Mortimer, Roger 20–1, 28, 32–6, 34–5, 40, 42, 42–4
Mortimer, Roger, of Chirk 33
Mowbray, Sir Thomas 207
Najera, battle of 174–5
Nantes, siege of 78
Napoleonic Wars 285
Narbonne 133
Navarre 170, 171–3, 182
Nesle 236
Nesle, Guy de 130–1
Neville, Ralph, Lord 119
Neville’s Cross, Battle of 119–20
Norfolk, John Mowbray duke of 232
Norman Conquest, the 13–15
Norman French language 6
Normandy
Dukedom of 13–15, 19
English claim to 18
Edward III’s landing 85–6
campaign, 1377 177
campaign, 1417–19 254–9
English settlement 258
Henry V’s administration 258–9
loss of 275–7
Normandy, John, duke of 78–9
Normandy, Stephen of Blois, duke of 14
Northampton, earl of 98, 123
Northampton, Treaty of 39–40, 45, 46
Northampton, William Bohun, earl of 78–9
Northburgh, Bishop 41
Northumberland, Henry Percy, earl of 119, 198, 204, 206–9
Nottingham 43–4
Nouaillé-Maupertuis 144
Odon, River 89–90, 91
Oisemont 97
Oldcastle, Sir John 217–18
Order of the Garter 125–7
orders of chivalry 125–7, 129
Oriflamme of St Denis 84, 109, 149
Orléans, Louis, duke of 149, 151, 197, 209, 237, 248–9
Orléans, siege of
English advance on 266
blockade 268–9
Battle of the Herrings 269
Jeanne’s letter to English 269–70
Jeanne d’Arc arrives at 270
Saint-Loup sally 270
attack on Saint-Jean le Blanc 270
English withdrawal 270–1
Orleton, Bishop 41
Orwell 35–6
Orwell, River 56
outlawry 74
Oxford, earl of 149
Pamplona 173
papacy, the 31, 35, 47–8, 59, 79, 129, 131, 146, 153, 159, 180, 190, 207–8
Paris 96, 140, 160, 161–2, 165, 169, 210, 261, 273
Paris, Treaty of, 1259 20
Paston letters, the 5
Patay, Battle of 271
peace negotiations
Edward III, King 131–3, 158–9, 162, 163, 165
Treaty of Brétigny, 163
Treaty of Troyes 259–60, 264, 273
Arras, 1435 273
Peasants’ Revolt, the 185–8, 216
Pedro the Cruel, King of Castile 170–6
peerage, the 62
Penthieve, Jeanne de 77–9
Percy, Henry ‘Hotspur’, rebellion 198–205
Périgord, cardinal of 144, 146, 158–9
Péronne 235, 236, 237–8
Perrers, Alice 179
Philip II, King of France 16, 18
Philip IV, King of France 22, 24, 25, 29, 40
Philip V, King of France 31
Philip VI, King of France
accession to throne 41–2
Edward III pays homage to 42
and Robert of Artois 46–7, 49
fleet 47, 48
confiscation of Aquitaine 49
Flanders campaign, 1339–40 52
and Breton succession crisis 77
Breton campaign 79
Crécy Campaign 95–6, 97
at Crécy 105–6, 109–10
failure to learn lesson of Crécy 113–14
attempt to relieve Calais 122–3
and the Black Death 127
death 129
Philip, Duke of Burgundy 259, 266, 269, 273
Philippa of Hainault, Queen 37, 42, 43, 124
Pipot, Robert 137
pits 78–9
Ploermel 130
Plymouth 52–3
Poitiers, Battle of
advance to 143–4
first contact 144
negotiations 144–6
English deployment 146, 148
French deployment 146, 148, 149
French forces 146, 148
dispositions 147
archers 148, 149–50, 152
French plan 148–9
French cavalry assault 149–50
French men-at-arms attack 150–1
French third division attacks 151–2
English advance 152–3
flank attack 152–3
prisoners 153
casualties 151, 154–5
