Stidger, Felix. Agent of the War Department among the Copperheads.
St. Ledger, George Grenfell. British military adventurer, late of the C.S. Army.
Stoekel, Baron. Russian ambassador to the United States.
Thomas, George “The Rock of Chickamauga.” Major General, U.S. Volunteers, who succeeded Rosecrans as Commander, Army of the Cumberland.
Trenholm, George. Owner of Trenholm, Fraser & Company, the chief financial backer of the Confederacy in the United Kingdom.
Vallandingham, Klement. Former U.S. Congressman and head of the Copperhead movement in the North.
Wainwright, James Francis Ballard. Captain, RN, Commander of HMS Black Prince.
*Washington, Willie. Old handyman for the Orphan Asylum for Colored Children in New York City.
Welles, Gideon. U.S. Secretary of the Navy.
Wetherall, E. R. Colonel, British Army, Chief of Staff to Lt. Gen. William Fenwick Williams.
Williams, William Fenwick. Lieutenant General, British Army, Commander, Imperial forces in British North America.
*Wilmoth, Michael D. First Lieutenant, U.S. Volunteers, senior order-of-battle analyst, Central Information Bureau (CIB).
Windham, Sir Charles Ashe. Major General, British Army, Commander of the Portland Field Force.
Winslow, John. Captain, USN, Commander of the USS Kearsarge.
Wolseley, Garnet J. Lieutenant Colonel, British Army, Assistant Quartermaster, Imperial forces in British North America.
Wright, Charlie. Contraband who had revealed vital information about the Army of Northern Virginia in its invasion of the North in the Gettysburg Campaign.
1.
Cossacks, Copperheads, and Corsairs
KAMERINSKI WOODS, OUTSIDE LODZ, POLAND, JULY 12, 1863
The sweat ran down his face as he lay hidden in the cool Polish forest. Jan Szmanda’s heart pounded as he aimed his musket at the cavalry patrol wending its way along the narrow woodworkers’ road. There were fifteen Cossacks, their lances bobbing with the canter, and an officer who rode at their head, his whip dangling from its loop around his wrist. He was the same one who had “pacified” the three surrounding villages and left them filled with corpses dangling from the trees. “God save Poland,” Jan prayed.
“Wait…wait…wait,” he told himself. He chose the officer as his target and waited, waited. The seconds seemed like hours, then CRACK, the first shot broke the silence of the woods. The officer lurched in his saddle, and Jan’s finger pulled the trigger as did twenty other Poles. Unfortunately, almost everyone had aimed at the officer, the result of amateurs at war. Man and horse sprayed blood as they thrashed into the trees.
The Cossack sergeant had seen this twenty years before in the forests of Chechnya and had not forgotten its lessons. “Into the woods, my children!” he shouted as they lowered their lances, and he spurred his horse into the trees still shrouded by the black powder smoke. They had practiced this often, these men who fought the border wars of the empire. Their nimble horses dashed through the spaced trees of this well-tended estate forest. Jan saw them come as he frantically tried to reload, but it was too late. The beast was upon him as he cast away the rifle and fled. He dodged among the trees with the quickness of his seventeen years, but the Cossack’s pony was swifter as it followed. The sergeant could see his prey glancing back wide-eyed with terror as the distance closed. Then with a move he had practiced a thousand times and executed for real too many times to count, he picked the spot on the boy’s back just below the left shoulder blade, low enough to miss it and high enough to avoid the ribs. He leaned forward in the saddle, his boots pressing into the stirrups to cushion the blow and channel the shock through the horse to the ground. Jan looked back one last time and shrieked. Just then the Cossack struck, driving the lance’s point through the boy’s back and into his heart. He choked on a scream as his body ran forward a pace or two on its own momentum, and the Cossack jerked out the point in a deft move. He passed the corpse as it went tumbling head over heels into the leaves.
It was over in ten minutes. Thirteen dead Poles and against one Cossack officer—a bad trade, the sergeant thought, if one didn’t take into account what a prick Lieutenant Golitsyn had been, but he was thankful it was not Chechens that had sprung the ambush. Those bastards knew what they were about. No Chechen would have flinched from a one-on-one fight with even a mounted Cossack—not like these Polish amateurs in revolt against their God-anointed ruler, the Czar Emperor Alexander II.
