butter 288
Buzot, François (1760–94) 221, 241, 253
Cabarrus, Thérèse 255
Cadoudal, Georges (1771–1804) 315, 384, 383
Caen 241, 243, 245, 248, 310
cahiers (grievance-lists) 96–7, 114, 116, 131, 395, 407 clerical 99
noble 99, 396
slavery 413
Cairo 340
Calabria 366
Calais 393
Calas, Jean (d. 1762) 7, 55, 56, 59
calendar 194, 260, 336
Calonne, Charles Alexandre de (1734–1802) 67, 68–73, 74, 75, 77, 146, 299, 303
Calvados 241, 243, 248
Calvinism 412
Camperdown, battle of 216, 217, 333, 345
Campo Formio, peace of 217, 333, 339, 352, 355, 362, 381, 416
candles 223, 323
Cape of Good Hope 212, 381
Caribbean 203, 210, 212, 315, see also Saint-Domingue
Carmelites 398
Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823) 204, 205, 206, 215, 217, 248, 250, 265, 278, 285, 322, 327, 329, 331, 332, 349, 352
carpenters 149
Carrier, Jean-Baptiste (1756–94) 255, 257–8, 264, 269, 285, 286, 290, 292
Carteaux, Jean François (1751–1813) 249, 255
Custine, General (d.1793) 203
Catalonia 210
cathedrals 33
Catherine II, Empress of Russia (1729–96) 44, 166, 171, 172, 198, 201, 202, 207, 208, 215, 308, 340
Catholic Church 99, 426 attacks by representatives on mission 260
charity 15, 149, 399–400
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 139–46, 155
counter-revolutionaries allegiance to 309
criticism of 51, 52, 53–4
education 400–1
Irish 212
lay jobs 404
nationalization of ecclesiastical property 132–3, 136–7, 357, 401
pre-Revolution 4, 32–6
property of 117
re-establishment of 389–91, 392
reopening of churches 289
schism caused by clerical oath 144–5, 153, 174–5, 305, 399–400, see also bishops; clergy
self-taxation 72
Catholicism 49, 137
Cato, Marcus Porcius (237–142 bc) 420
Cazalès, Jacques de (1758–1805) 302, 304
censorship 45, 46, 56, 99, 171–2
Cévennes 412
Chabot, François (1759–94) 220, 267, 274, 275
Chalier, Joseph (1747–93) 231, 239, 245, 247, 253
Chamfort, Nicholas Sébastien Roche (1741–94) 30
Champ de Mars massacre 153, 154, 302
Championnet, Jean Antoine Étienne (1762–1800) 340, 365
Channel Islands 313
Charette, François (1763–90) 243, 290, 291, 313, 314, 316
charity 15, 149, 401–2
Charles, Archduke (1771–1847) 381
Charles Emmanuel IV, king (1751–1819) 367, 369
Chartres 33
Chateaubriand, François René, Viscount de (1768–1848) 29, 303–4
Chaumette, ‘Anaxagoras’ (1763–94) 185, 234, 249, 251, 260, 269, 271, 276
Cherbourg naval harbour 32
Chiffon (refractory party) 182
Choiseul, Étienne François de Stainville, Duke de (1719–85) 42
chouannerie (guerrilla warfare) 211, 226, 256, 290, 309, 310, 312, 313–14, 315, 316, 376, 384, 385
Christianity 388
Ci-devants (hithertos) 156, 397
Cisalpine Republic 214, 215, 217, 352, 361, 362–3, 364, 367, 368
Cispadane Republic 361, 362, 368, 388
citizens’ militias 109, 112, 113, 115, 126, 138
Civil Code 387, 391, 395, 409, 422
Civil Constitution of the Clergy 139–46, 155, 306, 390, 398
civil rights 412, 413
civisme 258, 261, 271
Clausewitz, Karl von (1780–1831) 417–18, 419
Clavière, Étienne (1735–93) 180, 185
clergy 33–4 celibacy 260
Civil Constitution of the 139–46, 155
dechristianization of 261–2
elections 389
emigration 302, 399
Estates-General 88, 96, 97
first-estate deputation 99, 102–3, 104
German 354
impact of Revolution on 398–401
National Assembly 105, 106
noble 28, 34
noyades 257
oaths 144–5, 153, 174–5, 305, 306, 309
in occupied Belgium 350
parish 17, 33, 35–6, 73, 97, 104, 116, 117, 136–7, 402