aftermath 155–6, 165
Poitiers Campaign, 1356 139, 156–7, 165
preparations 137–8
cost 138
plan 138
English forces 140
chevauchée 140–4
French forces assemble 141
prisoners 141
siege of Romorantin 143
march to Bordeaux 156
ransom money 156–7
aftermath 157–63
return to England, 1357 158
Poitou 19
Poix 96–7
Pontoise 274
Pontorson 256
Portugal, kingdom of 170
prices
longbows 70
ale 80
prisoners
Caen 92, 92–3
selling on 93
Neville’s Cross 120
Calais 124–5
Mauron 131
Poitiers Campaign 141
Poitiers 153
Najera 175
Quiéret, Admiral 56, 58
Radcot Bridge, Battle of 189
Ragman, the 40
Ramkyn, Richard 201–2
ransoms 93, 138, 156, 163, 175
rape 92
rebellion, 1405 206–9
rebellion, 1451 278
regency council of state 42
religion, and social control 213–15
Rennes 78
retinues 71–2, 222–3
Rheims 162, 165, 271
Richard I, King 16–17
Richard II, King
accession to throne 180
and the Peasants’ Revolt 186–8
rule 189–91
opposition to rule 189–92
second marriage 190
truce, 1389 190
reign comes to end 191–2
restoration plot 192
death 192–3
survival claims 199
impostors 205
body reburied 217–18
Richard III, King 281
riding stance 65
Robert, Duke of Normandy 14
Robert of Artois 46–7, 49, 52, 58, 79
Robert of Bamborough 130
Rodin, Auguste 124
Roger of Salerno, Practica chirurgiae 155
Rokeby, Sir Thomas 208
Rolle, Richard 6
Romorantin, siege of 143
Roncesvalles, pass of 173
Rotherhithe 186
Rouen 94, 272, 273
siege of 256–8
routiers 160, 161, 169, 169–70, 265
royal coat of arms 1
Royal Navy 283, 285
Rye 52–3
saddles 65
Saint-Cloud 95
Saint-Denis 95–6
Saint-Denis Chef du Caux 226
St Giles’s Fields trap 218
Saint-Josse 114
Saint-Lô 88, 256
Saint-Lucien, Abbey of 96
St Omer 58
Saint-Pierre, Eustache de 124
St Pol, count of 205–6
St Quentin 52
Saint-Vaast la Hougue 86
Salic Law 41
Salisbury, earl of 146, 148, 153
Salisbury, Katherine Montagu, countess of 126
Salisbury, Thomas Mont
ague, fourth earl of 264, 266, 268
Sangatte 123
scaling ladders 116
schiltrons 71
Scone, Stone of 24, 40
Scotland
succession crisis 23–5
alliance with France 24
Edward I’s campaigns 24–5
Edward II’s campaigns 27–8, 65–6
raids 39, 46, 118–20, 133, 134
peace treaty with 39–40
Edward III’s campaigns 45–6, 49–50, 66–7
peace negotiations 158–9
Battle of Homildon Hill 198–9
Scots forces
at Montereau 260
at Baugé 261–2
at Verneuil 265–6
scouts 71
Scrope, Richard 206–7
sea battles 38
Sluys 54–8
tactics 57
Harfleur 253
sea crossing
Crécy Campaign 85–6
Azincourt Campaign 225–6
sea routes 48
sea-borne raids, coastal warning system 75–6
Second World War 285
Seine, River 94–5
Selby, Sir Walter de 118
Sens, bishop of 157
Seven Years War 284–5
Shakespeare, William 3, 240, 242–3
Shameful Peace, the 40
ships 80–1
Shrewsbury, Battle of 155, 199–205
Shrewsbury, John Talbot, earl of 271, 278–9, 282
siege engines 116–17
siege warfare
attacking the walls 116
belfries 115–16
biological 117
boredom 121
English treatment of civilians 255–6
health hazards 120–1
mining 116
scaling ladders 116
siege engines 116–17
starvation 117
Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor 252
significance 3–4
silver prices 9
skirmishers 71
Sluys 50
Sluys, Battle of 38, 54–8, 141
Smithfield 187
Somme, River 97–9, 234–7
sources 4–8
Southampton 181
Southampton Plot, the 225, 238
Spain 3
Spanish campaign, 1367 170–6, 171
spearman 71, 75, 82, 102, 109
Stafford, Sir Richard de 137
Stirling Bridge, Battle of 24
stirrups 64–5
Stratford, Archbishop 54
Sudbury, Archbishop 187
Suffolk, earl of 146
Suffolk, Richard de la Pole, earl of 189
Suffolk, William de la Pole, earl of 268–9, 274–5
superstition 213–14, 268
tactics 66–7
sea battles 38, 57
archers 78
terror 86
Tancarville, count of 93, 153
tax of a ninth 53
tax rolls 9
taxation 3, 9, 22–3, 53–4, 185, 188–9, 265
technology, use of 283–4
Ternoise, River 238–9
Teutonic Knights 126, 195
Thérouanne, battle of 282
Thirty Years War 284
Thomas (cog) 56
Thomas of Lancaster 210
Thomas of Walsingham 224, 236–7, 239
Tilly-sur-Seulles 90
time immemorial 21
titles 62
Toulouse 133
Touques, River 255
Tournai 58–9
Tours 141–2
Towton, Battle of 25, 99
training 74
transubstantiation, doctrine of 215
trebuchets 116
Trevet, Sir Thomas 182
Tripartite Indenture, the 206
Troyes, Treaty of 259–60, 264, 273
truce, 1347 125
truce, 1375 180–1
truce, 1389 190
Tudor, Mary 125, 282
Tyler, Wat 186–8
typhus 3
uniforms 74–5
Urban VI, Pope 180, 190
Ustrem (Ouistreham) 89
Valognes 88, 276
Vannes 78, 79
Venables, Sir Richard 204
Verneuil, Battle of 265–6
Vernon, Sir Richard 204
Vienne, Jean de 120, 123, 123–5, 181
Vienne, River 144
Vierzon 140
Vincennes 264
vintenaries 74
Vire, River 88
vital ground 7
Vitoria 173
Wadicourt 100
wages 9, 63, 72, 75, 137–8, 222
Wales 22, 197–8, 199–200, 205, 206, 208, 211–12, 219
Wallace, William 24–5
Walter, Hubert 17
Walton-on-the-Naze 50
war aims, English 2
War of the Austrian Succession 284
War of the League of Augsburg 284
War of the Quadruple Alliance 284
War of the Spanish Succession 284
warfare, professionalization 3, 63–4
Wars of the Breton Succession 3
Wars of the Roses 281
war-weariness 259
Warwick, earl of 91, 133, 145, 146, 153, 154, 190
Warwick, Richard Beauchamp, earl of 264
Warwick, Thomas Beauchamp, earl of 217
water supplies 80
Waterloo, Battle of 285
Welsh wars 65
Westbury, Thomas 201
Westminster, Treaty of 14
Westmorland, Ralph Neville, earl of 206–7
William I, the Conqueror 13–14, 89
William II, King 14
Winchelsea 128, 141, 162
Winchester, statute of 21–2
Windsor Castle 125–6
witchcraft 46, 127, 213
Wode, Sir Edward Atte 95
Worcester, Sir Thomas Percy, earl of 200, 204
wounded, medical treatment 154–5, 203–4
Wyclif, John 215–16
Yolande, countess of Monfort 77
York 39
York, Edward, duke of 238, 241, 247, 249
Zouche, William de la 119
ENDNOTES
1. Technically, the lions are passant gardant (walking with a paw raised) and are sometimes in English heraldry, and always in French heraldry, known as ‘Leopards’.
2. The word comes from Old English and means reckoning or accounting day; the day when who owes what in taxes is reckoned.