Yes, God save Poland, save it from its geography and its pride. It was the pride of this people that kept them hung on this Russian cross. Had they given up their pride and settled for assimilation and Russianization, boys like Jan would still be alive, albeit with a cringe in his bearing.
As the blood of the Napoleonic Wars dried thirty-five years before, the victors apportioned the thrones of Europe. Napoleon III had toyed with the re-creation of the Polish state as an ally. The victors did him better. They re-created the kingdom of Poland and then threw it to the wolf in the Kremlin, awarding its crown to the Russian Czar to add to his collection of crowns. The heavy Russian hand finally provoked a widespread revolt in January that by July was in its failed last stage.
ORPHAN ASYLUM FOR COLORED CHILDREN, FIFTH AVENUE AND FORTY-THIRD STREET, NEW YORK, JULY 13, 1863
Bricks shattered the ground-floor windows, and the large double door thudded with the blows of clubs. Outside the mob howled like a blood-drunk beast. “Burn the nigger nest!” was the shout that turned into a chant, a chant with a distinct Celtic lilt, at that. Inside the asylum the white matron coolly organized the evacuation out the back doors of her 237 young wards, all younger than the age of twelve. Her Negro handyman, old gray-haired Willie Washington, stood back from the doors, a fire ax at the ready.
The city was in the grip of a riot. The reading of the draft draw had been a match thrown into kerosene. It was hugely unpopular among the working classes of New York, especially the mass of Irish immigrants who competed with free blacks for the bottom rung of the economic ladder. A hot, sticky July had settled on the city, feeding the discontent. Gangs appeared on the streets in the morning. A single pistol shot was fired in the crowded offices of the District Draft Office on Third Avenue and Forty-Sixth Street. The police guard was barely able to get the draft officials out of the building before it went up in flames.
Rushing to the scene, Police Commissioner John Kennedy was set upon by the rioters and clubbed to the ground. He staggered to his feet and tried to run, but the mob brought him down for another beating. The mobs grew like a fire racing through dry tinder and came across a detachment of soldiers from the Invalid Corps, men too incapacitated by their wounds to serve in the field. Surprised, the troops got off a ragged volley that only enraged the rioters who surged over the soldiers, killing two and wounding fifteen.
Guided by more than instinct, the mob surged to the Armory at Second Avenue and Twenty-First Street. The police defense collapsed after an hour and a half. Now the mob was armed as it left the Armory also in flames. Leaders appeared who sported the cutout of the Indian head of a penny on their lapels, egging the rioters on and pointing out new targets for their wrath. The mobs were spreading like a cancer throughout the city now, aiming a special wrath at Negroes. As fire licked the Armory roof, the Orphan Asylum drew another mob.1
As the last of her wards disappeared through the back gate, the matron went back into the building to tell Willie he could abandon his post. Too late, she saw the door splinter apart and its fragments swing back on their hinges. The old man had straightened his bent back and flew into the crowd as it burst in, his ax arched over his head to sink into the face of the first man through. Blood gushed over the crowd as Willie wrenched the ax free. He did not get a second swing as the pack fell on him.2
OUTSKIRTS OF CINCINNATI, OHIO, NIGHT OF JULY 13–14, 1863
Utter exhaustion gripped the remnants of the brigade as it staggered forward into the night, its way lit b
y torches wrapped with looted calico. So bone weary were man and beast that the cavalrymen sought out in the torchlight the path of those gone before from the spattered lather that dripped from their horses’ mouths.
No Confederate force had ever penetrated so far into Yankeedom as the cavalry rode around the Ohio metropolis, too tired now to think of taking it. Col. John Hunt Morgan’s foray into the north had been his own initiative. He had not bothered to inform his commander, Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg, commanding the Army of Tennessee. Morgan’s fame had grown from his raider’s instincts and flair for leadership, qualities that chaffed under Bragg’s limp hand.