protests 83
reading 48
religious affiliation signs 289
suffering induced by Revolution 136–7
suspicion of 113–14, 190
Swiss 357, see also refractory priests
Clermont-Tonnerre, Stanislas, Count de (1757–92) 119
Cleves 45
Clichy Club 329
Clootz, Anacharsis (1755–94) 160, 172, 178, 194, 270
Coburg, General (1737–1815) 203, 246
cockades 226 Italian tricolour 360, 361
national 112, 121, 162, 393
Poland 207
white royalist 226, 301, 309
coffee 223
coinage 223, 324, 334, 335
Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619–83) 32
Collot d’Herbois, Jean Marie (1750–96) 250, 251, 254, 268, 269–70, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 289, 292
Cologne 354
colonies 13, 63, 151, 210 abolition of slavery 413–14
commodities from 223
seized by British 203, 348
slave uprising 181, 403, 414
commercial profits tax (patente) 131
Commission of Twelve 233, 234, 235, 237, 241
Committee of General Defence 228
Committee of General Security 267, 269, 278, 280, 283
Committee of Public Safety 202, 204, 206, 228, 234, 235, 244, 246, 251, 271 blamed for incompetence 250
campaign to remove extremists 268
dechristianization policy 262–3, 277
diminishing power of 283, 286
heated quarrels in 278
Hébertists 271
Paris Commune under authority of 276
polarization of 268
Robespierre and 280
Terror 247–8, 252–3, 256, 258
communal rights 16
communism 422
compagnonnages (craftsmen’s unions) 19
Companies of the Sun 293
compensation 117, 132, 136, 171, 410
Compte rendu 67, 71, 72, 73, 82, 84
Comtat Venaissin 139
Concordat 389–91, 398, 399, 400
Condé, fortress of 203
Condé, Louis Joseph de Bourbon, Prince de (1736–1818) 171, 199, 307, 316
Condorcet, Antoine Nicolas de Caritat, Marquis de (1743–94) 90, 174, 222, 244, 400
confiscation of goods and property 266, 291
conscription 31 European norm 418
Jourdan Law 341, 350, 373, 386
naval 32
occupied Belgium 350
peasants’ violent resistance to 308–9, 310, 318, 375
Swiss 356, see also levée en masse
conservatism 424–5
Constituent Assembly 174, 181, 302, 401 administrative organization 125
constitution 123
Declaration of Rights 118–19
end of 157, 173
king’s flight to Varennes 152–3, 302
powers of veto 119–20
right and left wings 424
Robespierre’s achievements in 150–1
constitution 118, 119, 123, 154, 157, 297, 326, 378, 379, 380, 401 approved by Convention 319–20
Cisalpine Republic 363–4
Convention 244
counter-revolution and 303
endorsement of 246
First
Directory 332
constitutional Church 387, 422
contribution mobilière 131
Convention 189, 421 amnesty 290
ban on women’s organizations 422
closure of Jacobin Club 285
coercion by sansculottes 229, 251, 292, 320–1
constitution 319–21
Danton’s trial 275
dechristianization 261, 277
declaration of war 201
decree of fraternity to foreign peoples 199
dissolution of 246
elections for 193–4
emergency war measures 226–8
export ban 405
factions within 220–1
free market policy 287
immunity from arrest 279
levée en masse 224
Prairial uprising 295–6, 321
price controls 223, 252
principle of amalgamation 205
provincial revolt against 229–32, 233, 238–43, 253–9
purge of Girondins 232–8, 243–6
reintegration of Girondins 292
renewal rule 283
Robespierre’s call for purge 280–3
slavery 414
trial and execution of king 194–6, 221–2
convents 54, 137, 140, 148, 393, 399, 400
Copenhagen 382
Corday, Charlotte (1768–94) 245, 247
Cordeliers Club 152, 153, 154, 185, 186, 245, 250, 267, 269
