by Alan Watson
Churchill on here
Churchill takes complete responsibility for here
commemoration here
crux here
delivery here
film coverage here
finalisation here, here, here
on freedom here
on Germany here, here, here, here
introduction here
an iron curtain has descended across the Continent here, here
language and sentiment here
legacy here
on nuclear weapons here, here
opposition to here
origin of phrase here
perception of reality here
on poverty and privation here
radio broadcast here
reactions to here, here, here
relevance here
on the responsibilities of power here
reviews here, here
rhetoric here
Soviet reaction to here, here, here
on Soviet threat here, here
status here
strategic concept here
text here
title here
on Truman here
Truman denies prior knowledge of speech here, here
Truman’s reaction to here, here, here, here
on tyranny here, here, here
United Nations proposal here, here, here, here
on war here
ISIS here
Italy here
Jenkins, Roy here, here, here
Jewish doctors conspiracy here
Kellner, Peter here
Kennan, George, long telegram here, here, here, here, here
Kennedy, John F. here, here
Kennedy, Joseph here
Keynes, John Maynard here
King, Mackenzie here
Korea here
Korean War here, here
Labour Party here, here
Laval, Pierre here
law, rule of here
Layton, Lord here
League of Nations here, here, here, here
Leahy, Admiral, Daniel here, here, here
Lee, Robert E. here
Lend-Lease here, here, here, here, here
Lenin, V. I. here
Litvinov, Maxim here
Lloyd George, David here, here
loan talks here, here, here, here, here
Locke, Walter here
London, St. Mary Aldermanbury here
long telegram (Kennan) here, here, here, here, here
Lüneburg Heath here, here
McCarthy, Joe here, here
McCluer, F. L. here, here
Macmillan, Harold here
Magna Carta here, here, here
Manchester Guardian here
Manchuria here, here
Manhattan Project here, here
Marlborough, Duke of here
Marshall, George C. here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Marshall Plan here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Martin, Ralph here
Mass Observation here
Masterman, Charles here
Messina Conference here
Metropolitan Club of New York here
Miami here, here, here, here
Missouri, train journey to here
Missouri, USS here, here, here, here
Molotov, Vyacheslav here, here, here, here
Monnet, Jean here, here, here
Montague Browne, Anthony here
Montefiore, Sebag here
Montgomery, Bernard Law here, here
Moran, Lord here, here, here
Moscow show trials here
Murrow, Edward R. here
Museums, Libraries and Archives Council here
mutual security here
Nagasaki here
Nation, The here
National Churchill Museum here
NATO here
New York here, here, here, here, here, here
New York Times here
Nichols, Beverley here
North Atlantic Treaty here
nuclear technology, sharing here
nuclear weapons here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Nuremberg Trials here, here, here, here
Packwood, Allen here, here, here
Pathé News here
Persia here
Pogue, Fornest here
Poland here, here
Polish Home Army rising here, here
Portugal here
Potsdam victors’ conference, 1945 here, here, here, here, here, here, here
poverty here
power, responsibilities of here
Pravda here, here
press conference, 8 March here, here
Prince of Wales, HMS here
privation here
Putin, Vladimir here
Queen Elizabeth here, here, here
Queen Mary here, here
Red Army here, here, here, here, here, here
refugee crisis here
Reynolds, David here, here
Reynolds News here
Richmond here
Roberts, Sir Frank here
Rockefeller, John D., Jr. here
Rome, Treaty of here
Roosevelt, Elinor here
Roosevelt, Elliot here
Roosevelt, Franklin D.
