Parsagaedae
Pasteur, Louis
pastoralists. See herding
Pavlov
Pazyryk kurgan burials
peaches
peach palm
peanuts
peat bogs. See bog sites and artifacts
Pecos Pueblo
Peet, T. Eric
Peganum harmala
Pelargonium
Penn Museum
Pentheus
pepper, black
peppers. See also chili peppers
percussion instruments. See also drums; rattles
persea
Persepolis
Persepolis Fortification Tablets
Persia, Persian Empire: Achaemenids
early wine culture in
poetry
Sogdiana and Fergana Valley
Zoroastrianism in
Persian language, Chinese borrowings from
Peru, Peruvian sites: Caral flutes
chicha use by Inca
earliest domesticated plants
modern fermented beverages
Nazca Lines
Quebrada Tacahuay and Quebrada Jaquay
Wari winemaking
Peruvian pepper tree
Wari wine made from
Peters, Tom
Petra
Peumus boldus
peyote
phenylethylamine
Phoenicians (including archaeological sites)
ancestor rituals
Canaanite/Phoenician viticulture and winemaking
Mediterranean shipwrecks
Phoenician navigation beyond Gibraltar
Phoenician traders
in Crete
Sarepta
spread of Phoenician alphabet
in western Mediterranean
Phoenix dactylifera. See date palm
Phrygians, Phrygian beverages
grog
mead and beer
Midas tumulus
Phrygian caps and clothing
physiology: of alcohol consumption
of altered consciousness
of music receptivity
phytates
phytosterols
Piedras Negras
pigs
Pimenta officinalis
pine
needles
resins
pineapples
Pinker, Stephen
Pinot
Pinus brutia
Piper
nigrum
Pistacia atlantica. See terebinth
pitahaya cactus
Pithekoussai
pithoi, from Myrtos
pituri
plant domestication
Americas
bananas
barley
cacao
Eurasian
grape
fermented beverages as motivation for
figs
horse
maize
northern Europe
propagation methods
rice
sorghum
wheat. See also agriculture; Neolithic revolution
plant infusions, as wine additives
plant pigments
plants: African sugar sources
American sugar sources
fig pollination
at Monte Verde
naturally occurring alcohols from
northern European sugar sources
sources of tartaric acid. See also fruit; medicinal plants; psychoactive plants; specific plants
plant toxins
Platt, Benjamin
Pliny the Elder
plums
poetry: Bacchic
Chinese
Japanese
pollination ecology
Polyaenus
Polygonum sanguinaria
pomegranates
Pondo
popcorn flower
Popol Vuh
Popov, Yordan
poppy
poppyseeds. See also opium
pors. See bog myrtle
port
potatoes
potlatch ceremonies
pottery: Africa
at Byblos
China
clay seals and stoppers
earliest Near Eastern pottery
Egyptian drinking tubes
at Godin Tepe
Incipient Jomon (Japan)
Palaeolithic figurines
from Phoenician shipwrecks
from Sarepta
from Scorpion I tomb
from Scottish sites
South America. See also containers
drinking vessels
Pramnian wine
preservation: clay seals and stoppers
cooling during overland shipping
cork usage
resins for wine preservation
prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia)
primate diets, alcohol consumption and
primitive brain
Priorat
Pritchard, James
Proconsul
prothonotary warbler
proto-Elamites
Prunus capuli
Pseira
psilocine
Psilocybe (psilocybin mushroom)
psilocybine
psychoactive plants and compounds: Americas
caffeine and theobromine
ephedra
ergot
LSD
mushrooms
in northern European grogs
to subdue bees
to bacco. See also hallucinogens; hemp/marijuana; mind-altering beverages; poppy
psychotropic effects of alcohol. See also altered consciousness; mind-altering beverages
ptyalin
Puabi tomb
Pueblo peoples
Puerto Escondido chocolate vessels
puffball fungus
pulque
Punic empire
purity
purple dye
Pyracantha
qu
Quebrada Jaquay
Quebrada Tacahuay
Quibell, J. E.
