by The Pandemic Century- One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria
Lajun, Jesus, 63, 65, 97, 97n
Lamah, Rémy, 284
The Lancet, 38–39, 261–62, 336
Langmuir, Alexander D., 152–53
Lanham, Robert, 124
Lassa Fever, 153, 278, 281–82, 294–95, 301, 315
Lattimer, Gary, 164–65
Lebailly, Charles, 42–45, 61
Lederberg, Joshua, 234–35
Legionella, 183–86, 190, 259
Legionella bozemanii, 181
Legionella micdadei, 181
Legionella pneumophila, 10, 145–73, 175–91. See also Legionnaires’ disease
legionellosis, 190–91
Legionnaires’ disease, 10, 12, 145–73, 175–91, 196, 198, 233, 251, 257, 259, 362, 396n
acquired immunity to, 186
age and, 185
climate and, 186
conspiracy theories about, 168–70, 191
environmental causes and factors and, 187
etiology of, 168
in Flint, Michigan, 190
gender and, 185
in hospitals, 185
human behavior and, 189
incidence in the United States, 185
medical technologies and, 185, 189
as “missed alarm,” 191
moral panic over, 169–70
onset of, 156
panic about, 187
the press and, 153, 155, 160, 187–88
puzzle solved by McDade, 178–81
second outbreak of, 175–91
technology and, 187
toxic metals theory and, 160–61, 168, 169, 170–71
transmission of, 183–85, 187, 189, 190–91
lentiviruses, 201, 202–3, 223, 363
Leong Hoe Nam, 256
Léopoldville (Kinshasa), Zaire, 199, 224, 227–30. See also Kinshasa, Zaire
leukemia, 202, 203, 205, 206
leukocytes, 20
the Leviathan, 47
Levinthal, Walter, 127
“Levinthal-Coles-Lillie (LCL) bodies,” 127–28, 140
Lewis, Sinclair, 113, 391n
Lewisburg Hospital, 148
Liberia, 14, 278, 281–82
canceled air service to, 303, 304, 313
civil war in, 291–92, 301
distrust of foreign medical aid in, 291–92
Ebola in, 3, 284, 300–303, 304, 306–10, 313, 410n
firebombing of Emergency Operations Center, 302
Lillie, Ralph, 127
Lim, Wilimina, 252, 259, 261
“line lists,” 152, 153–54, 156, 158, 162–63
Lister Institute, 127, 385n
Liu, Joanne, 304, 307
Liu Jianlun, 249, 256, 258, 268
London, England, 51, 299
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 345, 346
Longman, Miguel, 352
Los Angeles, California
AIDS in, 193–95
control measures in, 81, 82, 83, 84–87, 88, 91–97
Legionnaires’ disease in, 182
Mexican quarter of, 64–65, 81, 82, 85, 97, 362
plague in, 11, 63–101
reputation of, 83, 89–92
rodent extermination measures in, 91–93
tourism industry in, 83, 89–92
Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce, 67, 83, 89, 91–92, 96
Los Angeles City Health Department, 89, 92, 97
Los Angeles Realtor, 89
Los Angeles Times, 81, 82, 88, 109
Lousiana State Board of Health, 95
Lucas, Frederic, 1
Ludwig, Carl, 32
“lung block,” 23
lung infections, 20
Luz, Kleber, 323–24, 328, 332
lymphadenopathy, 195
lymphadenopathy associated virus (LAV), 206, 207n, 209, 221. See also human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
lymphadenopathy syndrome, 208, 209
lymphatic system, 201
lymph glands, 208
lymph nodes, 208
lymphocytes, 205, 208, 209, 397n
lymphocytic chriomeningitis, 116
lymphoma, 205
Madagascar, pneumonic plague in, 366
Madrid, Spain, Ebola in, 4
malaria, 14, 203, 278, 279, 365
Malaysia, Zika in, 326
Mama Yemo Hospital, 221, 222, 231
Manchuria, China, plague in, 77–78
Maner, George, 67–68, 80, 90
Mann, Jonathan, 222
Marburg virus, 226, 282, 285, 335
Marks, Lara, 399n
Marques, Ernesto, 329–30, 331, 333, 343–44, 347–48
Martin, Mrs., 106–7
Martin, Willis P., 103–5, 109
Martinique, 323
