by Simon Heffer
Gerard, James W., American ambassador to Germany 256
Germany/Germans: and assassination of Franz Ferdinand 7; and prewar international relations 10–16, 20–31, 33, 36–44, 45–6, 47–62; declares war on Russia 63, 68; invades Belgium 72, 77, 83–4; declares war on France 77; Britain declares war on 86–7, 88; and Armistice 757; scuttles fleet at Scapa Flow 823; signs peace treaty 822–3, 824; see also enemy aliens
Gertler, Mark 105
Gibbs, Philip 411
Gildes, Sir James 524
Ginnell, Laurence 350, 368, 369, 375, 376, 625, 632
Girl Guides 96
Gladstone, William E. 35, 47, 53, 74–5, 158, 436, 464, 502, 768, 785
Glamis Castle 97
Glasgow 176, 203, 221, 285, 289, 576, 617, 752, 805, 808–9, 810; bantam battalions 178; see also Clydeside workers
Glasgow Women’s Housing Association 282–3
Glentanar, George Coats, 1st Baron 102
Globe (newspaper) 266, 296
Goeben, SMS, sinking of 85
Gogarty, Oliver St John 361
gold reserves, British 49, 54, 62, 121, 165, 599, 793
Good Hope, HMS 160
Gore, Charles, Bishop of Oxford 167
Goschen, Sir Edward, British ambassador to Germany 44, 45, 49–50, 51, 52, 55, 58, 69, 83, 84, 85, 86, 8
Gotha fixed-wing bombers 558, 559, 607–8, 609
Gough, General Sir Hubert 703–4
Government of India Act (1919) 633
Grace, Dr W. G. 151–2
Graham, Sir Hugh 489
Granados, Enrique 338
Grant, Duncan 78, 105, 407
Graves, Robert 94, 262, 573, 758; Fairies and Fusiliers 650
Great Leighs, Essex 134, 176–7, 276, 291, 317, 410, 756
Great War, The (periodical) 92
Great Yarmouth 159–60, 162, 338
Grey, Sir Edward 35; and assassination of Franz Ferdinand 5–6, 7–8, 14, 17; fails to alert cabinet of danger from Germany 11; and Austrian-Serbian dispute 12–34 passim; and Anglo-Russian relations 19–20; and Britain’s role 34, 36–8; and Belgian neutrality 37, 47, 53, 55, 56, 58, 62–3, 67, 80, 107; and Austrian mobilisation 39–40; hopes for four-power talks 40–44; and Austrian declaration of war 46; and Germany 46, 48–50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 56; and France 48, 53–4, 56–7, 58, 59, 66–7; on the coming war 59, 60–61, 62–4; and German invasion of Belgium 69, 72; and Haldane 70–71; his Commons speech 73–7, 78, 727; in tears 85; and declaration of war with Germany 78, 81–2, 83–4, 86–7; and Mensdorff 87; justifies war 92; on Haldane 99; and Asquith 107, 235; in Council of War 127; unhappy at failing to prevent war 143; in War Council 182, 188; illness 193; ‘tired out and hysterical’ 195; and Churchill 197; has eyesight trouble 197, 403; goes fishing 197; ‘terribly egotistical’ 235; and Haldane’s removal 238; and Edith Cavell’s execution 258; and conscription 278, 293, 306, 307; and Dardanelles campaign 291; as member of new War Committee 295; threatens resignation 307; and Edward House 395; and Lloyd George 403; refuses earldom 403; opposed to Dardanelles Commission 444; on Asquith 447; attacked by The Times 466; and Lloyd George’s coup 472, 480, 481, 482, 485; and mission to America 519; endorses Lansdowne’s letter 583
Griffith, Arthur 343
Grigg, John 200
Grimshaw, Major 639
Guest, Freddie 181, 276–7, 288–9, 513, 515–16, 614, 736, 737, 738
Guinness, Major Walter 661
Gurney, Ivor 651; Severn and Somme 651
Gwynne, H. A. 62; supports Grey 62; attacks Churchill 147, 222; urges Asquith to replace him with Jellicoe 147; tells General Wilson of the Asquiths’ drinking habits 198, 199; opposed to coalition 200; on conscription 213, 279; conspires with Lloyd George and Wilson on Kitchener’s behalf 279; and the Derby Scheme 290; on Asquith’s unpopularity 292–3; calls for him to be replaced by Carson 324, 337, 481; and Irvine’s report on Ulstermen in British Army 343, 344; on Home Rule 376; on the King’s German relatives 433; thanked by Lloyd George for his help 482; on Lloyd George’s appointment of Churchill 517; and Haig 561, 564; and Robertson 561, 565; and Repington 665; writes to Esher on Bolsheviks 760; letters to Countess Bathurst: on The Times’ account of retreat from Mons 135; on having a general election 236; on Lloyd George 482, 707; on Churchill 517–18; on having lost faith in all the leaders 610; see also Morning Post