Quinn, Billy
quinoa
Quinta do Passadouro
radish
ragwort
raisin bush
raisins, raisined wines
Ramesses III
raphia palm
Raphia vinifera
Rapi’uma texts
Ras Beirut
raspberries
ratel
rats
rattles
Raventós family
rb marzeah
Re
red-crowned crane
red ocher
red pine
red-tailed hawk
Rekhmire tomb
religion, religious ritual: alcoholic beverages and
Aztec
Buddhism
Canaanite
diffusion along Silk Road
Dionysos and Dionysian festivals
Egyptian
Islam
Mayan mythology
Minoan
mysticism and alcohol
Norse mythology
Phoenician
sacred marriage ceremony (hieros gamos)
San mythology
Shang dynasty oracle bones
Sufism
Wari
wine in Christian and Jewish ritual
Zoroastrianism. See also ancestor worship and ceremonies; ceremonial beverages; funerary rituals; shamanism
Renan, Ernst
Rephaim texts
Reshef
residue analyses: Central Asian sites
Dynastic Egyptian sites
Jiahu beverage
Mediterranean sites
Mesoamerican cacao vessels
Mycenaean cup
Myrtos jars
Near Eastern sites
northern European sites
Predynastic Egyptian sites
resi
nated beverages: Abydos wine
Anatolian wine
China and Japan
Etruscan grog
Myrtos wine
Near East
from Phoenician shipwrecks
Uruk
resins
birch resins
medicinal uses of. See also myrrh; resinated beverages
resveratrol
retsina
Rhine
Rhizopus
Rhône
rhubarb
Rhum
rice: domestication of
preparation for sake
saccharification methods
rice beverages
Chateau Jiahu re-creation
Jiahu grog
Liangchengzhen grog
sake
Shang and Zhou dynasty China
Shaoxing wine
Richards, Michael
Richthofen, Ferdinand von
Ridge Vineyards
Rig Veda
Río Azul
Rites of Zhou (Zhouli)
robins
Rollefson, Gary
Roman drinking vessels: in northern Europe. See also Mediterranean containers
Rome, Romans: attitudes toward Celtic beverages
wines and viticulture
ron palm
root crops. See tubers; specific types
rose
rosemary
Rosenberg, Michael
Rossi-Osmida, Gabriele
roundworm
Ruba’iyyat (Omar Khayyam)
Rudenko, Sergei
Rudgley, Richard
rue
rue, Syrian
Rumex
Russia: horse nomads of steppes
rye, ergot fungus on
saccharification
barley
maize
mastication as method for
mold saccharification
as purpose of Irish fulachta fiadh
rice
sprouting and malting
tubers
wheat. See also barley malt; malt; mashing; mastication
Saccharomyces bayanus
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
in honey
sacred marriage ceremony (hieros gamos)
saffron
Sagard, Gabriel
sage
Sagittarius B2N
saguaro cactus
Sahagún, Bernardino de
Sahara
fruits in
Nabta Playa site
Sahel
fruits in
modern beer making in Burkina Faso
palms and palm wine in
sorghum and millet beers in
sorghum in
Saint Anthony’s fire
Saint Barnaby’s thistle
sake
Salamis
saliva, for saccharification. See also mastication
salmonberry
Salvia
Samuel, Delwen
Sangiovese
San Lorenzo a Greve
San Miguel brewery
San Pedro cactus
San people
Santa Rita Corozal
sapote
Sardinia
Sargon II palace
Sarianidi, Viktor
Satureja
Sauer, Jonathan
sausage tree
savory
Scala Dei
scale insects
Scandia
Scandinavia: author’s work in
dancers depicted in rock carvings
Gotland sites 155
mixed beverages in
Vitis vinifera in. See also Denmark; Vikings
Schinus molle. See Peruvian pepper tree
Schmidt, Klaus
Scientific American
Scilpus. See bulrushes
Scoblionkov, Deborah
Scotch whisky
Scotland, Scottish sites
Scottish & Newcastle
Scythians
sealing techniques
seaweeds
Sekhmet
Selders, Bryan
Semillon
Senecio
senna
serotonin
Setaria. See also millet
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove
sex
in Palaeolithic art and ritual. See also mating behavior
Sextus Julius Africanus
shamanism, shamanistic ritual
Africa
in Americas
associations with bees
associations with birds
Jiahu
modern Africa
Near Eastern sites and artifacts
psychoactive plants in
shamanistic role specialization
in Siberia
shan chu yu
Shangdu
Shang dynasty oracle bones
Shanidar Cave burials
shan zha
Shaoxing rice wine
sheep
shells: in burials
as evidence of dye production
Sherratt, Andrew