Maryland State Health Department, 118–19
Mas, Carmen, 107
mass immunization campaigns, 225, 226, 231
Masters and Johnson, 214
Matadi-Leo railway, 229
Mayibout, Gabon, 285
Mbeki, Thabo, 226, 403n
McCoy, George, 71, 72, 73–74, 74n, 91, 105, 105n, 106, 109, 117, 122–26, 132, 138
McDade, Joe, 167–68, 178–81, 186, 188–89, 190, 259, 396n
McKay, Richard, 216
McNeil, Donald, 325
measles, 13, 20, 21–22, 23, 31, 32–33, 362
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), 279–80, 281, 283, 284, 290–93, 297, 298–99, 302, 304, 306–8
the media. See also the press; specific outlets
AIDS panic and, 219
SARS and, 264, 266
as source of irrational and prejudical judgments, 11
medical community, 215
complacency of, 198, 233, 365
irrational and prejudical judgments by, 11–12
medical hubris and, 365, 366–67
responsible for AIDS panic, 213–16, 220–21
medical detection, 329
medical education, 32
medical hubris, 9, 365, 366–67
medical knowledge, as source of irrational and prejudical judgments, 11–12
medical microbiology, 7
medical prognistication, limitations of, 361
medical research, funding of, 138, 138n
medical technologies, 216, 235, 363
AIDS and, 200, 202, 227–29, 233
human behavior and, 189
Legionnaires’ disease and, 189
mega-cities, 362
Meister, Jseph, 40
Meliandou, Guinea, 3–4, 13, 277–78, 315, 316, 364
Melo, Adrian, 333–34
mende, 287
Mendinor, Finda, 293–94, 295, 296
Menina dos Olhos rehabilitation center, 354–56
merbromin, 87n
Mercurochrome solution, 87, 87n
“messenger” molecules, 203
Metabiota, 296
metapneumovirus, 261, 262
Metropole Hotel, 248, 249, 250, 255–56, 257, 267–68, 273
Mexican swine flu, 4, 367, 368
Mexico, 334, 339. See also Mexican swine flu
Meyer, Karl Friedrich, 91, 129, 384n, 391n
“parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930 and, 130–37, 139–44, 164, 392n
plague and, 94, 95, 98–99
Miami, Florida
AIDS in, 220
Zika in, 340–41
Michael, 193–94, 202
microbes, 8–9. See also specific kinds of microbes
drug-resistant, 365–66
evolution of, 7
immune systems and, 8
mutability of, 361
mutation of, 7
weak or attenuated, 39–40
microbiology, 7, 39, 113–14, 165, 251, 259, 367
microcephaly, 331, 332–34, 337–39, 341, 343–49, 353–54, 357
Micronesia, 324, 350
microparasites, 404n
microphages, 194
microscopes, 32, 54
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), 284, 408–9n
Mildva
n, Donna, 195
Millstein, César, 202
Mitterand, Frédéric, 207
Mobutu, Joseph, 289
Moigboi, Alex, 298
Mok, Esther, 255–56
molecular biology, 7, 203
molecular clock technique, 56, 224, 232, 342
monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) technology, 193, 202, 216, 363, 399n
Monrovia, Liberia, 4, 296, 300, 301–2, 304, 306, 308–9, 315, 364, 413n
Montagnier, Luc, 200, 206, 207, 207n, 208, 208n, 209–10, 221
Monteiro, Andre, 352
Moral Majority, 201
Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 180–81, 197, 206, 215
Morens, David, 60, 367
Morse, Stephen, 234
mortuary practices, 287–88, 289, 293–94, 308, 310, 314
mosquito collectors, 352
mourning rituals, 287–88, 289
mouse leukemia, 203
“Mr. CT,” 252–53
Mulford Laboratories of Philadelphia, 88–89
multidrug-resistant diseases, 365
multifactorial models of disease, epidemiology and, 216–17
Murphy, John M., 169–70
Muyembe-Tamfum, Jean-Jacques, 288–90
mycology, 165
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, 148, 150
mycoplasms, 259
mycosis fugoides, 205