Haggard, Sir Henry Rider 276, 781
Haig, Lady Dorothy (née Vivian) 782
Haig, Field Marshal Sir Douglas 46, 408; in Asquith’s Council of War 127, 128; has grave doubts about Sir John French 129–30; his own limitations 130; takes command of 1st Army 185; warned of shell shortage 194; opposes Loos offensive 288; Churchill lobbies for him to become military director 288; invested with Order of the Bath 296; on the King having lost confidence in French 296–7; undermines French 298–9; complains of manpower shortages 320; reprieves conscientious objectors 336; and Lloyd George 398, 399, 403, 412, 437, 459, 464, 486, 487, 491, 506, 507, 521, 564–5, 566, 567, 646, 647–8, 660; and Derby 403, 463, 469, 566; and Northcliffe 403, 415; and Asquith 404, 448, 449; launches Battle of the Somme 407–11, 412, 415, 418, 421, 437, 449, 464, 487; and Robertson 447, 486, 556, 557, 608, 642; and Esher 472; and Nivelle offensive 503–7, 555; and Eric Geddes 511, 512, 644; argues for a new Flanders offensive (Ypres) 556–8, 559, 560–61, 562, 563, 564; is opposed to Supreme War Council 564; further complaints of manpower shortages 641, 642, 646; urged by Derby to build pillboxes 643; angers Robertson and Derby with his political stupidity 647; and Sir Henry Wilson 670, 671; and Versailles conference 670, 673, 674–5, 676; and Lloyd George 676–7, 678–80, 681, 726; and Robertson’s ‘resignation’ 677–8; and British retreat 682; accused by French of letting down the Army 684–5; defends Gough 703–4; and Rothermere 704; issues order to ‘fight on to the end’ 707; and Maurice 709–10, 714–15; and the War Cabinet 711, 727; tells Milner of changes at the front 728; summoned to give his views on state of German army 731–2; and Armistice terms 733; visits soldiers in France 760; Beaverbrook on 771; refuses a peerage 782–3, 795; agrees to an earldom 796; and demobilisation 799, 800, 803
Haldane, Richard Haldane, 1st Viscount 48, 50, 70–71; and Grey 48, 50, 71; takes temporary charge of the War Office 70, 71, 77, 99; on Kitchener 99; smeared by The Times 99, 116–17; speaks on Lords debate on spies 117; forms Council of War 120, 127; discusses size of BEF with Balfour 128; and Kitchener 130; and conscription 187; defended by Joseph King against Northcliffe press 191; criticised as pro-German 197, 237–8, 477; dismissed from Woolsack 224; and Asquith 224, 236, 238; defends von Donop 249; consulted by the King 471; endorses Lansdowne’s letter 583; Yeats’s letter to 685; warns French against conscription in Ireland 695; hosts dinner for Lloyd George and the Webbs 736; influences H. A. L. Fisher on ‘continuation schools’ 742, 743; signs petition to free conscientious objectors 804; advises French on Irish question 816
Halstead, Essex 177
Hamilton, General Sir Ian 127, 181, 192, 224, 253, 254, 259
Hampshire, HMS 397
Hampshire County Lunatic Asylum 783
Hankey, Sir Maurice 71, 119; and the War Book 118–19; at outbreak of war 87; in spies debate 118; and Asquith 119–20; criticises the cabinet 121; on failure of Germans to attack troop ships 131; helps Balfour organise invasion plans 150; on casualties in Hartlepool 160; advises Asquith on BEF 181; acts as secretary to War Council 182, 196; and Dardanelles campaign 184, 188, 189, 193, 201, 240, 301, 314; sends Asquith memorandum on trench warfare 185; and Fisher 188, 189, 227; reports on shell shortage 202; and the coalition 236, 300–1; advises Asquith 241; and Dardanelles Committee 242; and conscription 288, 292, 293; bombarded with letters from Mrs Asquith 292; as secretary to War Committee 295, 296, 439; on casualties 301; on conscription 323, 332–3; defends Asquith to the King 324; as secretary to the cabinet 329; on Asquith 357, 396; on Edward House 395, 732; on Kitchener 398, 407; on Lloyd George as war secretary 403; on the Battle of the Somme 409, 412, 457; on the atmosphere in the government 44
