The Age of Eisenhower

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The Age of Eisenhower Page 90

by William I Hitchcock


  first hydrogen bomb acquired by, 94

  in Geneva summit, 268–70, 274–76

  Hungarian Revolution and, 313, 314, 315–17, 320, 321, 323, 328, 329, 431, 454

  Khrushchev as leader of, 268–69

  Korean War and, 104

  Laos and, 501

  Middle East and, 310, 336–37, 338–40, 377, 473

  missile program of, see missile program, Soviet

  nuclear weapons of, 152, 168, 169–70

  Suez Crisis and, 318, 320, 321, 329–30, 331

  Syria and, 338–39

  Third World influence of, 377

  U-2 overflights of, see U-2 program

  uncertain hold on Eastern Europe of, 269, 314–15

  U.S. relations with, see cold war

  space, militarization of, xvii

  Spanish influenza, 9

  Sparkman, John, 74, 79, 297

  Spellman, Francis Cardinal, 55, 439

  Sputnik satellites, 373, 376–79, 381–82, 383, 389, 390–91, 392, 394, 395, 397, 398, 404, 406, 411, 516

  Stalin, Josef, 28, 30, 95, 126, 136, 268, 269, 275, 278, 410, 421, 428

  death of, 96, 97, 98, 99, 110

  Khrushchev’s attack on legacy of, 314

  Stassen, Harold, 70, 71, 199, 276

  State Department, U.S., 284, 328, 444, 505

  Cuba and, 448–49

  McCarthy’s attacks on, 121–22, 125, 126–27

  U-2 downing and, 464

  State of the Union addresses:

  of 1953, 95, 216, 257

  of 1954, 251, 259–60

  of 1955, 266

  of 1956, 236

  of 1957, 349

  of 1958, 373, 390–92

  of 1961, 505–6

  states’ rights, 224, 229, 263, 297, 347, 366

  Stevens, Robert, 137, 138

  Stevenson, Adlai, xii, 116, 245, 285, 286, 420, 469, 470

  on DDE’s timidity toward McCarthy, 139–40

  in 1952 election, 73–74, 75, 77, 79, 82–83

  in 1956 election, 293, 302, 304–5, 306, 321, 334, 350

  Stone, I. F., xii–xiii

  Strategic Air Command, 379–80

  Stratton, William G., 212, 477

  Strauss, Lewis, 146

  Strider, Clarence, 212

  strontium-90, 408

  Subversive Activities Control Board, 121

  Suez Canal, 516

  Egypt’s blocking of, 326, 332

  Nasser’s nationalization of, 306–7, 308, 310

  oil shipments through, 307, 309, 312, 326, 332

  Suez Canal Company, 307, 309

  Suez Crisis, 44, 306–17, 400, 413

  Anglo-French-Israel’s invasion plot in, 313, 318, 319, 320, 321, 326, 329, 331

  British agreement to cease-fire in, 333

  British and French threats to use force in, 309

  British withdrawal of forces in, 337

  as contest between U.S. and Europe for Middle East influence, 338

  DDE’s demand for immediate withdrawal of Anglo-French troops in, 333, 335, 336–37