Morgan had left a trail of burned railroad bridges and factories, looted homes and stores, plundered payrolls, and roused state governments in Indiana and Ohio. Morgan’s leadership talents had not extended to the discipline of his men, who went on an uncontrollable rampage as they rode through southeastern Indiana. Capt. Henry Thomas Hines, one of his most intrepid company commanders, was beside himself in anger at this thoughtless display. Lithe and dark-haired, barely 130 pounds, the daring young Hines had more than once been likened to the rising star of the famous Booth family of actors, John Wilkes Booth. Looks aside, Hines had far better control of his emotions than the tempestuous actor. He had to swallow his dismay that Morgan was casting away the very allies he had sought to find among the disloyal elements in these states. He had returned from a June foray in the region and sought out the leaders of this movement and been promised their willing support.
These were the Copperheads, men who called themselves the Sons of Liberty or Knights of the Golden Circle. They wore the Indian head on their lapels. Others were less charitable in their political sentiments, and for them the word “Copperhead” meant the serpent that hid in the grass and struck without warning. The North in this ever-bleeding war was rife with such men for whom nothing was worth all the bloodshed, and yet they were willing to shed more blood to stop it.
Mostly they were Democrats who could not abide the war for the Union and emancipation, close cousins to the Southern branch of their party, and so disaffected that they made common cause with those same rebels. They obstructed the war effort and made a special attempt to stop the Army’s recruiting. Their political agitation was intense as their rage against “King Lincoln” swelled with bile. President Abraham Lincoln could be sure of a kinder reception in Richmond than in some parts of the Midwest. He had had the temerity to suspend the writ of habeas corpus and round up a few hundred such agitators. But he had only skimmed the indiscreet surface of where the Copperheads seethed and plotted. Whatever they called themselves, they were united in their determination to seize power and overthrow the Lincoln administration.
Their leader was the fiery Ohio orator and politician, Klement Vallandingham, who Lincoln had convicted of treason and exiled to the Confederacy in May in an act of executive common sense that had the civil libertarians up in arms. That hardly bothered Lincoln, who saw a danger that these critics did not when he explained that he was willing to bend the Constitution here and there to save the entire document. On his Fourth of July address to Congress in 1862 he had asked “whether all the laws but one were to go unexecuted… and the government itself go to pieces, lest that one be violated?” There in a nutshell was the common sense of the matter.3
Once cast into the Confederacy, Vallandingham had gone straight to Bragg’s headquarters and then to Richmond. He argued with great effect to Confederate president Jefferson Davis that the Copperheads of the Northwest would rise in revolt when the famous Gen. John Hunt Morgan led his men into their states. Captain Hines had been sent ahead in his June raid to test Vallandingham’s assurances. Specifically, he was to search out Dr. William Bowles, an acknowledged Copperhead leader in southern Indiana who had not hesitated to defy both state and federal authority. Hines found him at French Lick in command of a gang known as “Bowles’s Army”—deserters and escaped Confederate prisoners of war—armed with fine Henry rifles and Colt revolvers. Bowles was described by a historian of the movement as “about fifty-five,… a slight man with a prominent nose, glaring eyes and tufts of white hair which gave him the appearance of an outraged old eagle. Bowles had served as colonel in the Second Indiana Volunteers during the Mexican War. To him was attributed the disgraceful retreat at Buena Vista.” He promised Hines he “could command ten thousand men in twenty-four hours.”4
Captain Hines’s report had been the trigger that set General Morgan in motion. So secret was the mission that Jefferson Davis gave the orders directly to Morgan, pointedly bypassing Bragg. As brilliant a raider as Morgan was, he could not plan beyond the raid. Accounts of the depredations of his brigade flew ahead on the telegraph wires to every town in three states during his three-week raid on Indiana and Ohio. The many homes that displayed the single star flag of the Knights of the Golden Circle were looted just as thoroughly as those of their pro-Union neighbors. Adding insult to outrage, Morgan’s men seemed to key on such homes, laughing that the occupants should “give for the cause you love so well!”5
The Copperheads stayed home, while the loyal men of Indiana and Ohio rushed to join their militia and home guard units reinforced by Union Army cavalry and infantry. Now Morgan was the hunted. They harried him from place to place, closing in tighter and tighter until they trapped him on the banks of the Ohio. On July 26, he was captured along with seven hundred of his men.
Fragments of his command eluded the disaster. The captain of an Ohio River tugboat, tied up at small wharf, was startled out of his sleep by the click of a Colt Dragoon pistol being cocked by his head. Captain Hines apologized for his lack of manners but would appreciate if the good captain could get his boat away to the Kentucky shore. An hour later Hines and twenty-three men stepped back onto a friendlier territory.