0; and publication of Dardanelles papers 443, 444–5; agrees with Lloyd George’s assessment of the war 449, 450, 457; referees fight between Lloyd George and Robertson 450; discusses War Committee with Lloyd George and Law 460, 461; presses Asquith to streamline cabinet decision-making process 462; and Asquith’s exclusion from War Committee 466, 467, 469–70; tries to calm Mrs Asquith 469; on Loyd George as ‘totally innocent’ of collusion 470; and the King 472, 475; on the failure of the coalition 480; consulted by Lloyd George 481; on Lloyd George and Northcliffe 482, 519; and Arthur Henderson 484; campaigns for Montagu to take charge of National Service 486; and Robertson 487, 506, 563, 566; and German peace overture 492; power in War Cabinet increases 502; thinks Dardanelles report unfair to Asquith 509; and Admiralty’s introduction of convoys 511; ‘irreplaceable’ 512; felled by toothache 513–14; talks with Lloyd George 561, 562; dislikes Wilson 565; writes Lloyd George’s speech 566; instructs him to omit references to Romanovs from memoirs 590; on shortage of manpower 641; redrafts offer to Plumer 672; and Robertson 675, 676, 678; on the Western Front with Smuts 679, 681; on preparations for invasion 705; defends Lloyd George 711–12, 713, 715; and Metropolitan Police strike 718, 719; persuades Lloyd George to stick with Haig 727; self-congratulatory 758–9; conspires with the King to have Asquith at peace conference 765–6; and Stamfordham 766; and Lloyd George’s election victory 772–3; and Chamberlain 789; shocked at Haig’s possible dukedom 795–6; awarded £25,000 796; on Churchill’s failure to get demobilisation post 798
Harcourt, Lewis 38, 55, 472
Hardie, James Keir 17, 68, 79, 104–5, 164, 285, 286, 485
Hardinge, Sir Arthur, British ambassador to Spain 567
Hardinge of Penshurst, Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron 196, 581–2, 583; report on Easter Rising 374, 383–4
Hardy, Thomas 106, 267, 651
Harrach, Count 256
Harris, Frederick Leverton 667–8
Harrow School 18
Hartlepool (1914) 160
Harvey, Edmund 109
Helga, HMS 361
Henderson, Arthur 484–5; replaces MacDonald as leader of Labour Party 76; on committee examining shell shortage 202; joins coalition 237, 484; meets Cardiff strikers 271; and conscription 280, 311, 328; and trades unions 282, 283, 311; as member of War Council 460; supports Asquith 473; at conference with the King 475; in War Cabinet 484, 575; persuades trades unionist to accept conscription for work 494; and launch of National Service 547; and pacifism in labour movement 574, 576; in Russia and Paris 576–7, 578; resigns from War Cabinet 577–8; works on Labour Party’s plan for the future 578; and MacDonald 580; visits Russia 592–3, talks with Law 760; and general election 749, 764, 767, 772
Henderson, John 121, 605
Henley, Sylvia 216, 228, 244; Asquith to 216, 244–5, 306, 476, 517
Henry of Prussia, Prince 33, 215
Henry, Sir Edward 719
Henson, Hensley, Dean of Durham 639–40
Herbert, Major General Sir Ivor 141, 142
Hermes, HMS 181
Hewett, Stephen 414
Hewins, William 453–4
Hicks, Seymour: England Expects 263
Highland Light Infantry, 2nd 137
Hindenburg, Paul von 139, 736
Hirst, Francis 243
Hitler, Adolf 208, 342
Hobbs, Jack 73
Hobhouse, Leonard 98
Hobson, Bulmer 353
Hodge, John 311, 494, 547, 551. 783
Hogge, James 604–5, 678, 772
Hogue, HMS 145
Hohenberg, Sophie, Duchess of 5, 14
Holland see Netherlands, the
Holman, George 524