shipping, shipbuilding. See boats; Mediterranean shipping and trade; Mediterranean shipwrecks
shipwrecks. See Mediterranean shipwrecks
Shiraz (Persia)
shi ritual
shouzhou mi jiu
Shulaveris-Gorao
Siberia: early humans in
shamanistic use of hallucinogens
Sicily
Sidon
Siegel, Ronald
Silk Road
archaeological gaps
early Persian wine culture
extent and history of
horse nomads of steppes
knowledge diffusion along
Loulan mummies
Margiana sites and Zoroastrian haoma
naming of
Sogdiana and Fergana Valley. See also Central Asia; specific regions and sites
silver-washed fritillary
Simris
Sinai Peninsula
situlae (cauldrons): from European sites
from Midas tumulus
Skallerup
Skara Brea
skeps
skirret
Slovakia: Nitriansky Hrádok
slugs
Smalley, John
small-leaved lime tree
smell sensitivity
smoking paraphernalia
snakes, depictions of
soapberry
soapberry tree (balanos oil tree)
social status, fermented beverages and: cacao beverages
elite conspicuous consumption
elite emulation
grape wine
honey mead
imported drinking vessels
Near East
northern Europe
wine as prestige beverage
Soconusco
Sogdiana and Fergana Valley
Sogdian couch
Solanum magalia. See also potatoes
Solecki, Ralph
Solomon
soma
Somalia, palm wine in
Songs of the South (Chuci)
Sophora secundiflora
Sorcerer figure
sorghum
in Africa
domestication of
modern Chinese distillates
Sorghum: bicolor
vertirilliflorum. See also sorghum
sorghum beer, in Africa
modern Burkina Faso
South Africa: beer in
Palaeolithic sites
South America. See New World entries; specific peoples, regions, and sites
Söylemezolu, Gökhan
Spain, Spanish sites
Cartagena shipwrecks
honey hunters in rock drawings
Phoenician influence
viticulture and winemaking
Spanish, in Americas: on native beverages and drinking
Peruvia
n pepper tree transplantation
speech capacity
Spirostachys africana
Spondias
sprouting and malting
barley
maize
rice
squash
Stager, Lawrence
status. See social status
Steinbier
steppe nomads
Stika, Hans-Peter
“Stone Age Beer” (Gallagher)
Stone Age Orchestra
stone beers
storage. See containers
Strabo
Strange, John
Stratagems (Polyaenus)
straws and tubes, for beverage consumption
string flower
Sudan, Sudanese sites
sorghum
sorghum and millet beers
Sufism
sugar fermentation. See fermentation; glycolysis
sugar sources: Africa
Americas
northern Europe. See also specific fruits and plants
Sumer: beer in
Sumerian texts and religion
Sumner, William
Suntime Winery
Susa
Sweden, Swedish sites
sweet clover
sweet gale. See bog myrtle
sweet potato
Sybaris
symposiarch
Syrah
Syrian rue
Syrian sites
Syros
Tabernanthe iboga
Tabun
Tacitus
Tadrart Acacus Mountains
Taizong
Taklamakan Desert
Tall Hujayrat al-Ghuzlan
tamarind
Tang, Jigen
Tang dynasty China
Tanit
Tanit shipwreck
Tankardstown
Tanzania, banana wine in
Tarahumara people
Tarim Basin
tartaric acid: identification techniques
in Havor beverage
in Jiahu beverage
in Phoenician amphoras
in residues from Near Eastern sites
Tassili n’Ajjer paintings
taste sensitivity
Taurus Mountains
Tayside
Tchernia, André
tea
“teapots,” for cacao beverages
technology transfer. See cultural diffusion
teff
Tehuacán Valley
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre
tej
Tel Rehov
Tenochtitlán
teosinte
Tepe Gawra
Tepe Malyan
terebinth
resins
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Teucrium
textiles
cotton in Americas
kurgan burials
Midas tumulus
northern European burials
Palaeolithic
Phrygian caps
Scorpion I tomb
Tyrian purple dye
Thais
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
Theban tombs
Theobroma
Theobroma cacao. See cacao; cacao beverages
theobromine
Theocritus
Theseus
thimbleberry
“Thirteen Songs in Praise of Wine” (Ōtomo no Tabito)
thorn apple
Thymbra. See thyme
thyme
Thymus. See thyme
Tien Shan
Tigris River, grape prospecting along
Tilia. See lime tree; linden
Timken, Beau
Tiriki people
Tizyphus mistol
tobacco
Togolok sites
Tohono O’odham
Uncorking the Past Page 41