Cornwallis, Charles, Marquis (1738–1805) 411
Coron 256
corresponding societies 170, 200–1, 212
corruption 374 Robespierre’s obsession with 273–4, 280
venal public office 23, 24–5
Corsica 59, 315
corvée 11, 69, 76, 106
cottage industry 17
cotton industry 13, 406
Council of Elders and Council of Five Hundred 320, 331, 372–3, 374, 375, 376–7
Council of State 379, 386
counter-revolution 146, 157, 182, 230–2, 253–8, 293, 298–318, 408
countryside disorder in 128, 130
farming 10–12, 16–18, 86
pre-Revolutionary poverty in 14–
unrest in 114–15, 117
wave of peasant violence (1792) 182–3
courtiers 28, 41–2, 99, 112
Couthon, Georges (1756–94) 175, 253, 254, 277, 278, 280, 281
Coyer, Abbé Gabriel François (1707–82) 30
Cracow 207, 208
craftsmen 19–20
credit 405
Crevecoeur, Saint John de (1735–1812) 64
crime brigandage 14, 387
evasion of military service and 408
petty theft 15
post-Revolution 386
unemployment and 405
criminal law 55, 82
Custine, Adam Philippe, Counte de (1740–93) 197, 203
customary law 4
customs barriers 357, 406
Daendels, Herman Willem (1762–1818) 347, 375
Damiens, Robert François (1714–57) 55
Danton, Georges-Jacques (1759–94) 126 on Belgium 200
call for front-line volunteers 191, 226
Committee of Public Safety 228, 246, 264
conciliatory tone after defeats 202–3
election to Convention 193
as minister of justice 190
petition against king’s reinstatement 153–4
plea to Girondins 237
power to sansculottes 251
support for Indulgents 267, 268, 274
trial and execution of 274
warmongering 201
Daunou, Pierre Claude François (1761–1840) 391
Dauphiné 2, 8, 83, 88–9, 96, 115, 123, 144
David, Jacques Louis (1748–1825) 253, 278, 284
death rate, urban 14–15
debt 131–2, 133
dechristianization 259–64, 267, 277, 289, 354, 413
Declaration of Independence 64
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen 118–19, 121, 123, 124, 132, 137, 146, 169, 244, 269, 318, 418, 420, 423, 426
Defenders of the One and Indivisible Republic 227, 342
Delacroix, Charles (1754–1808) 347
Delacroix, Jean François (1753–94) 246
Delessart, Antoine-Nicolas Valdec (1744–92) 179, 180, 192
democracy 273, 420
Denmark 382
departments 125, 127, 241, 263, 395 administration of 329
elections 337–8
Law of Hostages 373–4
against Two Thirds Law 321
deportation 292, 309, 334, 335, 349, 385, 397
desecration 260–1
deserters 184, 408, 411
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94) 124, 126, 127, 154, 267, 268, 269, 274, 275
despotism 51, 57, 59, 61, 63, 80, 93, 105, 167, 242
Dessalines, Jean Jacques (1758–1806) 415
Devil’s Island 292
Diderot, Denis (1713–84) 51, 52, 59
Dijon 114
diplomacy 160
Directory anti-clericalism 336, 339, 362, 363, 387
Brumaire coup 374–5
charity provision 402
composition of 320–2
coup d’état of Fructidor 331–2
divisions within 372
economic problems 323–5
economy 334
elections 328–9
Floréal purge 337–8, 372, 373
foreign policy 332, 337–40, 355, 358, 362, 364, 368
Irish uprising 216
Italian campaign 213, 214
Prairial purge 373
removal of ‘triumvirs’ 331
Discount Bank 133
disestablishment 289, 348, 400
Dom Gerle (Carthusian monk) 137, 142
domestic servants 18–19
Dorset, John Frederick Sackville, Duke of (1745–99) 89, 99
Doué 232
draft-dodgers 408, 411
Drouet, Jean Baptiste (1763–1824) 151, 327, 373
Du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, Countess (1743–94) 42, 59
Duchesne, Père 270
Ducos, Roger (1754–1816) 373, 377