  DDE’s opposition to Western powers’ use of force in, 310–11, 312–13, 318

  Israeli-Egyptian cease-fire in, 332

  Israeli invasion of Sinai in, 317–18, 327

  oil and, 312, 321, 326, 332–33, 335–36

  Soviet Union and, 318, 320, 321, 329–30, 331

  UN negotiations on, 312–13

  UN peacekeeping force in, 327, 335

  U.S. suspension of military aid to Israel in, 324

  Sukarno, attempted coup against, 435–38

  Sullivan, Ed, 445

  Summerfield, Arthur, 77

  Summersby, Kay, 22–23

  Supreme Court, U.S., xviii, 217

  Browder decision of, 345, 347

  Brown decision of, 221–22, 224–33, 296, 361, 374

  Brown II decision of, 232, 233

  Cooper decision of, 374

  Plessy decision of, 220–21, 224, 225, 227, 228

  Thompson decision of, 216–17

  Suribachi, Mount, 91

  Switzerland, 12

  Symington, Stuart, 100, 377, 385, 397, 461, 470

  Syria, 331

  Iraq oil pipeline destroyed by, 326, 335–36

  Soviet Union and, 338–39

  U-2 overflights of, 331

  Tachen island group, 207

  Taft, Robert, 50–52, 55–56, 57, 60, 64, 121, 126, 127, 128, 302, 476, 477

  DDE’s budget cuts seen as insufficient by, 100–101

  death of, 135

  in 1952 primary campaign, 62–63, 68, 69–71

  Taft-Hartley Act (1947), 120

  Taiwan (Formosa), 54, 96, 153, 177, 178, 187, 204, 205, 340, 442, 489

  U.S. missiles in, 401, 403

  U.S. security pact with, 206–7, 340, 489

  Taiwan Straits, xvii

  Taiwan Straits Crisis, First (1954–55), 205–10, 340

  Taiwan Straits Crisis, Second (1958), 400–404

  Talmadge, Herman, 225, 229, 233

  Taubman, William, 430

  taxes:

  DDE’s policies on, 255–57

  1950s rates of, 255

  Taylor, Maxwell, 369, 402

  Technological Capabilities Panel (Killian group), 169–74

  Technological University, Budapest, 315

  Tedder, Arthur, 26

  Teller, Edward, 383, 407–8

  Temple Emanuel, New York, 273

  Tennessee National Guard, 301

  Texarkana Junior College, 301

  “Texas Steal,” 69

  Thailand, 436

  Thayer, Charles, 126–28, 130

  Third Army, U.S., 16

  Third World, xv, 270, 436

  cold war in, 109, 340

  communist expansion in, 153

  DDE’s policy on, 310, 344, 487

  nationalism in, see nationalism

  Soviet influence in, 310, 377

  as UN members, 486, 487

  Thompson, Llewellyn “Tommy,” 422, 464, 465, 467, 502

  Thor missile, 387, 388, 390

  Thousand Days, A (Schlesinger), xiv

  Thurmond, Strom, 64

  Thye, Edward J., 71

  Till, Emmett, lynching of, 211–12, 234, 235, 238, 242, 349, 353

  acquittal verdict in, 213

  national outrage over, 212–13

  Time, xiv, 377, 515

  King featured on cover of, 346

  Times (London), 326

  Titan missile, 387, 388

  Tito, Josip, 269, 314

  Tonkin, 180, 184–85

  Torch, Operation, 19

  To Secure These Rights (report), 215

  Treasury Department, U.S., 284, 333

  Tripartite Declaration (1950), 318, 319, 320

  Tri-State Defender (Memphis), 368

  Truman, Bess, 115, 116

  Truman, Harry S., xi, xii, xiii, xvii, xix, 4, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35, 38, 39, 47, 52, 53, 56, 61, 62, 63, 64–65, 120, 121, 122, 125, 163, 200, 268, 350