American attitude towards here
attitude towards Russia here
attitude towards Stalin here, here, here, here
distrust of the British Empire here, here
establishes diplomatic relations with USSR here
the four freedoms here
funeral here
Iron Curtain speech avoids mention of here
motivation here
and the Polish Home Army rising here
relationship with Churchill here, here
Tehran conference here, here
Roosevelt, James here
Roskill, Captain Stephen here
Ross, Charles here
Royal Air Force here
Ruhr, the here
Russian Civil War here
Sacks, Jonathan here
St. Mary Aldermanbury, London here
Salisbury, Lord here
Sandys, Duncan here, here, here
Sandys, Edwina here, here
Sawyers, Frank here
Schuman, Robert here, here
Second World War here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Sir Winston Churchill Archive Trust here
Soames, Mary (nee Churchill) here, here, here
Soviet sphere, the here
Stalin, Joseph
ambition here, here
American attitude towards here, here, here, here
blockade of Berlin here, here, here, here
Churchill’s attitude towards here, here
death here, here
failure here
first meets Truman here
German policy here
Jewish doctors conspiracy here
learns of atomic bomb here, here
loss of initiative here
paranoia here, here
and the Polish Home Army rising here
Potsdam victors’ conference, 1945 here
reaction to Iron Curtain speech here, here, here
Tehran conference here
threat of here, here, here, here, here
tyranny here
use of terror here, here, here
Yalta Conference promises here
state power, threat of here
status quo, Churchill’s challenge to here
Stevenson, Adlai here
Sturdee, Jo here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Switzerland here, here
Taylor, A. J. P. here
Tehran conference here, here, here
terrorism here
The Times here, here, here, here<
br />
totalitarianism here, here
Touchet-Jesson, Sarah, Baroness Audley (nee Churchill) here
Toye, Richard here
Treaty of Collaboration and Mutual Assistance here
trial by jury here
Truman, Harry S. here, here, here
advisors here
American attitude towards here
arrival at Westminster College here
arrival in Fulton here, here
call for universal military training here
and Churchill’s invitation to Westminster College here
cuts off Lend-Lease here, here
denies prior knowledge of speech here, here, here
elected for second term here
first meets Stalin here
introduces Churchill here
in Iron Curtain speech here
position here
Potsdam victors’ conference, 1945 here, here
press conference, 8 March here, here
private note to Churchill here
reaction to Iron Curtain speech here, here, here, here
reaction to Zurich speech here
relationship with Churchill here, here
shown Iron Curtain speech here, here
status here
support for Churchill here
tells Stalin of atomic bomb here, here
train journey to Missouri here, here, here
tribute to Churchill here
Truman Doctrine speech here, here
White House meeting with Churchill here
in Zurich speech here
Truman Doctrine, the here, here, here, here
Tuck, William here
Turkey here, here, here, here
tyranny
Iron Curtain speech on here, here, here
Truman Doctrine speech on here, here
UNESCO here, here
UNESCO Memory of the World Register here
United Nations here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
United States Air Force here
United States of America
attitude towards Russia here
attitude towards Stalin here, here, here
change of position here, here
Churchill and here, here
Churchill’s final days in here
Churchill’s visit, 1946 here, here
Churchill’s visit, 1952 here
confidence here
federal system here
financial dominance here
involvement in European wars here
Iron Curtain speech on here
isolationism here, here, here
nuclear weapons here, here, here, here, here, here
Permanent Defence Agreement with Canada here
power here
public opinion here
reaction to Iron Curtain speech here, here, here, here, here
reaction to Zurich speech here
and the rebuilding and recovery of Europe here
responsibilities here, here
Second World War here
special relationship with here, here, here
war prosperity here
United States of Europe here, here, here, here, here
US Navy here
USSR
ambition here
American attitude towards here
Churchill on here, here
Churchill’s attitude towards here, here, here
climb-down over Iran here
fall of here
German policy here
German reparations here
Moscow show trials here
nuclear weapons project here, here, here, here
occupation of Eastern Europe here, here, here, here, here, here, here
reaction to Iron Curtain speech here, here
Roosevelt established diplomatic relations here
Second World War here, here, here, here
sphere of influence here
threat of here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Treaty of Collaboration and Mutual Assistance with here
and United States of Europe here
use of terror here, here
war aid here
war casualties here
Vaughan, Harry H. here
Versailles Treaty here
victory, Churchill on here
Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York here, here, here, here, here
Wall Street Journal here
war, Iron Curtain speech on here
war aid here
Warsaw here
Warsaw uprising, 1944 here
Washington here, here
Watson, Alan here
Watson, Baxter Brown here
Westminster College
Churchill’s arrival at here
invites Churchill to speak here
Trustees of here
White House, the here, here
Williamsburg here
Wilson, Harold here
World Bank here
Yalta Conference here, here, here, here, here, here
Yalta Protocol, the here
Zhukov, Georgi here
Zurich, Switzerland here, here
Zurich speech here, here, here, here
agenda here
aims here
alterations here
American reaction to here
audience here
British reaction to here, here
challenge of here
de Gaulle’s reaction to here
on federal system here
Franco-German partnership proposal here, here, here, here, here
French reaction here
invitation to speak here
Iron Curtain speech presages here
legacy here
leitmotiv here
on nuclear weapons here
power of here
radio broadcast here
reactions to here
relevance here
status here
text here
the tragedy of Europe here, here
Truman’s reaction here
on the United Nations here
United States of Europe here, here
vision here
A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR
Alan Watson is a broadcaster, author, High Steward of Cambridge University, President of the Liberal Party, Public Relations Consultant and Peer. An accomplished public speaker, presenter, campaigner and consultant, his fascination with Churchill has been lifelong. His enthusiasm for Britain at the interface of Churchill’s three circles – Europe, America, and the English-speaking world – remains unmatched.
