.

  McMurray, Linda O.

  Memphis, Tenn.; black elite in; black emigration from; black schools in; black vote in; critics of Wells in; Curve lynching in; Democratic return to power in; disarming of blacks in; streetcar boycott in; white press in

  Memphis Commercial

  Memphis Daily Appeal

  Memphis Free Speech and Headlight

  Memphis Merchants’ Exchange

  Memphis School Board

  Memphis Scimitar

  Metropolitan Center

  Milholland, John

  Miller, C. J.

  Millington massacre

  miscegenation

  Mississippi

  Mississippi Constitutional Convention (1890)

  Mississippi flood of 1927

  Missouri Press Association

  Mitchell, John, Jr.

  Mob Rule in New Orleans (Wells-Barnett)

  mob violence

  “Model Girl, The” (Wells-Barnett)

  Montgomery, Ala.

  Montgomery, Isaiah

  Moody, Dwight L.

  Morris, Charles S.

  Morton, Jelly Roll

  Moskowitz, Henry

  Moss, Betty

  Moss, Thomas

  Moss, Thomas, Jr.

  Mossell, Gertrude Bustill

 

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