Holst, Gustav 265, 652; Hymn of Jesus 266; Japanese Suite 265–6; Nunc Dimittis 265; The Planets 266, 652, 653
Home Defence 96, 128, 161, 183, 225, 309, 608, 641, 643, 681, 706
honours system 489, 521–4, 595, 716, 737, 794–6
Hope, James 178
Horne, Sir Robert 801, 815
horse racing 94, 151, 152–4, 302, 602
House, Edward ‘Colonel’ 395–6, 520, 566, 729, 732
house-building 604, 620–21, 747–9; postwar 761, 791–3, 797
Houston, Henry 94
Houston, Robert 426–7
Howard, Roy W. 436
Howells, Herbert 651, 653; Lady Audley’s Suite 651
Huddersfield 751, 768
Hueffer, Ford Madox (later Ford) 105, 106; The Good Soldier 264; Parade’s End 262; When Blood is Their Argument 106
Hughes, Spencer 663
Hunt, Major Rowland 272, 277
Huxley, Aldous 406–7
Hyndman, Henry: Justice 589
Illingworth, Percy 38, 186
ILP see Independent Labour Party
Imperialist (later Vigilante) 666–7
Independent Labour Party (ILP) 269, 286, 424, 605, 728
India/Indians 27, 68, 99, 127–8, 185, 195, 196, 344, 483, 582, 586, 633, 781, 787, 818–20
India Office 65, 226, 341, 485, 502, 517, 633, 789, 790
Indian Army 104, 122, 128, 132, 136, 144, 198, 341, 483, 517, 681, 819
industrial unrest 121, 163, 165–7, 206, 246–7, 269–72, 283, 284, 286, 294, 33–8, 457, 542, 585, 586, 592, 593–5, 597, 598–9, 619, 625, 654, 171–18, 749–50; postwar 807–11, 812, 813
influenza epidemic, ‘Spanish’ 718, 730, 735, 750–53, 758, 766, 780
Inge, William, Dean of St Paul’s 145, 260–61
insurance 150–51, 331; health 620, 746–7
IRA see Irish Republican Army
IRB see Irish Republican Brotherhood
Ireland: and Home Rule 6, 8–9, 10, 17, 21, 24, 29, 691, 773; and suspension of Home Rule Act 52–3, 68, 123–7, 346, 428, 429, 818; German spies 116, 344; recruitment and conscription 145, 343, 427–8, 547, 626, 644–5, 659, 685–90, 694–5, 697, 699–703, 706; racing continues 154; and Lloyd George’s alcohol taxation 173; pro-German feeling 342, 347–8; economic hardship 344–5; food production 527, 548; full of ‘English refugees’ 545; food shortages 635–6; further debate on Home rule 626–9, 630; formation of convention 630–33, 689–90, 691; and postwar election 773–4; as a republic 816–18; see also Casement, Roger; Easter Rising; Redmond, John; Sinn Féin; Ulster Unionist Party and below
Ireland, John 653
Irish Citizen Army 342, 347, 350, 354, 356
Irish National Volunteers 124, 125, 234, 343, 344, 345, 428
Irish Republican Army 816, 817
Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) 342, 346, 347, 349, 353, 354, 356, 634
Irish Times 365
Irish Unionist Alliance 349
Irish Volunteer 342
Irish Volunteers 343, 344, 345, 347, 348–9, 350, 351, 353, 354, 357, 362, 363, 383, 392, 428, 632, 774, 816, 817
Irvine, J. D. 343, 344
Isaacs, Godfrey 436
Istanbul see Constantinople
Ito, Michio 265–6
Jack, Richard: The Return to the Front 264
Jackson, Sir Henry, First Sea Lord 445, 450, 464
Jacobsen, Thomas 796
Jagow, Gottlieb von, German foreign minister 28, 30, 36, 41, 44, 46, 51, 58, 78, 79, 84, 86
James, Henry 345
Jarrow 204
Jellicoe, Admiral Sir John 83, 137, 147, 174, 181, 188, 189, 320, 396, 397, 440, 450, 451, 464, 511, 512, 513, 544, 558, 642, 664
Jerusalem 491
Jewish Chronicle 109–10
Jews 102, 109–10, 183, 667
Jockey club 151, 154
Joffre, Marshal Joseph 190, 211, 273, 288, 296, 320, 409, 503
John Bull (magazine) 71, 93
John, Augustus 105, 110
Johnson, Hiram 80
Johnston, Sir Charles, Lord Mayor of London 100
Jones, Edgar 104, 105
Jones, J. Francis 5
Joyce, James 361
Joynson-Hicks, William 133–4, 607
jury service 650
Jutland, Battle of (1916) vi, 160, 320, 376,
396–7, 443, 499
juvenile delinquency 615–19, 744
Karl (Charles), Kaiser of Austria-Hungary 7, 556, 732
Kekewich, Sir George 524
Kennington, Eric 665
Kent County Cricket Club 94
Kerensky, Alexander 576, 592, 749
Kerr, Philip (later Marquess of Lothian) 554, 585, 824
Keynes, John Maynard 105, 334, 406, 769, 770, 772, 788