Plate Section
Letter of invitation from the president of Westminster College in Fulton, Missouri to Sir Winston Churchill, with a personal note from President Truman encouraging him to accept, 3 October 1945.
Sir Winston and Clementine Churchill disembarking from the RMS Queen Elizabeth in New York for a trip combining business and pleasure, 14 January 1946.
Sir Winston Churchill with Edward Wood, Lord Halifax, at the airport in Washington D.C. after a visit to President Truman as Churchill heads to Florida, 16 February 1946.
Sir Winston Churchill relaxing on the palm-fringed shores of De Lido Island in Biscayne Bay at Miami Beach. Churchill painted to relax and stave off depression.
Sir Winston Churchill and President Truman leave for Fulton, Missouri, where Churchill gave the Sinews of Peace speech, also known as the Iron Curtain speech, 1 March 1946.
Proof from the papers of Sir Winston Churchill that President Truman read the speech on the train prior to Churchill speaking at Fulton.
President Truman, Sir Winston Churchill and Dr. Franc McCluer, the president of Westminster College, walking to Westminster College where Churchill gave the Sinews of Peace speech, 5 March 1946.
Peep under the Iron Curtain by Leslie Illingworth, 6 March 1946.
Sir Winston Chu
rchill and General Dwight D. Eisenhower en route to Richmond, Virginia, 8 March 1946.
Sir Winston Churchill, General Dwight D. Eisenhower and their wives at Colonial Williamsburg, 8 March 1946.
Prime Minister Clement Attlee and Sir Winston Churchill at the London Victory Celebrations, 8 June 1946.
During the Potsdam Conference, Sir Winston Churchill and Sir Anthony Eden tour the ruins of a pulverised Berlin, 16 July 1945.
Sir Winston and Clementine Churchill flying to Switzerland with their daughter Mary.
Sir Winston Churchill giving his United States of Europe speech in the Münsterhof in Zurich, Switzerland, 19 September 1946.
Sir Winston Churchill giving his U for unity sign at the Münsterhof in Zurich, Switzerland, 19 September 1946
Sir Winston Churchill and Clementine being toasted following his speech in Zurich, 19 September 1946.
Example of Sir Winston Churchill’s attention to detail in his annotated speech in Zurich. Note the key addition of the word ‘now’ within ‘I am now going to say something that will astonish you’ prior to proposing a United States of Europe.
Lord Watson being awarded the Churchill Medal by Lady Soames, Winston Churchill’s daughter, in 2005 in recognition of his extraordinary achievement in the promotion of English as an international language.
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First published in Great Britain 2016
© Lord Alan Watson of Richmond, 2016
Foreword © Randolph Churchill
Lord Alan Watson has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as Author of this work.
Churchill’s speeches reproduced with permission of Curtis Brown, London on behalf of
The Estate of Winston S. Churchill. © The Estate of Winston S. Churchill
Copyright © Ann Tusa and John Tusa, 1988. Reproduced by permission
of Hodder and Stoughton Limited
Excerpt from ‘East Coker’ from FOUR QUARTETS by T.S. Eliot. Copyright 1940 by T.S. Eliot.
Copyright © renewed 1978 by Esme Valerie Eliot. Reprinted by permissions of
Houghton Miffl in Harcourt Publishing Company. All rights reserved.