N95 masks, 253
Natal, Brazil, 323, 332
National Academy of Sciences, 361, 407n
National Cancer Institute, 204, 221
National Geographic, 110
National Influenza Immunization Program, 150–51
National Institute for Biomedical Research (INRB), 288
National Institute(s) of Health (NIH), 138–39, 138n, 217
AIDS and, 211
GenBank, 260, 261
National Cancer Institute, 204, 221
National Review, 219
Nature, 224, 342
neauraminidase (NA), 54
nebulizers, 253
needle sharing, 212
neurological disorders, Zika and, 338, 341, 353–55
neurotropic viruses, 116
New Caledonia, 327
New England Journal of Medicine, 196, 197, 336
New Kru Town, Liberia, 296, 301
New Orleans, Louisiana, plague in, 95
New York, New York
AIDS in, 195–96, 199, 233, 402n
Board of Health, 5, 127
Ebola in, 4
Italian immigrants blamed for polio, 5
Legionnaires’ disease in, 190
New York City Health Department, 34–35
polio in, 5, 48
“Spanish flu” in, 48
New York Evening World News, 88
New York Native, 212
New York Post, 219
New York Times, 83, 114–15, 118, 120, 177, 215, 313, 324–25
NIAID, 213
Nicholls, John, 259
nickel carbonyl, 168, 169, 170–71
Nicolle, Charles, 41–45, 61
Nigeria, 226, 302–3, 311
Nipah, 272
Nixon, Richard, 155
Nocard, Edmond, 112–13, 121, 126
Norway, plague in, 387n
Nottingham, England, Legionnaires’ disease in, 182
Novy, Frederick, 129
nuclear energy, 170
Oakland, California, 73, 98
plague in, 75–76, 79, 90–91, 95
Oakland County Health Department, 181
Obama, Barack, 307, 310
Oerlichs, Hermann, 1
old age, immunity and, 8
Olympic Games, 335–36, 338–41
oncogenic retroviruses, 204, 207
oncology, 200, 202
oncoviruses, 203, 203n, 206, 399n
Opie, Eugenie L., 22, 25, 27–28
Oran, 95
“original antigenic sin,” 60
ornithosis, 110n
Orthomyxoviridae family, 53, 55
Osler, William, 21, 32
Osvaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 319, 329–31, 333, 343, 350, 352
Ott, Alexander, 2
Ouamouno, Emile, 277–78, 279, 316
outbreak investigations
management of, 152–54
questions asked during, 160
overcrowding, 19–20, 98, 362, 363
overpopulation, 143–44
Owen, Susan, 26
Owen, Wilfred, 26
Oxford, John, 381–82n
Pakistan, 226
Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), 322, 328
pandemic century, 361–68
pandemics
as “bioterrorism,” 273
climate and, 78–79, 97
definition of, 4n
environmental causes and factors, 234–35
human contributions to, 234–35, 361
human vulnerability to, 235
war and, 61–62
panic, 4–5, 11, 67, 80, 81, 88
AIDS and, 200–201, 211–14
Ebola, 303, 304–5
Legionnaires’ disease, 187
“parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930, 113–15, 132, 142
plague and, 96
the press and, 100–101
SARS and, 262–66, 274
Papua New Guinea, 203
Pará, Brazil, 334
paradigms, 37
Paraíba, Brazil, 356
paramyxovirus, 260, 261
paranoid style, 170
paraquat, 160, 161
parasitic organisms, 29–30
parasitism, 404n
parasitology, 7, 165
Paravincini, Florencia, 107
Park, William H., 34–35, 48–49
Parkin, William, 155
Parrish, George, 96
“parrot fever” pandemic 1929–1930, 103–44, 163–64, 363, 392n
in Argentina, 106–8, 114
Associated Press and, 138
asymptomatic carriers of, 121, 121n
as “filter-passer,” 120–21, 122, 123–24, 126
panic about, 106–7, 109, 113–15, 132, 142
the press and, 118, 120, 126, 128, 138
serum for, 121, 122–24, 126, 137–39
women as majority of victims, 119–20
zoonotic transmission of, 119–21, 121n
“parrot fever” panic, 11
parrots, 103–4