KRONSTADT NAVAL BASE, ST. PETERSBURG, RUSSIA, 9:20 AM, JULY 15, 1863
Midshipman Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov was excited about the possibilities of this new cruise aboard the frigate Aleksandr Nevsky, as the flagship of both the Baltic Squadron and the Russian Imperial Navy swung out of the naval base harbor. The excitement even took his mind away from the symphony he was composing in his head. This nineteen-year-old from Novgorod had just graduated from the Naval Academy eager to serve Czar and empire. The ships of the squadron were slipping out under the cover of an elaborate deception of an extended cruise in the Mediterranean. Maximum stores were taken aboard, and the captains were issued funds and warrants to obtain fresh provisions, coal, and repairs in neutral ports. Six ships would leave Kronstadt in staggered succession. A similar expedition was leaving from the Pacific Fleet’s base at Vladivostock. These were new ships, all steam and propeller driven, the products of the post–Crimean War shipbuilding program, all launched between 1859 and 1861.6
The midshipman’s berth had learned the real destination easily enough; rumor floated through the ship—New York! America! The reason was not hard to guess for any reasonably astute person. War with Britain and France over control of Poland was expected any day now. The two powers had been the guarantors of the kingdom of Poland in the 1815 Treaty of Vienna. The Russian Czar had just abolished the kingdom as a response to the Polish rising and incorporated it as a mere province into the empire. Now the powers Britain and France threatened war to rescue Poland. Nikolai stood on deck, wondering why anyone would fight over a pledge to Poland.
If war came, the Russian Navy was determined not be caught in its bases again by the Royal Navy. That had happened in the Crimean War and resulted in the fleet’s shameful impotence in that war. It would not happen again. The Czar wanted the fleet to be at sea when the war came, able to savage British and French commerce around the world. But unless it was going to be a one-way suicide mission, the Russian ships would need a secure and friendly base. There were few ports that British threats would not make untenable.
The choice of a neutral country willing to offer a base and willing to thumb its nose at Britain in the process was obvious�
�the United States. Russian and American strategic priorities were rapidly converging. The two countries had been on the friendliest terms since Catherine the Great formed her League of Armed Neutrality during the American Revolution to protect neutral trade with the new country from British interdiction. Since then, they had found natural attraction in the similar problems and opportunities of developing vast continents. They also shared a healthy fear of British world hegemony. For the Russians, it had been the sting of their defeat in the Crimean War that had reinforced the danger facing them. For the Americans, it had been the undisguised British desire for a Southern victory and its huge and blatant support of the rebel war effort.
Czar Alexander II and his foreign minister, Aleksandr Gorchakov, supported the survival of the Union, and their diplomatic assistance and advice in the first two years of the war had been critical. Russian advice had led to defusing the Trent Affair’s slide toward war between the United States and Great Britain in late 1861. Lincoln’s appointment of Cassius Marcellus Clay as ambassador to the imperial court had been a brilliant stroke in cementing the natural alliance between the two countries. Clay was a Southerner famous for his pro-Union and antislavery views, and he was a man not to be trifled with. He had fought and won more than one duel with his bowie knife. In Russia, he lectured on the necessity of industrializing the empire and weaning it away from its thrall to Great Britain’s manufactures. His speeches were met with thunderous applause by Russian audiences.
Yet the thought of an open-ocean voyage and the excitement of New York pushed thoughts of geopolitics from Midshipman Rimsky-Korsakov’s mind. He was intrigued by the squadron commander, whom he watched walking the bridge of the Nevsky. Adm. Stefan S. Lisovsky was a seaman to be reckoned with by all accounts. He was notorious for his irascible and ungovernable temper. Nikolai remembered a lieutenant telling the boys as Lisovsky’s appointment was announced, “Do you know what they say of him? In his last command, in a fit of wrath, he had rushed up to a sailor, guilty of some offense, and bitten off his nose!” The lieutenant crossed himself, “Dear God, it will be an interesting voyage. At least, you will be comforted, my boys, to know that the admiral felt badly enough about the nose-biting to get the poor man a pension.”7
Britannia's Fist: From Civil War to World War: An Alternate History Page 3