  approval rating of, 55

  civil rights and, 215, 217, 219

  containment policy of, 88, 95, 108, 113

  in counterattack on DDE, 82

  DDE’s attacks on, 67–68, 76, 81, 83

  DDE’s Korean trip disparaged by, 92, 93

  DDE’s post-election visit with, 89–90

  and DDE’s presidential aspirations, 58

  in decision to not seek reelection, 64

  defense spending by, 49–50, 99–100, 101

  Indochina War and, 180

  intelligence community buildup and, 150, 151

  Korean War and, 48–49

  MacArthur relieved of command by, 54

  NATO build-up and, 50–51

  White affair and, 130–33

  Truscott, Lucian, 214

  Tudeh Party, Iran, 156–57, 158–59, 161

  Tunisia, 19

  Turkey, 307, 430

  Twentieth Century Fox, Khrushchev’s visit to, 427

/>   20th Infantry Brigade, 10

  Twining, Nathan, 402, 458, 461

  II Chronicles 7:14, 93

  U-2 program, 172–75, 276, 317, 331, 384–85, 394, 395, 398, 399, 452, 474, 516

  DDE’s admission of personal knowledge of, 465–66, 471

  DDE’s concerns about, 384–85, 457–59, 460

  Khrushchev’s exposure of U.S. lies about, 464–65

  1960 resumption of USSR overflights in, 456, 461

  Peshawar air base used in, 461, 462

  Senate hearings on, 470–71

  Soviet downing of Powers’s aircraft in, 462–69

  Soviet tracking of overflights by, 457–58, 461

  Ultra, 153

  unemployment, 376, 406, 517

  unions, 34

  United Fruit Company, 161, 162, 164

  United Nations, 47–48, 125, 126, 136, 155, 189, 473, 481

  Castro at, 486–87

  DDE at 1960 meeting of, 487–88

  DDE’s “Atoms for Peace” speech at, 112–14

  Khrushchev at, 486–87

  Security Council of, 206, 316, 321

  Suez Crisis and, 312–13, 319, 320, 326

  Suez peacekeeping force of, 327

  Third World members of, 486, 487

  United Nations General Assembly, Suez cease-fire resolution in, 324

  United States, foreign policy of, xv–xvii

  Urrutia, Manuel, 445, 450

  Uruguay, 453–54

  U.S. News and World Report, 116

  “U.S. Policy toward Communist China” (NSC 166/1), 177–78

  Van Fleet, James, 91

  Vanguard rocket, 386, 388, 392

  Venezuela, 336

  Veterans Administration, 218

  Vientiane, Laos, 501

  Viet Minh, 176, 180, 181, 185, 187–89, 194, 195, 198, 202, 203

  Vietnam, 179, 443

  anticolonial movement in, 180, 439

  Nixon’s 1953 trip to, 176, 177

  partition of, 198, 199, 202, 203–4, 439

  see also Indochina

  Vietnam War, xiv, 178, 179, 181, 404, 514

  Vinson, Fred, 93, 222–23

  Virginia, 297

  Voice of America, 98

  von Braun, Wernher, 384, 386

  voting rights, of blacks, 238, 239, 242

  see also Civil Rights Act (1957): voting rights protections of

  wages, postwar increases in, 252–53

  Wagner, Robert, 426, 441

  Wallace, George, 510

  Wall Street Crash of 1929, 42

  Wall Street Journal, 421, 448

  Waring, Fred, 60

  War Plans Division, 17

  Warren, Earl, 69–70, 71, 285, 293, 372

  DDE on, 228–29

  named chief justice, 223–24, 226

  Warsaw Pact, 323, 410

  Washington, D.C., segregation in, 215–16, 224, 228

  Washington, George, 516

  farewell address of, 507

  Washington, Val, 234

  Washington Post, 52, 131, 135, 193, 200, 201, 238, 260, 261, 322, 379, 390, 392, 396, 448, 476

  Watson, Thomas J., 35, 37

  Welker, Herman, 135

  West Germany, 410, 422

  rearming of, 269

  Wherry, Kenneth S., 50

  White, Harry Dexter, 131–32, 137

  White, Hugh, 212

  White, Paul Dudley, 282

  White, Theodore, 492–93, 494

  White, Walter, 219

  White Citizens’ Council, 237, 371

  White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., 31

  white supremacists, 359

  Whitman, Ann, 296, 299, 347, 354, 358, 366, 381, 416–17, 421, 428, 495

  Whitney, John H. “Jock,” 59, 60, 290

  Wiley, Alexander, 165

  Wilkins, Minnie, 226

  Wilkins, Roy, 226, 234–35, 302, 364, 373–74

  Williams, Ralph E., 507

  Williamsburg (presidential yacht), xi, xx

  Willkie, Wendell, 55

  Wills, Garry, xv, 3

  Wilson, Charles Erwin, 50, 88, 89, 91, 100, 191–92, 206, 207, 241, 271, 290, 318, 509