due-redemption 130
Dumont, André (1764–1838) 260
Dumouriez, Charles-François (1739–1824) 180, 185, 192, 193, 197, 199–200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205, 215, 222, 226, 227, 349
Dunkirk 182, 204
Dupont de Nemours, Pierre Samuel (1739–1817) 57, 62, 69
Duport, Adrien Jean François (1759–98) 90, 91, 94, 95, 99, 120, 149, 150, 175, 210, 310
Dutch navy 216, 333, 347, 374
Dutch patriots 161, 209
Dutch Republic 45, 75, 77, 79, 159–60, 200, 201–2, 209–10, 293, 344–8, 415, 418
duties 119, 320
Duval d’Esprémesnil, Jean Jacques (1746–94) 79, 81, 82, 91, 100, 325
Economists 57
economy under First Consul 386
pre-Revolutionary 13–14
reform of 62, 68–71, 82
during Revolution 403–7
Edict of Nantes (1685) 54
education 48–9, 392, 394 bourgeoisie 23
Church’s hold on 400–1
Gallican Articles 390
during the Revolution 401
Egypt 369, 382, 383
Egyptian campaign 333–4, 339–40
elections 125–6 clerical 140, 145, 153, 389
Convention 193
deputies 155
Directory 330–1, 337
gerrymandering 371–2, 373
Sieyès problem with 377–6, 379
electoral reform 337
emigration 112, 123, 128, 135, 155–6, 299, 300–1 army officers 156, 173, 302–3, 411
clergy 399
of nobles who helped launch revolution 157–8
relaxation of laws 289
émigrés Bonaparte’s conciliation towards 385
committees o
f 299
‘constitutionals’ 311
feuding and factionalism 317
fighting alongside British 211, 314
king’s formal appeal to 175
laws under the Directory 335
Legislative Assembly’s decree dealing with 176, 313
organized militarily 303, 304, 312–3
peasants and workers 408
psychological impact on 397–8
relatives of 374
return of 397
safe refuge in Britain 315
sale of property owned by 245
in Spain 172
in Trier and Mainz 177–8
employment 20, 404
Encyclopédie 48, 51–2, 56, 57
Enlightenment 49–50, 52, 99, 168, 395, 424, 426
enragés (the rabids) 223–4, 227, 237, 244, 245, 246, 249, 252, 266, 422
equality 119–20, 396, 421
Equals, conspiracy of 325–7, 328, 331, 423
essay competitions 47, 48, 52
Estates-General 101–4, 111, 395, 396, 397 calls for 60, 70, 74, 76, 79, 80, 83
composition of 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95–6
deputation 99–101
elections for 96–8
Etruria 379
Expilly, Louis Alexandre (1742–94) 143
exports 405–6
Extraordinary Fund (Caisse de l’Extraordinaire) 133
Fabre d’Eglantine (1750–94) 267, 268, 274, 275
Falaiseau, Marquise de 397
Family Compact 164
famine 323
famine pact 21, 58, 59
Farmers-General 40, 41
Favras, Thomas de Mahy, Marquis de (1744–90) 299
Feast of the Federation 128, 135, 184
federalism 221, 222, 230, 242, 245, 255, 263
Federalists 247 allowed to return 289
defeat of 248
revolt 241, 309
victims of Terror 259
Feraud, Jean Bertrand (1759–95) 295, 296
Ferdinand, Grand Duke of Tuscany 367
Ferdinand IV, king of Naples (1751–1825) 365
Ferrara 360
Fersten, Hans Axel, Count von (1755–1810) 151, 171
feudal dues 357
feudalism 11–12, 115, 183 abolition of 116–17, 171, 245, 397
in Italy 368
Rhineland 354, see also peasants
Feuillants 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 175–6, 178, 307, 311
financiers 40–3, 79, 133
Flanders 10, 109, 145, 206, 247, 393
Flanders Regiment 121, 126
Flesselles, Jacques de (1721–89) 112
Fleurus, battle of (1793) 206, 279
floating population 18, 19
Floréal purge 337–8, 372, 373
Floridablanca, Franco Antonio, Count de (1728–1828) 171–2
The Oxford History of the French Revolution Page 68