Pascoe, Elmer, 82, 88, 89–90
passage experiments, 44
Pasteur, Louis, 6–7, 37, 39, 39–40, 44, 112–13, 130, 178, 361, 396n
Pasteurella pestis, 67–68
Pasteur Institute, 41, 205–7, 283
pasteurization, 114
pathogens. See also specific kinds of pathogens
ecology of, 12
human impact on evolution of, 234–35
identifying, 7–8
mutation of, 233–34
spillover mechanisms, 226–27, 404n
pathology, 7, 165
pathophysiology, 367
“patient zero,” 215–16, 218–19, 218n, 233
Paul, John R., 5
Peiris, Malik, 242–43, 246–48, 251–52, 257–62, 267–69, 273
penicillin, 149
Pennsylvania State Health Department, 151, 156
pentamidine, 197
People, 219
Pepin, Jacques, 227–29, 230–31, 232
Pericles, 14
Pernambuco, Brazil, 317–20, 343, 347, 348–49, 356–57, 359
Pernambuco Health Department, 319, 328, 332, 345
Perry, James, 81, 90, 94
Pershing, John, 17–18
personal hygiene, 114
Pfeiffer, Richard, 7–8, 26–27, 34, 35–40, 42, 113, 150, 379n
“Pfeiffer’s bacillus,” 26–27, 34, 35–40, 42, 43, 113. See also Bacillus influenzae
phagocytes, 20
phagocytosis, 149
pharmaceutical companies. See also vacc
ine manufacturers, Ebola and, 314–15, 414n
pheasants, 246
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Legionnaires’ disease in, 145–73
“Philly Killer” in, 145–73
“Spanish flu” in, 50–51
Philadelphia Inquirer, 50–51
“Philly Killer,” 10, 145–73
phosgene gas, 160–61
“Pigtown,” 5
Piot, Peter, 222, 303, 313
Pitié-Salpétrière Hospital, 208
plague, 67–101, 387n
1924 outbreak in L.A., 11, 63–101
animal transmission of, 71–102, 74n, 75n, 384n, 385n, 387n
antibiotic treatment for, 100, 100n
climate and, 78–80, 97, 101, 387n
ecology of, 75
panic and, 96
pneumonic, 150, 335
sylvatic, 80, 95, 99–100, 101, 130
topography and, 101
vaccines against, 5, 37
weather and, 78–79, 97
worldwide resurgence of in 1924, 95
plague serum, 87, 88–89
plasma clotting factors, 232–33
pneumococcal bacteria (Steptococcus pneumoniae), 19–20, 35
pneumococcal pneumonia, 37
pneumococci, 39, 149, 150, 188
Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 215, 218, 220, 224, 233, 397n
Pneumocystis jirovecii, 397n. See also Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)
pneumonia, 20–21, 22, 66, 67, 75, 78, 80, 88, 117, 148–49
AIDS and, 196
before antibiotics, 20
antibiotics and, 188
bronchial, 57
as “Captain of the Men of Death,” 21
causes of, 20
ceases being interesting field of research, 150
community-acquired, 13
diagnostic tests for, 188
“double pneumonia,” 63, 65
falling fatalities from, 149–50
Legionnaires’ disease and, 185, 187–88, 190
lobar, 23, 24–25, 30, 34, 35, 57
mycoplasmal pneumonia, 148
pnemococcal, 37
post-influenza, 20, 23–25, 27–34, 57–59
treatment for, 27, 188
during Victorian and Edwardian periods, 149
without known causal agent, 150
pneumonic plague, 11, 62, 68, 69–70, 78, 84, 89, 335, 366, 387n
“pneumotyphus,” 112
polio, 1, 5, 6, 13, 284, 335
childhood infections and, 6, 13
epidemic of 1916, 1, 5–6
immunizing childhood infections and, 6
in New York, New York, 5, 48
nonparalytic, 5n
spread of, 5, 5n
in Sweden, 5–6
vaccines against, 6, 226
poliomyelitis, 5
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests, 224–25, 261, 295, 301, 328, 333
polysaccharide capsules, 20, 35, 149
Pomeroy, J. L., 85, 86
Pontiac, Michigan, 150, 181, 187
“Pontiac Fever,” 150, 181, 187, 190
Pooley, Will, 298, 299
Poon, Leo, 260
“poppers,” 196, 217–18, 398n
population mobility, Ebola and, 314