3. Called Rufus either because of red hair or a ruddy countenance – we do not know.
4. William’s death was probably a genuine accident, killed by an arrow while out hunting. Conspiracy theories then and now that allege an assassination plot involving William’s brother Henry (who succeeded to the throne) and William’s attendant, the courtier Walter Tirel or Tyrrel, count of Poix, are not supported by the evidence.
5. His legitimate son and heir apparent, William, was drowned in 1120 when the ship on which he was travelling back to England – the ‘white ship’ – hit a rock and sank in the Channel off Normandy. Theories about the cause at the time ranged from drunkenness among the crew and passengers (possible) to the entire crew being homosexuals (unlikely). The truth almost certainly is that the Channel was, and still is, an extremely dangerous stretch of water.
6. There are many societies which did or do regard the failure to produce sons as grounds for dissolution of a marriage. The production of daughters rather than sons is, of course, a factor more of the male sperm than of the female ovum.
7. Much confusion is caused to those not familiar with medieval European geography by reference to Aquitaine, Guienne and Gascony. Aquitaine, with its capital of Bordeaux, consisted of an old, smaller county of that name plus Gascony, while Guienne was simply the French name for Aquitaine. This book will refer to Aquitaine except where the person referred to
is a native of the original Gascony, in which case he is a Gascon. Reference is also made to the county of Agenais, which was part of Aquitaine and the strip between the Garonne and Dordogne rivers.
8. Which is why the United Kingdom, when granting Cyprus independence in 1960, retained and still retains two military bases as sovereign British territory on the island.
9. Like her namesake, the queen of Edward II over a century later, Isabella was reputed to take lovers. It is said that John had them hanged from the frame of her four-poster bed.
10. The Channel Islands are not part of the United Kingdom but a crown dependency. The loyal toast is ‘The Duke of Normandy – our Queen’.
11. The interdict meant that no ‘sacrament’ could be carried out – baptism, confirmation, mass, confession, ordination of clergy, marriage and the last rites for the dying – nor could any burial be carried out in consecrated ground. It seems to have had not the slightest effect on the people generally nor on John, who retaliated by confiscating the church estates.
12. Much trumpeted as the foundation stone of British democracy, it was in fact a critique of what the barons saw as the evils of John’s rule. No sooner had he signed it than he was seeking ways to circumvent it, and it was never fully implemented. It was last cited as a legal authority in England in Joyce v DPP Court of Appeal [1946].
13. Perhaps inevitably, considering de Montfort’s claim to be fighting to obtain ‘justice for all’, by which he meant ‘advantage to me and my friends’, a cult around him rapidly grew up with miracles and apparitions aplenty. There is even a De Montfort University, whose antiquity dates back to 1993.
14. Placed under the coronation chair in Westminster Abbey, it has been part of the coronation of every English and British monarch since, including that of our present queen. It was returned to Scotland in 1996 but will be brought back to London for future coronations.
15. According to the Chronicle of Lanercost, William Wallace had a sword belt made from the flayed skin of Hugh de Cressingham, the treasurer of England, killed at the battle. As leather made from human skin is far too frail to hold the weight of a sword, this seems unlikely.
16. The £ sterling was then worth twenty-four grams of gold, which at 2010 values is £619.20, or by the silver standard £82.50.
17. Described by Robbie Burns as ‘A bridge without a middle arch, a church without a steeple, a midden heap in every street, and damned conceited people’, Berwick changed hands between England and Scotland thirteen times between the eleventh and fifteenth centuries.
18. The term really should be ‘drawn [tied to a hurdle dragged by a horse to the place of execution], hanged and quartered’.
19. He was earl of Winchester. The Lanercost Chronicle says he was ninety years old when executed, which seems unlikely.
20. While this author is not convinced, a strong case is made by Ian Mortimer for Edward II’s not being done to death but surviving for many years incognito in Italy (see Mortimer, The Perfect King: The life of Edward III, Jonathan Cape, London, 2006).
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