  Wilson, Edith Galt, 116

  Wilson, L. Alex, 368

  Wilson, Woodrow, 9, 60, 116, 216, 389

  wiretapping, 137

  Wisner, Frank, 151, 152, 156

  Guatemala coup and, 164–65, 167

  Women Air Force Service Pilots, 61

  Women’s Political Council, Montgomery, 236

  Woodhouse, C. M. “Monty,” 156–57

  Woodruff, Robert W., 43–45, 290, 303, 358

  World Council of Churches, 273

  World War I, 9–10, 416

  World War II, xiv, 4, 13, 15–24, 25, 180, 334, 517

  DDE’s reliance on secret intelligence and special operations in, 153

  German surrender in, 24

  invasion of France in, 21–24

  invasion of Italy in, 20–21

  Japanese surrender in, 31

  North African campaign in, 19–20

  run-up to, 416

  Wright, Mose, 211, 212

  Yalta conference, 95, 102, 125–26, 182

  Yokohama, 32

  York, Herbert, 394

  Young, Philip, 130

  Young Mr. Lincoln (film), 475

  Youth March for Integrated Schools, 374

  Zahedi, Fazlollah, 158–59, 160

  Zaire, see Congo

  Zhou Enlai, 104, 209

  Zhukov, Georgy, 29–30, 275–76, 338

  Zwicker, Ralph, 137–38, 139

  PHOTO CREDITS

  1. Eisenhower Library

  2. Eisenhower Library

  3. Eisenhower Library

  4. U.S. Army, Eisenhower Library

  5. U.S. Army, Eisenhower Library

  6. UP, Eisenhower Library

  7. Harris & Ewing, Inc. Library of Congress

  8. Eisenhower Library

  9. Morgan Fitz, Library of Congress

  10. Library of Congress

  11. Library of Congress

  12. New York World-Telegram, Library of Congress

  13. Keystone-France/Gamma-Keystone via Getty Images

  14. Thomas O’Halloran, U.S. News and World Report, Library of Congress

  15. Thomas O’Halloran, U.S. News and World Report, Library of Congress

  16. Eisenhower Library

  17. Library of Congress

  18. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  19. Carl Iwasaki/The LIFE Images Collection/Getty Images

  20. Library of Congress

  21. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images

  22. Hulton-Deutsch Collection/CORBIS/Corbis via Getty Images

  23. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  24. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  25. U.S. Army

  26. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  27. UP, Library of Congress

  28. Warren K. Leffler, U.S. News and World Report, Library of Congress

  29. Marion Trikosko, U.S. News and World Report, Library of Congress

  30. Library of Congress

  31. Warren K. Leffler, U.S. News and World Report, Library of Congress

  32. New York World-Telegram, Library of Congress

  33. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  34. National Park Service, Eisenhower Library

  35. Paul Vathis, AP, Eisenhower Library

  36. Library of Congress

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  Copyright © 2018 by William Hitchcock

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  Interior design by Paul Dippolito

  Jacket design by Thomas Colligan

  Cover portrait (detail) of Dwight Eisenhower courtesy of White House Collection/White House Historical Association

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

  Names: Hitchcock, William I., author.

  Title: The age of Eisenhower : America and the world in the 1950s / William I. Hitchcock.

  Description: First Simon & Schuster hardcover edition. | New York : Simon & Schuster, 2018. | Series: Simon & Schuster nonfiction original hardcover | Includes bibliographical references and index.

  Identifiers: LCCN 2017026867 | ISBN 9781439175668 | ISBN 1439175667

  Subjects: LCSH: Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890–1969— Influence. | United States—Politics and government—1953–1961. | United States—Foreign relations—1953–1961.

  Classification: LCC E835 .H56 2018 | DDC 973.921092—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017026867

  ISBN 978-1-4391-7566-8

  ISBN 978-1-4516-9843-5 (ebook)

 

 

 


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